HISTORY OF THE DEPARTMENT

BY

MARY J. KIENTZLE

AND

ROGER T. DAVIS

FALL 1988

HISTORY OF THE PSYCHOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Mary J. Kientzle and Roger T. Davis

THE PSYCHOLOGY DEPARTMENT The Psychology Department at Washington State University was established in 1946 and transferred from the School of Education to the College of Sciences and Arts in 194 7. Its development can be divided into several stages. These are: (a) pre-departmen­ talization, (b) coalescing into a department, (c) development of a doctoral program, and (d) a maturing program.

Pre-Departmentalization Before it was departmentalized, Psychology was represented by individuals who had appointments in Education with academic rank in Psychology. The first of these was A. A. Cleveland who served from 1907 to 1921 as the only psychologist at Washington State College (WSC). Cleveland's research on the learning of chess was described in Woodworth's (1937, p. 781) classic text on as showing that " .. .insight in chess depends on the utilization of past experience." Cleveland, who set up the first psychological laboratories at Washington State, had been trained at Clark University, one of the first universities in the country to give Ph.D.s in Psychology. Cleveland was joined at WSC in 1921 by another psychologist, Carl I. Erickson. Erickson had been in the Army Mental Testing Program in the first world war and, like several of his successors, received his training at Iowa. The third position in Psychology was filled by Helen M. Richardson from 1924 until1929 when she was on leave of absence at Yale finishing her Ph.D. While Richardson was on leave, Marjory Elton took her place. Richardson returned to Washington State College from 1931 to 1933 during which time her classic monograph on problem solving in children was published (Richardson, 1932). Mter she left, her position was filled for 5 years by Paul Fredrick. Then beginning in 1940, it was filled by Lee J. Cronbach. He stayed at WSC for 7 years, establishing a tradition in psychometrics. Later, after he left, Cronbach served as President of the American Psy­ chological Association.

Coalescing into a Department ( 1946-1949) The Department began in 1946. Three years later (1949) it was authorized to grant the Ph.D. degree. The Student Counseling Center (SCC) was also begun in 1946, and Psychology and SCC shared personnel for many years which helped Psychology rise to a critical mass for granting the doctorate. F. Nowell Jones was imported to head the new Psychology Department. Also included in the departmental roster were Carl I. Erickson, Lee Cronbach, Robert Otnes,s , John G. Watkins, EdwardS. Bardin (jointly appointed in

1 the SCC), Joseph L. McPherson (similarly appointed both in Psychology and SCC), and A. A. Cleveland who was Professor Emeritus.

At the end of the first semester (1947), Lee Cronbach resigned and was replaced by Mary Kientzle who was to remain on the faculty until1981. Additionally, Margaret H. Jones taught classes as needed; and needed they were, as this was the period of the returning veterans of World War II.

In the 3 years of coalescing, there were three deletions and six additions to the faculty. Otness, Watkins, and Bordin left; and David Ehrenfreund, Max Lewin, Harold B. Pepinsky (also director ofSCC), Ija Korner, Francis A. Young, and Dudley Klopfer were added. Forty years later, Young was still a member ofthe Psychology Department, and Klopfer remained for 34 years. Young published nearly 90 articles and established a primate laboratory. This building was shared with the Comparative Behavior Labora- tory where Klopfer and his students studied the behavior of birds, dogs, and pigs. Ehrenfreund ultimately moved to Southern Illinois University as chairman, and Pepinsky moved to Ohio State University.

Development of a Doctoral Program (1949-1968) As in many psychology departments around the country, the period of 1949 to 1968 saw rapid growth. The reasons were related to: (a) the time in American history between the end of World War II through the Korean War and until the war in Vietnam characterized by high n-Ach students; (b) the institutionalization of clinical psychology by the American Psychological Association with site visits and accreditation; (c) federal funding of research and training grants to psychologists; and (d) the change from Washington State College to Washington State University.

