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Download Download Global histories a student journal In An Alien City: American Soldiers in Wartime Calcutta (1942-1946) Suchintan Das DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/GHSJ.2021.391 Source: Global Histories, Vol. 7, No. 1 (May 2021), pp. 162-189. ISSN: 2366-780X Copyright © 2021 Suchintan Das License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Publisher information: ‘Global Histories: A Student Journal’ is an open-access bi-annual journal founded in 2015 by students of the M.A. program Global History at Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. ‘Global Histories’ is published by an editorial board of Global History students in association with the Freie Universität Berlin. Freie Universität Berlin Global Histories: A Student Journal Friedrich-Meinecke-Institut Koserstraße 20 14195 Berlin Contact information: For more information, please consult our website www.globalhistories.com or contact the editor at: [email protected]. In An Alien City: American Soldiers in Wartime Calcutta (1942-1946) by SUCHINTAN DAS 162 Global Histories: a student journal | VII - 1 - 2021 Suchintan Das | In An Alien City 163 World War. World VII - 1 - 2021 | ABOUT THE AUTHOR Global Histories: a student journal Suchintan Das is pursuing an undergraduate degree in History to study German civilian internment in India during the Second from St. Stephen’s College, Delhi. He is a Rhodes Scholar-Elect College, Stephen’s from St. from India for 2021 to the University of Oxford where he intends ABSTRACT Calcutta had emerged as one of the most important fulcrums for coordinating the movement of men, material, and money The advent of US troops in War. during the Second World the city from 1942 onwards led to an unprecedented cultural This paper argues that the actual lived experiences encounter. of the American soldiers in Calcutta provided a stark contrast to their prescribed norms of conduct. This paper further contends that with their arrival, civilian-military relations were substantially reconfigured and the image of the British Empire was considerably damaged. An attempt has been made to set of the White American and in relief the divergent experiences of American troops besides mapping their experiences African this paper seeks Lastly, and responses to the Bengal Famine. War to interrogate the globalizing nature of the Second World by looking at Calcutta as a site of spontaneous and uneven where the US soldiers functioned as national cultural exchange emissaries and wartime cultural conduits. y t i C “The last time when war had Bandyopadhyay, when describing n e i l broken out…prices had gone the grim realities of the Second A 3 n up; food grains had become World War in Calcutta. It was during A n I costlier. But it was nothing like this time, the author Manindra | s the ominous possibility that Gupta recounted in his memoirs, a D looms large this time. Calcutta that “American soldiers of both n a t n is being bombed, aircrafts keep races—white and black—with their i h c flying over our heads, everything plentiful equipment, appeared like u S seems to be so different now.” aliens from another planet in the — Narayan Gangopadhyay, city.”4 Calcutta was a major city of the Upanibesh1 British Indian Empire—the erstwhile capital—which had become uniquely “If you come here with an open vulnerable to Japanese aggression mind you will find Calcutta is after the fall of Singapore in February “Teek-Hai” (Okay). Of course, it’s 1942. Defence of India in general, just like visiting any big city back and Calcutta in particular, was of home: you can have a good paramount strategic importance for time, or a bad time, depending ensuring an Allied victory. Apart from on how well you take care of being the nerve centre of logistics yourself.” — Brig. Gen. R.R. and communications in eastern Neyland, The Calcutta Key2 India, Calcutta was the major British port overlooking the Bay of Bengal, and was also the closest Indian city to Burma and China.5 Moreover, as INTRODUCTION: G.I. JOE IN THE Yasmin Khan notes, even though CITY OF JOY it was neither a home front nor a war zone, “India was nevertheless Death had been made “a critical to the war effort as a source part and parcel of everyday life”, reflected the author Sharadindu 3 Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay, Sharadindu Omnibus (Vol. II), ed. 1 Narayan Gangopadhyay, Narayan Pratul Chandra Gupta (Kolkata: Gangopadhyay Rachanabali Ananda, 1971), 1. (Vol. III), eds. Asha Devi and Arijit 4 Manindra Gupta, Akshay Mulberry Gangopadhyay (Kolkata: Mitra & (Complete) (Kolkata: Ababhas, 2009), Ghosh, 1980), 94. All translations are 194. mine unless indicated otherwise. 