Diagnostic and Therapeutic Push Type Enteroscopy in Clinical Use Gut: First Published As 10.1136/Gut.37.3.346 on 1 September 1995
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346 Gut 1995; 37: 346-352 Diagnostic and therapeutic push type enteroscopy in clinical use Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.37.3.346 on 1 September 1995. Downloaded from G R Davies, M J Benson, D J Gertner, R M N Van Someren, D S Rampton, C P Swain Abstract laser or bipolar diathermy. In conclusion, This study describes small bowel push push enteroscopy is a practical and enteroscopy in routine clinical practice, valuable clinical service, which should using a purpose designed instrument probably become available on a sub- (Olympus SIF-10). Fifty six patients had a regional basis. total of60 procedures over a two and a half (Gut 1995; 37: 346-352) year period. The median (range) depth of Keywords: enteroscopy, small intestine, small intestine intubated was 45 (15-90) gastrointestinal bleeding, enteral nutrition. cm. Procedure time varied from 10-45 minutes. Most enteroscopies were performed during routine gastroscopy lists. The technique was comparatively In life the small bowel is roughly three metres easy for experienced endoscopists to in length: at necropsy (and during entero- learn. Forty two procedures were for diag- scopy) the organ may be stretched by nostic purposes. Eleven patients had 200-300%.1 Mobile and tortuously folded gastrointestinal bleeding where the source in the peritoneal cavity, it is little surprise was obscure, or where early investigations that endoscopy of this organ is technically had suggested a small bowel source: a challenging. Ten years after the first descrip- specific diagnosis was made in 450/0 of tions of non-operative enteroscopy2 it is these cases. Of seven iron deficient perhaps surprising that so few centres in the anaemic patients using non-steroidal United Kingdom are attempting the pro- anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), only cedure. Many variations in technique and one had a lesion detected in the upper instrument design have been described3-5; small bowel. Nine patients had abnormal however, at the current time, two types of small bowel barium studies. Small bowel endoscopes are available commercially for abnormalities were seen in six cases and non-operative small bowel endoscopy. Push http://gut.bmj.com/ were definitively diagnostic in three of enteroscopy simply uses a long endoscope to these; in three patients the barium study permit passage beyond the second part of the appearances were confirmed as artefact. duodenum by fairly standard endoscopic tech- Fifteen patients were investigated for niques. Purpose designed instruments have Department of abdominal symptoms suggesting small been developed (Olympus SIF- 10/-1 OL), Gastroenterology, bowel obstruction or malabsorption: a whose shaft length (168/200 cm respectively) Hospital, London diagnosis was made in five cases. Fifteen and characteristics of shaft rigidity, tip angula- on September 23, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. G R Davies patients underwent enteroscopy for thera- tion, and optics are optimal for instrumenta- M J Benson peutic purposes, including successful tion of the small bowel. Although enteroscopy R MN Van Someren treatment of difficult enteral feeding is possible using any long endoscope, adult D S Rampton problems by nasojejunal tubes or by cuta- colonoscopes are too cumbersome and rigid, C P Swain neous endoscopic jejunostomies, polypec- and paediatric colonoscopes too flexible and Correspondence to: tomy for Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, and usually too short (typically 135 cm) to equal Dr C P Swain, Endoscopy dilatation of strictures. Additionally, the performance of the purpose designed Unit, Royal London bleeding lesions detected in patients instruments.6 The alternative technique, sonde Accepted for publication during investigation of anaemia were enteroscopy, uses an extremely flexible instru- 18 January 1995 successfully treated at the time by YAG ment the diameter of a bronchoscope (5 mm), and nearly three meters long (Olympus SSIF TABLE I Comparison ofpush and sonde type enteroscopy VII).7 The SSIF enteroscope is introduced Push Sonde through the nose, and usually pulled through the pylorus by means of a standard paediatric Model Olympus SIF 10/lOL Olympus SIF-SW Working length 168/200 cm 270 cm gastroscope passed orally. After passage Diameter 11-2 mm 5 mm through the pylorus, a distal balloon is inflated Limit of small bowel accessible Mid-distal jejunum Distal ileum (70-80%) Mucosa seen About 100% About 50-70% and the instrument propelled down the bowel Procedure time 10-45 min 12-24 h (unassisted) by peristalsis. In contrast with push entero- 4-8 h (assisted*) Fluoroscopy/extra staff required Only for some therapeutic uses Always scopy, both operator learning curve8 and pro- Biopsy/therapy channel 2-8 mm None cedure9 are long, and heavy demands are made Tip deflection 180° up/down None 1 600 left/right on staff and endoscopy unit time. Sonde Field of view 120° forward 90° forward enteroscopy is uncomfortable for the patient,9 Therapeutic procedures possible Yes No Routine upper/lower endoscopy Yes No and