Beginning in 1949, the chairman of the Department was James H. Elder. Elder had obtained his Ph.D. with at Yale in 1933. Altogether Elder worked 9 years with Yerkes at New Haven and at the newly founded laboratory for great apes at Orange Park, FL, this was the longest period that any psychologist, excepting Henry Nissen, worked with this great pioneer of American psychology. At Orange Park, Elder had a distinguished research career doing what DeValois (1965) regards as the basic pioneering work on hearing by nonhuman primates as well as work on the relationship between hormones and mating in chimpanzees. Immediately before coming to WSC, Elder did war work in Washington, D.C., and served a short stint on the faculty at the University ofWisconsin.

During this period the department grew from a modest size of seven faculty (Elder, Ehrenfreund, Erickson, Kientzle, Klopfer, Pepinsky, and Young) to its present size. Between 1949 and 1968, 45 faculty joined and 27left the department, leaving a net growth of18.

2 U ntil1966, the Department shared a temporary wooden military building with the School ofEducation, as well as temporary animal and human experimental laboratories and clinic space (Human Relations Center [HRC]) in the old Post Office building. Thanks to a building grant of$220,000 from theNational Institutes ofHealth to Frank Young, the Department's animal laboratories moved to a newly built Comparative Behavior Labo­ ratory and Primate Research Center. Later in 1966, the department, the Human Relations Center, and the facilities for human and small animal research moved to a long­ sought-for wing on Todd Hall named Johnson Tower.

During this period of growth, Elder collected professional and personal items pertaining to the faculty and students and former faculty and students into 15 newslet­ ters, which were disseminated to all members of the WSC Psychology Department family. A copy ofthese newsletters is on file in the main office ofthe Psychology Department. This newsletter also provides an account of many distinguished outside speakers who came to Washington State College as guests of the Psychology Department. This source of outside stimulation has nearly ceased in the past 20 years.

The Department continued to grow under James Whipple's acting chairmanship (1968-1970). Six faculty were added and only two left. The additions included Hopkins and Dengerink, who later assumed leadership positions in the University. The number of graduate students reached 85 people, a number that has remained relatively constant ever since. Although Dean Kennedy wanted Psychology to dispense with its animal laboratories, Elder and Whipple hung on to them tenaciously. In retrospect, this was a very key element in continuing to give the Ph.D. in experimental psychology.

A Maturing Program in Psychology (1970-present) Since 1970, the number of faculty and graduate students in the Psychology Department has been relatively stable. Between 1970 and 1978, 24 faculty were appointed and 23 left; and between 1978 and 1986, 8 were added and 16left or entered higher administration. Eight faculty have been added between 1986 and 1988. --<>-- THE FACULTY Table 1 shows that 111 persons have been associated with the Department of Psychology, although some of these were psychologists who were at Washington State College before there was a Department ofPsychology. Of the faculty, 21 were women and 90 were men. They came to Washington State College (University) with their highest degrees from 51 different institutions: 31.4% coming from schools in the Big Ten Conference of schools (Iowa and Ohio State providing seven each); 11.4% from schools in the Pacific Ten Conference (excluding WSU); 9.5% from the Big Eight Conference of schools; and 7.6% from the Ivy League. The remaining 25.7% came from 23 different schools in the and England.

3 The faculty excluding those added between 1986 and 1988 can be divided into four groups according to their length of tenure: 1. temporary and rootless-0 through 2 years (N = 38); 2. those showing a good try at staying-3-10 years (N = 32); 3. permanent party-11-19 years (N = 20); and 4. real old timers-20 or more years (N = 13). Table 1 indicates that there was considerable stability in the Department. Most of the faculty that stayed for less than 2 years were ex-graduate students who were temporary faculty. The 13 faculty who stayed more than 20 years included: A. A. Cleveland (1907-1947), Francis A. Young (1948-1988), Mary J. Kientzle (1947-1981), F. Dudley Klopfer (1948-1982), Carl I. Erickson (1921-1953), James E. Whipple (1957- present), William Cass (1953-1980), Keith Wollen (1961-1988), F. L. Marcuse (1950- 1974), Gloria J. Fischer (1965-present), Bruce Palmer (1966-present), Harold A. Denger­ ink (1969-present), and Ronald H. Hopkins (1969-present).

