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Ice Ic” Werner F
Extent and relevance of stacking disorder in “ice Ic” Werner F. Kuhsa,1, Christian Sippela,b, Andrzej Falentya, and Thomas C. Hansenb aGeoZentrumGöttingen Abteilung Kristallographie (GZG Abt. Kristallographie), Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; and bInstitut Laue-Langevin, 38000 Grenoble, France Edited by Russell J. Hemley, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, and approved November 15, 2012 (received for review June 16, 2012) “ ” “ ” A solid water phase commonly known as cubic ice or ice Ic is perfectly cubic ice Ic, as manifested in the diffraction pattern, in frequently encountered in various transitions between the solid, terms of stacking faults. Other authors took up the idea and liquid, and gaseous phases of the water substance. It may form, attempted to quantify the stacking disorder (7, 8). The most e.g., by water freezing or vapor deposition in the Earth’s atmo- general approach to stacking disorder so far has been proposed by sphere or in extraterrestrial environments, and plays a central role Hansen et al. (9, 10), who defined hexagonal (H) and cubic in various cryopreservation techniques; its formation is observed stacking (K) and considered interactions beyond next-nearest over a wide temperature range from about 120 K up to the melt- H-orK sequences. We shall discuss which interaction range ing point of ice. There was multiple and compelling evidence in the needs to be considered for a proper description of the various past that this phase is not truly cubic but composed of disordered forms of “ice Ic” encountered. cubic and hexagonal stacking sequences. The complexity of the König identified what he called cubic ice 70 y ago (11) by stacking disorder, however, appears to have been largely over- condensing water vapor to a cold support in the electron mi- looked in most of the literature. -
A Primer on Ice
A Primer on Ice L. Ridgway Scott University of Chicago Release 0.3 DO NOT DISTRIBUTE February 22, 2012 Contents 1 Introduction to ice 1 1.1 Lattices in R3 ....................................... 2 1.2 Crystals in R3 ....................................... 3 1.3 Comparingcrystals ............................... ..... 4 1.3.1 Quotientgraph ................................. 4 1.3.2 Radialdistributionfunction . ....... 5 1.3.3 Localgraphstructure. .... 6 2 Ice I structures 9 2.1 IceIh........................................... 9 2.2 IceIc........................................... 12 2.3 SecondviewoftheIccrystalstructure . .......... 14 2.4 AlternatingIh/Iclayeredstructures . ........... 16 3 Ice II structure 17 Draft: February 22, 2012, do not distribute i CONTENTS CONTENTS Draft: February 22, 2012, do not distribute ii Chapter 1 Introduction to ice Water forms many different crystal structures in its solid form. These provide insight into the potential structures of ice even in its liquid phase, and they can be used to calibrate pair potentials used for simulation of water [9, 14, 15]. In crowded biological environments, water may behave more like ice that bulk water. The different ice structures have different dielectric properties [16]. There are many crystal structures of ice that are topologically tetrahedral [1], that is, each water molecule makes four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules, even though the basic structure of water is trigonal [3]. Two of these crystal structures (Ih and Ic) are based on the same exact local tetrahedral structure, as shown in Figure 1.1. Thus a subtle understanding of structure is required to differentiate them. We refer to the tetrahedral structure depicted in Figure 1.1 as an exact tetrahedral structure. In this case, one water molecule is in the center of a square cube (of side length two), and it is hydrogen bonded to four water molecules at four corners of the cube. -
Jökulhlaups in Skaftá: a Study of a Jökul- Hlaup from the Western Skaftá Cauldron in the Vatnajökull Ice Cap, Iceland
Jökulhlaups in Skaftá: A study of a jökul- hlaup from the Western Skaftá cauldron in the Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland Bergur Einarsson, Veðurstofu Íslands Skýrsla VÍ 2009-006 Jökulhlaups in Skaftá: A study of jökul- hlaup from the Western Skaftá cauldron in the Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland Bergur Einarsson Skýrsla Veðurstofa Íslands +354 522 60 00 VÍ 2009-006 Bústaðavegur 9 +354 522 60 06 ISSN 1670-8261 150 Reykjavík [email protected] Abstract Fast-rising jökulhlaups from the geothermal subglacial lakes below the Skaftá caul- drons in Vatnajökull emerge in the Skaftá river approximately every year with 45 jökulhlaups recorded since 1955. The accumulated volume of flood water was used to estimate the average rate of water accumulation in the subglacial lakes during the last decade as 6 Gl (6·106 m3) per month for the lake below the western cauldron and 9 Gl per month for the eastern caul- dron. Data on water accumulation and lake water composition in the western cauldron were used to estimate the power of the underlying geothermal area as ∼550 MW. For a jökulhlaup from the Western Skaftá cauldron in September 2006, the low- ering of the ice cover overlying the subglacial lake, the discharge in Skaftá and the temperature of the flood water close to the glacier margin were measured. The dis- charge from the subglacial lake during the jökulhlaup was calculated using a hypso- metric curve for the subglacial lake, estimated from the form of the surface cauldron after jökulhlaups. The maximum outflow from the lake during the jökulhlaup is esti- mated as 123 m3 s−1 while the maximum discharge of jökulhlaup water at the glacier terminus is estimated as 97 m3 s−1. -