5 Director of the Service, Supply, 2 The Calcutta Key (Guidebook for and Procurement Division War US Military Personnel in Calcutta, Department General Staff. Logistics Prepared by Services of Supply in World War II: Final Report of the Base Section Two Information and Army Service Forces (A Report to the Education Branch United States Army Under Secretary of War and the Chief Forces in India-Burma, 1945), http:// of Staff) (Center of Military History, cbi-theater.com/calcuttakey/calcutta_ United States Army: Washington D.C., key.html. 1993), 46-47. 164 Global Histories: a student journal | VII - 1 - 2021 S u c of military manpower and industrial Command, the British Colonial h i n 6 t production.” It was in this context Government, and the American Red a n D that Calcutta emerged as one of Cross (hereinafter ARC). Needless a s | the most important fulcrums for to say, their actual lived experiences I n coordinating the movement of men, in wartime Calcutta differed A n material, and money in the China- substantially. The first section of this A l i e Burma-India theater (hereinafter CBI). paper aims to contextualize and n C i The city doubled as a necessary juxtapose these varied experiences, t y transit point for Allied troops as recorded (penned and pouring into Assam and Burma photographed) and remembered by from across the subcontinent, and the American troops. In the second more importantly as a centre of rest section, their perceptions of Calcutta and recreation for troops returning and interactions with its people from assignments at the front. The will be examined to understand arrival of American troops (popularly to what extent and how civilian- known as G.I.s) from February 15, military relations were sought to be 1942 onwards set in motion a series reconfigured. The policy of racial of administrative, economic, and segregation in the US military will demographic changes in Calcutta.7 be treated as an important fault-line With this influx, the cosmopolitan to find out if there was a discernible character of the city was heightened divergence in the experiences of and the stage was set for an White and African American troops unprecedented cultural encounter stationed in the city in the third that took many forms and had many section. An endeavour will be made faces. Calcutta, its urbanscapes, to gauge how far the American amenities, people, and the alien US soldiers were aware of the Bengal troops were the primary protagonists Famine and how they responded in this encounter. to it in the fourth section. Lastly, by The normative experience of way of a conclusion, this paper will an average American G.I. in Calcutta try to interrogate the ‘globalizing’ was sought to be shaped by the nature of the Second World War, guidelines issued and restrictions by looking at Calcutta as a site of enforced by the US Military spontaneous cultural exchange where US soldiers functioned as national emissaries and wartime 6 Yasmin Khan, “Sex in an Imperial cultural conduits. War Zone: Transnational Encounters in Second World War India,” History Workshop Journal 76 (Spring 2012): 241, https://doi.org/ 10.1093/hwj/ dbr026. 7 Yasmin Khan, India At War: The Subcontinent and the Second World War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 324. Global Histories: a student journal | VII - 1 - 2021 165 y t i C n e i l A n A n I | s a D n a t n i h c u S FIGURE 1: “The American Red Cross Burra Club, leave center for GI’s and recreation spot for all enlisted men. The unpretentious façade belies an interior complete with dormitory, snack bar, restaurant, music room, games THUS SPOKE UNCLE room, lounge, barber and tailor shops, wrapping service department, and post SAM: PRESCRIPTIONS, exchange.” Photograph and caption by PROSCRIPTIONS, AND Clyde Waddell. (Available in the public TRANSGRESSIONS domain and free of known copyright restrictions: https://openn.library.upenn. edu/Data/0002/html/mscoll802.html) From 1942 onwards, more American soldiers came to India “than would actually see fighting on the fronts of Burma.”8 Some 150,000 G.I.s poured into India between 1942 and 1945 with the veritable goal of ‘saving China’, large parts of which 8 Khan, India At War, 142. 166 Global Histories: a student journal | VII - 1 - 2021 S u 9 c were under Japanese occupation. class. You see, they class everything h i n 13 t They were to be stationed in India over there [in India].” Calcutta was a n D with the primary tasks of airlifting no exception. It was described by a s | war material and food aid into Sergeant Lowell H. Russell as “the I n China, besides constructing a land debarking center for the United A n supply route through Burma—the States for practically all of the A l i e Ledo Road—so as to relieve the military in India. One can imagine the n 10 14 C i beleaguered Chinese. In doing so, crowded conditions and hyper.” t y the American G.I.s “found themselves Bewilderment inflected the in alien and unknown landscapes, average US soldier’s first impression dealing with Indian traders, of India.
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