The long careers of Cleveland and Young, spanning 81 years with only 1 year separating their tenure, can be scaled against the history ofthe field of Psychology. In 1907 when Cleveland came to WSC, Thorndike had not published his seminal work, Animal Intelligence, which gave birth to modern learning theory; Watson had not published the behaviorist manifesto; and the American Psychological Association num­ bered in the hundreds. By the time Cleveland retired and Young joined the faculty, modern learning theory had bloomed with the writings ofTolman, Guthrie, Hull, Skinner, Spence, and others; Steven's Handbook of Experimental Psychology (1st ed.) was being conceived; and the American Psychological Association numbered about 3,000 members. In 1988-89, some 40 years after Young came to WSC, learning theory is passe and its remnants are combined with theory about memory in Cognitive Psychology, and the APA number more than 70,000 members. Thus, these two faculty could have known most of the modern mechanistic and cognitive psychologists who conducted experiments.

DEPARTMENTAL LEADERSHIP Seven persons served as chair in the first 41 years of the Department, and six persons served as Director of Clinical Training between 1956 and the present. The average tenure of a chair was 8 years. The chairs were: (a) F. Nowell Jones (1946-1949); (b) James H. Elder(1950-1969); (c) James E. Whipple, acting(1969-1970 and fall semester 1976); (d) Roger T. Davis (1970-1978); (e) Ronald M. Hopkins (1978-1985); CD John W. Wright (acting during spring semester 1986); and (g) Frances K. McSweeney (acting during spring semester 1983 and chair from 1986-present). The permanent chairs are pictured in Figures 1-5.

Shared governance was instituted in 1970 with the appointment of an executive committee which originally was appointed by the chair; at the present time this committee is comprised ofthe Chair, the Director of Clinical Training

4 (DCT), the Director of Experimental Training (DET), and an elected nontenured faculty member. The first elected nontenured person was Thomas A. Brigham (1976). The DCTs have spanned a 30-year period since 1956 when the Department received accreditation from the American Psychological Association for doctoral training in Clinical Psychology. They were: (a) Len Schneider (1956-1958); (b) Claire Thompson (1958-1968); (c) Warren Garlington (1968-1969); (d) Norris Vestre (1969-1972); (e) Gary Galbraith (1972-1979 and 1985-present); and (f) Harold Dengerink (1979-1985). Claire Thompson (pictured in Figure 6) was very active in setting up the accreditation program for Clinical Psychology in the American Psychological Association.

Departmental leadership also included one Director ofUndergraduate Training, Mary Kientzle (1976-1981).

Also there were chairmen of the Experimental Advisory Committee (EAC), which merged into the position of Director of Experimental Training: the first of these was Ronald H. Hopkins (1970-1974). He was followed by Keith Wollen (1974-1976), Thomas A. Brigham (1976-1978), Dudley Klopfer (1978-1979), Robert J. Miller (1979-1983), and John W. Wright (1983-present). During a leave of absence by Klopfer in 1978, John W. Wright and Thomas A. Brigham shared the leadership duties.

THE STUDENTS The Psychology Department has awarded B.S., M.A., and Ph.D. degrees steadily during the past 40 years. It has tended to give more degrees to women than the other departments in the university, and it has grown to be one of the major graduate departments. Figure 7 shows the cumulative records of awarding each degree for both men and women during this period.

The first baccalaureate degree in Psychology was granted in 1938. This was all the more remarkable since there was no department ofPsychology until1946. Between 1938 and 1946, there were a total of 38 nondepartmental degrees in Psychology. In the first year Psychology was a department, it granted five B.S. degrees-all to women. Lest one think that this was due to the affirmative action ofthe department, in 1946 the veterans were just returning from World War II, and 56 ofthe graduates from WSC that year were women.

Beginning in 1946 and continuing through to 1986, the University granted 1,595 B.S. degrees in Psychology, which is 2.21% of all ofthe baccalaureate degrees granted by the University during this time span. In Psychology, 44.58% of the graduates were women, contrasted to 38.78% for the entire university. Psychology began granting more B.S. degrees to women than men beginning in 1975 and the years thereafter, excepting 1978, 1979, and 1981.

5 Psychology was approved to grant Masters of Science degrees in 1946 but failed to grant any until194 7. Since then and through 1986, the Department has granted 427 M.S. degrees and one Masters of Teaching in Psychology. The percentage of women receiving M.S. degrees in Psychology is 32.5%; this contrasts with the entire university which has granted 11,194 masters degrees with 29.08% being women. The number of masters degrees in Psychology compared to all granted by the university was 3.85%.