Imaging Laurentide Ice Sheet Drainage Into the Deep Sea: Impact on Sediments and Bottom Water
Imaging Laurentide Ice Sheet Drainage into the Deep Sea: Impact on Sediments and Bottom Water Reinhard Hesse*, Ingo Klaucke, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2A7, Canada William B. F. Ryan, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964-8000 Margo B. Edwards, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822 David J. W. Piper, Geological Survey of Canada—Atlantic, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada NAMOC Study Group† ABSTRACT the western Atlantic, some 5000 to 6000 State-of-the-art sidescan-sonar imagery provides a bird’s-eye view of the giant km from their source. submarine drainage system of the Northwest Atlantic Mid-Ocean Channel Drainage of the ice sheet involved (NAMOC) in the Labrador Sea and reveals the far-reaching effects of drainage of the repeated collapse of the ice dome over Pleistocene Laurentide Ice Sheet into the deep sea. Two large-scale depositional Hudson Bay, releasing vast numbers of ice- systems resulting from this drainage, one mud dominated and the other sand bergs from the Hudson Strait ice stream in dominated, are juxtaposed. The mud-dominated system is associated with the short time spans. The repeat interval was meandering NAMOC, whereas the sand-dominated one forms a giant submarine on the order of 104 yr. These dramatic ice- braid plain, which onlaps the eastern NAMOC levee. This dichotomy is the result of rafting events, named Heinrich events grain-size separation on an enormous scale, induced by ice-margin sifting off the (Broecker et al., 1992), occurred through- Hudson Strait outlet. -
The Cordilleran Ice Sheet 3 4 Derek B
1 2 The cordilleran ice sheet 3 4 Derek B. Booth1, Kathy Goetz Troost1, John J. Clague2 and Richard B. Waitt3 5 6 1 Departments of Civil & Environmental Engineering and Earth & Space Sciences, University of Washington, 7 Box 352700, Seattle, WA 98195, USA (206)543-7923 Fax (206)685-3836. 8 2 Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada 9 3 U.S. Geological Survey, Cascade Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, WA, USA 10 11 12 Introduction techniques yield crude but consistent chronologies of local 13 and regional sequences of alternating glacial and nonglacial 14 The Cordilleran ice sheet, the smaller of two great continental deposits. These dates secure correlations of many widely 15 ice sheets that covered North America during Quaternary scattered exposures of lithologically similar deposits and 16 glacial periods, extended from the mountains of coastal south show clear differences among others. 17 and southeast Alaska, along the Coast Mountains of British Besides improvements in geochronology and paleoenvi- 18 Columbia, and into northern Washington and northwestern ronmental reconstruction (i.e. glacial geology), glaciology 19 Montana (Fig. 1). To the west its extent would have been provides quantitative tools for reconstructing and analyzing 20 limited by declining topography and the Pacific Ocean; to the any ice sheet with geologic data to constrain its physical form 21 east, it likely coalesced at times with the western margin of and history. Parts of the Cordilleran ice sheet, especially 22 the Laurentide ice sheet to form a continuous ice sheet over its southwestern margin during the last glaciation, are well 23 4,000 km wide. -
Orbital Control of Productivity and of Sea-Ice Production/Drifting in the Central Arctic Ocean During the Late Quaternary
Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 21, EGU2019-1743, 2019 EGU General Assembly 2019 © Author(s) 2018. CC Attribution 4.0 license. Orbital control of productivity and of sea-ice production/drifting in the central Arctic Ocean during the late Quaternary Claude Hillaire-Marcel (1), Anne de Vernal (1), Yanguang Liu (2), Jenny Maccali (3), Karl Purcell (1), Bassam Ghaleb (1), Allison Jacobel (4), Rüdiger Stein (5), Jerry McManus (4), and Michel Crucifix (6) (1) GEOTOP-UQAM, Université du Québec, Montreal, Canada ([email protected]), (2) First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, China (yanguangliu@fio.org.cn), (3) Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway ([email protected]), (4) Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, New-York, USA ([email protected]), (5) Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany ([email protected]), (6) ELIC, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (michel.crucifi[email protected]) The recently revised chronostratigraphy of the central Arctic Ocean sedimentary sequences (https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GC007050) provides the means to insert the Arctic paleoceanography into the Earth’s global climate history. Based on magnetostratigraphy, 14C ages and 230Th-231Pa excess extinction ages in a series of sedimentary cores raised from the Mendeleev and Lomonosov ridges by the R/V Polarstern, Healy and MV Xue Long ice-breakers, with chronological complementary information from pre-2000 studies, we have been able to estimate sedimentation rates ranging from less than a few mm/ka to a few cm/ka along these ridges, with the highest accumulation rates eastward, near the ice-factories of the Russian shelf. -