potentially dangerous, with a 3% perfora- possible with instrument? tion rate in one series.10 The instrument has Patient discomfort As for routine gastroscopy Often considerable Cost About £ 18 000 About £20 000 no tip angulation controls or biopsy channel, and only an estimated 50-70% of the mucosa *Using a standard endoscope to pull the sonde scope through the pylorus. can be visualised during the instrument's Diagnostic and therapeutic push type enteroscopy in clinical use 347 withdrawal.9 Push and sonde enteroscopy are mainly to assist in safe placement of percuta- complementary, the first providing excellent neous endoscopic jejunostomy (PEJ) tubes, views and therapeutic potential for a limited and when using an overtube (see later), but part of the small bowel and the second provid- was of little help in routine enteroscopy. A Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.37.3.346 on 1 September 1995. Downloaded from ing limited views and no therapeutic potential number of techniques helped to assist for most of the small bowel. Table I compares progress. Pressure over the upper abdomen the features of push and sonde enteroscopy. was useful in most cases. A duodenal length We describe a three year experience of the overtube was used in eight cases to attempt to purpose designed push type enteroscope limit instrument looping in the stomach. The (Olympus SIF- 10) in routine clinical use, technique is similar to that previously reported including instrumental techniques, and the by Shimizu et al.6 The overtube consists of a wide range of both diagnostic and therapeutic stiff but flexible proximal shaft and a softer purposes. distal section with radio-opaque markers. Lubricating the inside of the overtube with silicone spray is useful. The overtube is pre- Methods loaded onto the enteroscope. Once the entero- scope tip is in the distal duodenum, the shaft is Patients pulled back straight and the overtube advanced Sixty endoscopic procedures using the Olympus so that the flexible portion lies within the duo- SIF-1 0 were undertaken specifically for small denum. The technique is sometimes difficult intestinal diagnostic or therapeutic purposes in and complications have been reported12: it 56 patients at the Royal London Hospital from should probably only be attempted under fluo- July 1990 (date of instrument purchase) to roscopic control. An internal channel stiffener March 1993. The instrument is also used for designed for use with colonoscopes was useful routine diagnostic gastroscopy when other in preventing instrument looping in three instruments are unserviceable, for research pur- cases, and an Eder Puestow-type guidewire poses requiring small intestinal biopsies, and used to assist in navigation of a bend in one occasionally as a colonoscope in paediatric or case. In contrast with the usual experience with tortuous colons: these examinations are not colonoscopy, continued pressure that at first included in this report. The average procedure failed to cause tip progress would often pro- rate increased from 0.5 per month in 1990 to 4 duce movement after a brief wait, or in combi- per month in 1993. Patient demographics are nation with abdominal palpation. Final depth described under appropriate results sections. of small bowel intubation was estimated by Forty three studies were diagnostic (investiga- straightening the instrument to remove the tion of anaemia; abnormal barium studies gastric loop and subtracting 60 cm from the suggesting upper small intestinal disorder; length inserted. http://gut.bmj.com/ abdominal symptoms suggesting small intes- tinal mechanical lesion; abdominal symptoms suggesting malabsorption) and 17 were for Direct technique attempted therapy, most commonly for difficult A standard 9F Freka-PEG system (Fresenius enteral feeding problems. The suitability ofeach Ltd, Runcorn, UK) was used. A superficial patient for the investigation was determined in loop of jejunum was identified by transillumi- each case by a consultant gastroenterologist. nation. High quality screening facilities and an on September 23, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. experienced radiologist were considered essen- tial to avoid inadvertent puncture of colon. Operator Small amounts of soluble contrast media Procedures were performed by endoscopists helped to confirm the anatomy, and hyoscine experienced in standard upper and lower (Buscopan) was routinely used prior to jejunal endoscopy (consultants (n=4), 37 procedures; loop puncture. After cannulation of the jejunal senior registrars (3), nine procedures; regis- lumen, the procedure continued as for stan- trars (2), 14 procedures). dard PEG placement by the 'pull' technique.13 Patients are reintubated to check the PEJ site. PEJs inserted for malignant disease remained Standard push enteroscopy technique in situ until death; PEJs used for temporary All procedures were well tolerated under light feeding problems were snared and removed benzodiazepine sedation, with or without using the enteroscope without complication. lignocaine throat spray, and most carried out The median (range) depth of small intestinal on routine endoscopy lists, without the need intubation was 45 (15-90) cm. Procedure time for special equipment or extra staff.