The Ph.D. degree in Psychology was approved in 1949, and the first recipient was Garry Margolis (1953), who has since had a distinguished career at Boston College. Three hundred more students successfully completed the Ph.D. subsequently, with 23.9% being women which contrasts with 10.83% for the entire university. The 301 Ph.D.s in Psychology granted through 1986 represented 5.08% of all of those granted by the University. Their names and year of completion are shown in Table 2.

RESEARCH The members of the department have been productive researchers. Considering only the faculty present in the spring of 1986, they had produced 644 articles (including technical reports and book chapters but excluding papers presented at meetings) and 12 books. Additionally they had nearly as many presentations at professional meetings. If we included the research productivity of our former faculty, especially Lee Cronbach, Joseph Richlak, J. P. Egan, and Milton Rokeach, the productivity would be well over 1, 000 papers. Thus, we are safe in saying that, if the average faculty person was as prolific as the mean producer on the faculty at present (N = 25), the number of publications would be 2,625. It is obvious that the research of faculty at Washington State University has had a major impact on our field. One notable researcher, J.P. Egan (shown in Figure 8) produced the seminal book on Signal Detection and ROC Analysis while in residence at Washington State University.

6 Figure 1. F. Nowell Jones, Chair, Psychology, 1946-1949.

7 Figure 2. James H. Elder, Chair, Psychology 1949-1968.

8 Figure 3. Roger T. Davis, Chair, Psychology, 1970-1978.

9 Figure 4. Ronald H. Hopkins, Chair, Psychology, 1978-1985.

10 Figure 5. Frances K. McSweeney, Chair, Psychology, 1986-.

11 Figure 6. Claire W. Thompson, Director of Clinical Training, 1958-1968.

12 MEN B.S.

BOO

* WOMEN B.S. 700 I I ' I * 600 * 0::: I w co I * ' :::E I ::J * z 500 /* w I *' > I I- < ' _j 400 ::J ' :::E I ::J (_) I ' I * 300 I * MEN M.S. I * * MEN Ph. D. 200

100 _ _ WOMEN Ph. D. ----

I I I I I I 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 YEAR OF DEGREE JN PSYCHOLOGY

Figure 7. Cumulative record ofBS, MS and PhD degrees in Psychology.

,,

13 Figure 8. James P. Egan, Noted Psychologist at Washington State University.

14 Table 1. Psychology Faculty at WSU, 1907-1989

Name atWSU Degree Year Ross Armstrong 67-84 Iowa 1962 Helene A. Bakewell 71-74 Utah 1972 Randal Beaton 72-75 Washington (Seattle) 1973 Kenneth H. Blood 56-59 WSC (M.S.) 1954 Thomas A. Brigham 72- Kansas 1970 Jerome M. Brams 58-63 Missouri 1957 Robert L. Brizee 59-63 Michigan State 1959 Edward S. Bordin 46-48 Ohio State 1942 •I Peter F . Briggs 55-56 Minnesota 1955 G. Leonard Burns 84- Connecticut 1985 Daniel Burt 75-76 Washington State 1973 Patrick J . Capretta 59-61 Colorado 1958 William Cass 53-80 Stanford 1950 Robert F. Chapman 68-72 Arizona State 1959 A. A. Cleveland 07-47 Clark 1906 Clyde A. Crego 67-69 Michigan State 1966 Rex M. Collier 64-65 Northwestern 1934 Lee J . Cronbach 40-46 Chicago 1940 Herbert J. Cross 72- Syracuse 1965 Roger T. Davis 70- Wisconsin 1953 Harold A. Dengerink 69- Kent State 1969 James P . Egan 74-79 Harvard 1947 David Ehrenfreund 47-56 Iowa 1947 James H. Elder 49-68 Yale 1933 Marjorie Elton 29-31 Columbia (M.A.) 1929 Carl I. Erickson 21-53 Iowa 1921 Adrian J. Ernst 70-86 Colorado 1970 Paul M. Evans 88- Indiana 1987 Gloria J . Fischer 65- Purdue 1954 Concetta Foschini-Miller 75- Penn State 1971 Dorothy Fragaszy 86- U. (Davis) 1978 Paul Fredrick 35-40 ? ? Dean Funibiki 77-82 S.U.N.Y. (Stoneybrook) 1977 Gary G. Galbraith 72- Ohio State 1964 Gordon G. Gallup 67-68 Washington State 1967 Warren K. Garlington 68-85 Indiana 1953 Lee M. Griffin 71-72 Minnesota (M.D.) 1955 Gerald Guthrie 67-69 Clark 1966 John Harrigan 66-68 Colorado State University 1966 Norman J . Harris 49-51 Denver University 1949 o! John M. Hinson 83- Duke 1981 Paul J. Hoffman 53-57 Stanford 1953 Ronald H . Hopkins 69-74 Iowa 1967 Ronald H. Hopkins 75-85 Iowa 1967 Robert A. Johnson 62-80 Missouri 1963 F. Nowell Jones, Jr. 46-49 Cornell 1939 Margaret H. Jones 46-49 UCLA 1945 Arnold Katz 56-57 Iowa 1952 Kathleen Kearney 84-85 Washington State 1982 Jack D. Keehn 63-65 London 1953 Mary J. Kientzle 47-81 Illinois 1945 Robert J. King 65-66 Oregon 1946 Ij a N. Korner 48-49 Columbia 1949 Randall R. Kleinhesselink 70- Iowa 1970 F. Dudley Klopfer 48-82 Michigan 1952