First International Conference on Mars Polar Science and Exploration
FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MARS POLAR SCIENCE AND EXPLORATION Held at The Episcopal Conference Center at Carnp Allen, Texas Sponsored by Geological Survey of Canada International Glaciological Society Lunar and Planetary Institute National Aeronautics and Space Administration Organizers Stephen Clifford, Lunar and Planetary Institute David Fisher, Geological Survey of Canada James Rice, NASA Ames Research Center LPI Contribution No. 953 Compiled in 1998 by LUNAR AND PLANETARY INSTITUTE The Institute is operated by the Universities Space Research Association under Contract No. NASW-4574 with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Material in this volume may be copied without restraint for library, abstract service, education, or personal research purposes; however, republication of any paper or portion thereof requires the written permission of the authors as well as the appropriate acknowledgment of this publication. Abstracts in this volume may be cited as Author A. B. (1998) Title of abstract. In First International Conference on Mars Polar Science and Exploration, p. xx. LPI Contribution No. 953, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston. This report is distributed by ORDER DEPARTMENT Lunar and Planetary Institute 3600 Bay Area Boulevard Houston TX 77058-1 113 Mail order requestors will be invoiced for the cost of shipping and handling. LPI Contribution No. 953 iii Preface This volume contains abstracts that have been accepted for presentation at the First International Conference on Mars Polar Science and Exploration, October 18-22? 1998. The Scientific Organizing Committee consisted of Terrestrial Members E. Blake (Icefield Instruments), G. Clow (U.S. Geologi- cal Survey, Denver), D. Dahl-Jensen (University of Copenhagen), K. Kuivinen (University of Nebraska), J. -
11Th International Conference on the Physics and Chemistry of Ice, PCI
11th International Conference on the Physics and Chemistry of Ice (PCI-2006) Bremerhaven, Germany, 23-28 July 2006 Abstracts _______________________________________________ Edited by Frank Wilhelms and Werner F. Kuhs Ber. Polarforsch. Meeresforsch. 549 (2007) ISSN 1618-3193 Frank Wilhelms, Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Columbusstrasse, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany Werner F. Kuhs, Universität Göttingen, GZG, Abt. Kristallographie Goldschmidtstr. 1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany Preface The 11th International Conference on the Physics and Chemistry of Ice (PCI- 2006) took place in Bremerhaven, Germany, 23-28 July 2006. It was jointly organized by the University of Göttingen and the Alfred-Wegener-Institute (AWI), the main German institution for polar research. The attendance was higher than ever with 157 scientists from 20 nations highlighting the ever increasing interest in the various frozen forms of water. As the preceding conferences PCI-2006 was organized under the auspices of an International Scientific Committee. This committee was led for many years by John W. Glen and is chaired since 2002 by Stephen H. Kirby. Professor John W. Glen was honoured during PCI-2006 for his seminal contributions to the field of ice physics and his four decades of dedicated leadership of the International Conferences on the Physics and Chemistry of Ice. The members of the International Scientific Committee preparing PCI-2006 were J.Paul Devlin, John W. Glen, Takeo Hondoh, Stephen H. Kirby, Werner F. Kuhs, Norikazu Maeno, Victor F. Petrenko, Patricia L.M. Plummer, and John S. Tse; the final program was the responsibility of Werner F. Kuhs. The oral presentations were given in the premises of the Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum (DSM) a few meters away from the Alfred-Wegener-Institute. -
The Most Extensive Holocene Advance in the Stauning Alper, East Greenland, Occurred in the Little Ice Age Brenda L