15 David Koulack 66-68 Yesheva 1967 Aldora Lee 73-75 Colorado 1965 George A. Leary 65-84 London (FSMC) 1955 MaxM. Levin 47-49 California (Berkeley) 1946 Kenneth E. Lloyd 59-73 Ohio State 1947 Frances K. McSweeney 74- Harvard 1974 F. L. Marcuse 50-74 Cornell 1942 Kennon McCormick 52-53 Ohio State 1951 Joseph L. McPherson 46-49 Minnesota (M.S. 1946 William McMullan 73-74 Washington State 1973 Douglas L. Medin 71-71(S) South Dakota 1969 Robert J. Miller 74- Penn State 1973 JefferyS. Mio 86- University of Illinois (Chicago) 1984 Lin Moeller 84-87 Washington State 1985 Karen Moe 84- Washington (Seattle) 1981 Morris K. Morgret 68-73 Ohio University (Miami) 1968 Kevin Mooney 82-86 S.U.N.Y. (Buffalo) 1982 David Neilsson 78-79 University of Utah 1978 John 0. Noll 61-66 Pittsburgh 1955 LeRoy C. Olsen 55-56 North Dakota (Ed.D.) 1955 RayW. Olson 57-58 Utah 1956 H. Robert Otness 46-47 NYU 1939 Bruce E. Palmer 66- Oregon 1963 Roger 0. Patrick 65-66 wsu 1965 William H. Payne 66-73 Purdue 1964 William Pelham 76-79 S.U.N.Y. (Stoneybrook) 1976 Harold B. Pepinsky 48-51 Minnesota 1946 Robin Post 73-75 Syracuse 1973 Richard H. Reinking 72-75 Kansas 1972 Helen M. Richardson 24-33 Yale 1933 Nora P. Riley 88- Dartmouth 1985 Sue Ritter 80-81 Pennsylvania 1980 Milton Rokeach 72-86 California (Berkeley) 1947 Albert Rosen 56-58 Minnesota 1952 Barbara Rosenthal 75-76 Connecticut 1975 Joseph F. Rychlak 58-61 Ohio State 1957 Leonard I. Schneider 49-58 Colorado 1953 Harry A. Shoemaker 56-59 Colorado 1953 Lawrence Siegel 50-53 Tennessee 1952 Saul M. Spiro 72- Vermont (M.D.) 1956 Shelley Stokes 75-76 Michigan State 1975 Claire W. Thompson 58-73 Stanford 1943 Jerry A. Treppa 69-71 Michigan State 1969 Jane Veith 79-87 Ohio State 1981 Norris Vestre 69-72 Minnesota 1959 Lowell M. Walter 52-55 Illinois (Ed.D.) 1965 John G. Watkins 46-49 Columbia 1941 Marc Weiss 67-72 Rochester 1969 Eileen Whipple 62- Washington State 1968 James E. Whipple 57- Stanford 1956 Paul M. Whitney 87- Kansas 1984 Gregory L. Wilson 87- Montana 1986 John W. Wright 75- Michigan 1971 Keith Wollen 61- Iowa 1961 Sandra Wurtele 83- Alabama 1983 Francis A. Young 48-88 Ohio State 1949

16 Table 2. Doctorates Granted by the Psychology Department

1953 Inger A. Olsen 1969 Ann Greenhaut William A. Semenoff Rosalee Bradley Ralph H. Kolstoe John R. Snortnum Richard G. Engel Garry J. Margolis Ned N. Tranel Ronald A. Kleinknedt James C. Welch John F. Knutson 1963 Roger R. Kotila 1954 Erling E. Boe Judith L. McElvain None William A. Johnston Jacob P. Panzarella Richard M. Martin Merle M. Prim 1955 Peter Ornstein Thomas E. Samuels None Floreal Pena Eileen M. Whipple Roger E. Saner Philip D. White 1956 Keith W. Johnsgaard 1964 1970 Lila C. Siegel Louis F. Friedman David E. Anderson Ellis Loche Van Atta Kathryn A. Anderson 1965 Sherwin B. Cotler 1957 Harold G. Hunter Jon A. Kangas None Lawrence R. Maier Gregory W. Lewis Marvin R. Minge Paul G. Quinnett 1958 Joseph E. Morrow Tom Sallison Harold P. Bishop Roger 0 . Patrick Paul F. Stegner Harvey T. Martin, Jr. 1966 1971 1959 David M. Danek NormanS. Braveman James F. Adams Jay N. Eacker Sharon Ann Martinelli Hall George H. Foster Phillip L. Emerson Mary Hibbs-Treacy Frank Wesley Ernest S. Graham Douglas H. Lowry Arie J. Nyman Antone Dan Madrid 1960 Louis B. Sachs William Finley Melver James M. Hagen Robert L. Schalock Alan M. Hartman Karl M. Schmidt 1972 Thomas C. Howard David Melvin Brubakken William W. Nish 1967 Helene Burgess Edward C. Simmel Rodney D. Freeborg Harald Andreas Euler John M. Woodbary Lewis M. Garmize Kenneth Charles Fischer Charles B. Slater Robert Allen Fox 1961 Roy Robert Stevens Tullius John Frizzi Kenneth H. Blood Frank C. Hamilton Saried Shamla Farahmand 1968 William R. Knowlton Donald G. Lederman Robert R. Belair Michael R. 0. Leary A. M. Marehconne Sandra A. Belcher Jon Lien Sheldon Scarr Gordon G. Gallup Jr. Margaret Estelle Lloyd James Howard Shaw Judith E. Hartsook Mark Henry Paradis Anthony G. Miller Donald Neil Rosenberg 1962 Philip B. Nelson Howard Leon Schrag Don Elton Batten David Allen Oas Gary A. Sterner Donald N. Farrer Marjorie Jane Panek Peggy Diane Turnbough Donovan Ernest Flemming Geraldine H. Spare