The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Earth Science Faculty Scholarship Earth Sciences 8-1-2008 The oM st Extensive Holocene Advance in the Stauning Alper, East Greenland, Occurred in the Little ceI Age Brenda L. Hall University of Maine - Main, [email protected] Carlo Baroni George H. Denton University of Maine - Main, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/ers_facpub Part of the Earth Sciences Commons Repository Citation Hall, Brenda L.; Baroni, Carlo; and Denton, George H., "The osM t Extensive Holocene Advance in the Stauning Alper, East Greenland, Occurred in the Little cI e Age" (2008). Earth Science Faculty Scholarship. 103. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/ers_facpub/103 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Earth Science Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The most extensive Holocene advance in the Stauning Alper, East Greenland, occurred in the Little Ice Age Brenda L. Hall1, Carlo Baroni2 & George H. Denton1 1 Dept. of Earth Sciences and the Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA 2 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pisa, IT-56126 Pisa, Italy Keywords Abstract Glaciation; Greenland; Holocene; Little Ice Age. We present glacial geologic and chronologic data concerning the Holocene ice extent in the Stauning Alper of East Greenland. The retreat of ice from the Correspondence late-glacial position back into the mountains was accomplished by at least Brenda L. -
Electromagnetism Based Atmospheric Ice Sensing Technique - a Conceptual Review
Int. Jnl. of Multiphysics Volume 6 · Number 4 · 2012 341 Electromagnetism based atmospheric ice sensing technique - A conceptual review Umair N. Mughal*, Muhammad S. Virk and M. Y. Mustafa High North Technology Center Department of Technology, Narvik University College, Narvik, Norway ABSTRACT Electromagnetic and vibrational properties of ice can be used to measure certain parameters such as ice thickness, type and icing rate. In this paper we present a review of the dielectric based measurement techniques for matter and the dielectric/spectroscopic properties of ice. Atmospheric Ice is a complex material with a variable dielectric constant, but precise calculation of this constant may form the basis for measurement of its other properties such as thickness and strength using some electromagnetic methods. Using time domain or frequency domain spectroscopic techniques, by measuring both the reflection and transmission characteristics of atmospheric ice in a particular frequency range, the desired parameters can be determined. Keywords: Atmospheric Ice, Sensor, Polar Molecule, Quantum Excitation, Spectroscopy, Dielectric 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. ATMOSPHERIC ICING Atmospheric icing is the term used to describe the accretion of ice on structures or objects under certain conditions. This accretion can take place either due to freezing precipitation or freezing fog. It is primarily freezing fog that causes this accumulation which occurs mainly on mountaintops [16]. It depends mainly on the shape of the object, wind speed, temperature, liquid water content (amount of liquid water in a given volume of air) and droplet size distribution (conventionally known as the median volume diameter). The major effects of atmospheric icing on structure are the static ice loads, wind action on iced structure and dynamic effects. -
Dicionarioct.Pdf
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Earth Science Second Edition McGraw-Hill New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be repro- duced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-141798-2 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-141045-7 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at [email protected] or (212) 904-4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw- Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decom- pile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent. -
Ice Molecular Model Kit © Copyright 2015 Ryler Enterprises, Inc
Super Models Ice Molecular Model Kit © Copyright 2015 Ryler Enterprises, Inc. Recommended for ages 10-adult ! Caution: Atom centers and vinyl tubing are a choking hazard. Do not eat or chew model parts. Kit Contents: 50 red 4-peg oxygen atom centers (2 spares) 100 white hydrogen 2-peg atom centers (2 spares) 74 clear, .87”hydrogen bonds (2 spares) 100 white, .87” covalent bonds (2 spares) Related Kits Available: Chemistry of Water Phone: 806-438-6865 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.rylerenterprises.com Address: 5701 1st Street, Lubbock, TX 79416 The contents of this instruction manual may be reprinted for personal use only. Any and all of the material in this PDF is the sole property of Ryler Enterprises, Inc. Permission to reprint any or all of the contents of this manual for resale must be submitted to Ryler Enterprises, Inc. General Information Ice, of course, ordinarily refers to water in the solid phase. In the terminology of astronomy, an ice can be the solid form of any element or compound which is usually a liquid or gas. This kit is designed to investigate the structure of ice formed by water. Fig. 1 Two water molecules bonded by a hydrogen bond. Water ice is very common throughout the universe. According to NASA, within our solar system ice is The symbol δ means partial, so when a plus sign is found in comets, asteroids, and several moons of added, the combination means partial positive the outer planets, and it has been located in charge. The opposite obtains when a negative sign interstellar space as well.