17 1973 1976 August Robert Meyer Daniel William Burt Ernest Louis Chavez Loren Nakano Michael Allen Christenson John Paxson Dempster Wayne Daniel Norman William F. Epling Denice Anne Dericco Harry Stevens Rotham Gordon K. Hare Sally Aydlette Sizer Fitts Kenneth Louis Ihli Daryl L. Herbison 1980 Robert Latta Irwin Karl Andrew Hickerson Steven Patrick Barry Robert Glenn Jensen Candace Kathleen Johnson Nancy Claire Bologna Gerald Ray Kissler Peter Andrew Krakowiak Richard H. Ettinger Philip George Levendusky Yvonne Antoinette LaClaire Maria Gasparikova-Krasnec William Keith Lombardo Joan E. Niemann Martha Evans Kiersch Carlton William Purviance Seibert C. Pearson, Jr. Marilyn Lee Kohl Michael Patrick Quirk Charles Slaughter Lee Poston Theano Mouratides Charles M. Rice Gordon Max Sedlacek Arthur W. Peskind Gary Allen Schmidt George Vincent Rossie Robert A. Shea 1977 Victor John Stevens Steven Leo Beedle 1981 David Sue Emmett M. Early David Cohen Marlene J. Farnum Jose Antonio Contreras 1974 Pamela Denise Green James Parker Greenwell Hal Scott Bertilson Kathie Gail Larsen Kevin Jungers Gully Richard James Boylan Michael E. Maus Christine Barbara Haggenmacher Robert Louis Drury William Lee Rankin Michael Dean Harris Richard Eugene Edwards John L. Silva Patrick Joseph Miller Gary D. Field LeRoi Matthew-Pierre Smith, III Jack Douglas Myers Lawrence Fricke Mary Pepping Gregory Lee Goodrich 1978 Jeanne M. Savarese Roger L. Greene Leonard Eugene Abel Robert W. Schnedler Jerry Michael Henderson Sara Gutierrez Arroyo Gail Frances Hicks Mark Ronald Becker 1982 Richard Thomas Long Leatha Mae Bennett Barbara Ann Augusta William Ellis McMullin, Jr. Terri L. Chassin Catherine Regina Cook Paul N. Meyer, Jr. Douglas Alan Fitts Mark Kenneth Covey Steven Theodore Padgitt Tedla W olde Giorgis Linda Catherine Foss Caroline Lea Rinke Carolyn Mary Hoekstra Peter Barry Karzmark Frank Thomas Ruggiero Floyd Grant Jackson Kathleen A. Kearney Thomas Michael Kimlicka Robin Annette LaDue 1975 Carl Leonard King, Jr. John Tarnai Barry Allen Carlaw Rodney Alan Peters Rachel Renee VanNieuwkerk Kenneth L. DeSeve Raymond M. Singer Patricia Yglesias Cecil Duncan Susan L. Staples-Dorn Steven F. Flagg Randall William Yee 1983 James Richard Gavelek Silverio Arenas, Jr. Marilyn Joyce Gill 1979 Cynthia Lynne Bennett William Harold Godwin Janet L. Jacobs Albee Douglas A. Bergstrom Kenneth Harold Kasner John Vincent Austin Calvin M. Bierley Michael William Marks Josepth Nathaniel Carr Robert A. Butler Grant Lee Morris John Richard Davis Genevieve Canales Dwight Dean Mowry William Thomas Dougherty Barry James Coyne Michael Lee Powell Nancy J. Magnusson Fagan Joe Garza Federico M. V. Tamayo Alan Michael Gross Gregory Stuard Handel John J . Williams Joel William Grube Mark Richard Hammarlund Reid Kevin Hester Barbara Elizabeth Margaret Hammond John Douglas Mead Edwin Lawrence Hill

18 David Alan Marks 1985 1987 Steven Marquez Christine J. Childers-Michael Charles Henry Bombardier Lorence S. Miller William Wade Deardorff Louis Francis Damis Donald Mark Nockleby James D. Dougan Joseph R. Guydish Joan Pulakos Valeri Ann Farmer Pegean Herman Ramon Luis Saavedra Mark Kevin Harney Jennifer J. Higa Pamela S. Thompson Norman Eugene Kinney Danielle A. Jordan Lillian Marie Moeller Gary Robert Laugel 1984 M. Chris Paxson Lawrence Jospeh Lyon Armando de Armas Sue Anne Slade Matthew G. L. Margres Jane Marie Blackwell Virgil Theodore Wittmer Mona M. MeN eil Phyllis Belcher Cazares James Melvin Nelson Alan F. Chino 1986 Toby Diane M. Smolar Carey S. Edney John Haygeman Shelly Bernard Getzlaf Michael Eugene Kippes 1988 Mark Adam Hemlick Steven Klein Laura Asbell Jane Catharine Honeyman James Patrick Murphey Madaline G. Barnes Sandra L. Morseth Anne Dick Santa Patricia Ann Berryman Leilani Kyoko Oana Margaret Jean Sullivan Cheryl Rae Blank Susan Drue Sato Pamela J. VanDalfsen Patricia Ann Newsom Glenn William Trueblood, III Connie Ann O'Reilly Barbara Jean Vail Wayne S. Quirk Walter Philip Weisenburger Michael Franklin Wesner

19

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