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Osu1155753270.Pdf (1.7 EFFECTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC DISTURBANCES AND BIOTIC INTERACTIONS ON STREAM BIOTA IN GULF COASTAL PLAIN STREAMS A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Archis Robert Grubh, M.S. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2006 Doctoral Examination Committee: Lance Williams, Advisor Charles Goebel Andrew Ward Richard Moore Approved by __________________________________ Advisor Graduate Program in Natural Resources ABSTRACT Stream organisms have a complex relationship with the habitats they occupy, and their relationships can vary greatly across spatial, temporal, or taxonomic scales. Anthropogenic modification of ecosystems generally causes alteration to the temporal regime of natural variation and disturbance. The effects of timber harvesting on stream systems have been studied extensively in the Pacific Northwest and Northeast of the United States, and indicate long-term deleterious effects. These disturbances resulted in increase in sediment, discharge, temperature, and decrease in dissolved oxygen levels. Although stream ecosystems are a product of historic geologic and climatologic attributes, large-scale human disturbances can change the landscape. Over the past 200 years the forestlands of the southeastern Gulf Coastal Plain ecoregion of the United States has experienced extensive pressure primarily from timber harvesting. In spite of the known deleterious effects of timber harvesting on lotic systems, this region has not received much attention. In this study, macroinvertebrates and fish were used to quantify the effects of timber harvesting, and its major byproduct, road crossing, in headwater streams in west- central Louisiana. The comparative study of macroinvertebrate assemblages during the pre-, during-, and post- timber harvest years did not show any significant difference. Neither was there a significant different in macroinvertebrate assemblage between the reference stream and streams with varying levels of timber harvest activities. Although ii no significant difference was detected in macroinvertebrate taxa at the annual scale, a significant seasonal difference was detected. Similarly, scaling down from stream level to mesohabitat level, significant difference was detected at smaller scale. This is suggestive of assemblages responding to smaller temporal and spatial scales structured to the biogeographic history. The effects of road crossings on fish movement were significant when compared to natural reaches of the streams in Fort Polk, Louisiana. Movement through various bridge designs did not indicate a difference, which was a result of lower recaptures. An inverse relationship was detected between water depth and fish movement. Lack of significant relationship of movement with current velocity is a result of greater variation in the stream hydrologic conditions in the headwater reaches. iii DEDICATION To my beautiful daughter, Nazerene Shammah Grubh ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to first thank my advisor, Lance R. Williams for his support, encouragement, and guidance throughout my study, and stay in Columbus, Ohio. I would also like to thank my committee members, Charles Goebel, Andrew Ward, and Richard Moore for their support and insightful suggestions. Like many studies, a major dissertation is not complete with help and suggestions from fellow students, and close friends. I would like to thank the Fort Polk, Louisiana crew for assisting me in the field and providing technical suggestions. Danny Hudson was my primary source of help while in Louisiana. I would also like to thank Mr. Lynn Bennett, who was in charge of the bunk house on the army base, we shared many insightful stories. I would like to thank Mr. Jevanse for sharing his excellent culinary recipes, and was able to enjoy his sumptuous meals on occasion. On several of my trips to Louisiana, I was able to get ample help from graduate and undergraduate friends from the Ohio State University, Sarah Beck, Marie Schrecengost, Andrea Shyjka, Erin Rothman, Lauren Glockner, Katie LaFay, Marsha Williams, and John Foltz. I enjoyed my first spicy hot boiled crawfish, served Cajun Style in Alexandria, Louisiana. I would like to thank Tim Bonner, from Texas State University, and his crew from San Marcos, for helping out in field and sharing some important data. v I would also like to thank my parents, Robert Grubh, and Shailaja Grubh, and my brother Kumudan Grubh for supporting me and making long distance calls from India for encouraging me. I remember Dave Ferguson, and Charles Woods, who have been my long term friends, and have done everything possible to make me feel at home in the U.S. during my initial stay. During my second year of study, I met Raquel, my beloved wife, who has since been a constant source of encouragement, and joy in my life. I remember several barbecues we had on the back porch; in San Antonio over the several weekends I went to visit her, before our wedding. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my mother-in-law, Noemi Herrera, for staying with us on several occasions and helping out with babysitting our daughter, Nazerene, and giving me and Raquel a much needed break. Funding for this project was supported by the School of Environmental and Natural Resources (Ohio State University), and the Environmental and Natural Resource Management Division (Fort Polk, Louisiana). Many thanks go to the staff members in 201 Kottman Hall on the university campus who have helped me in several ways. And last but not the least, I am eternally grateful to my Lord and savior, Jesus Christ. vi VITA Education 1996…………………….. B.Sc., Major: Zoology; Minor: Botany, Chemistry; Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, India 1998…………………….. M.Sc., Major: Marine Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, India 2002…………………….. M.S., Wildlife & Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M Unviersity, Texas Publications 2003…………………….. Grubh, A.R. and W.J. Mitsch. 2003. Distribution and abundance of macroinvertebrates in created wetland ecosystems. Pages 105-116 in Mitsch, W.J., L.Zhang, and C. L. Tuttle editors. Olentangy River Wetland Research Park at The Ohio State University Annual Report 2003, Columbus, Ohio. 2004…………………….. Grubh, A.R. and K.O. Winemiller. 2004. Ontogeny of Scale Feeding in the Asian Glassfish, Chanda nama (Ambassidae). Copeia 2004:903- 907. 2005…………………….. Williams, L.R., M.G. Williams, A.R. Grubh, E.E. Swinehart, R.W. Standage. 2005. Food Habits of the Federally Threatened Leopard Darter (Percina pantherina). American Midland Naturalist: in press. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Natural Resources vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract..................……………………………………………………..... ii Dedication………………………………………………………………... ii Acknowledgements……………………………………………………..... iv Vita………...…………………………………………………………….. vii List of Tables…………………………………………………………….. xi List of Figures……………………………………………………………. xiii Chapter 1 Introduction…………………………………………………………….. 1 Objectives……………………………………………………………. 3 Literature Review……………………………………………………… 4 Biotic Response to physical disturbance in Fort Polk, Louisiana.. 4 Impacts of road crossings across streams on fish movement in Fort Polk, Louisiana……………………………………………… 7 Successional patterns of macroinvertebrates in relation to presence/absence of predators…………………………………… 9 Background history on the military activities with special reference to road crossings………………………………………. 10 References…………………………………………………………….... 17 Chapter 2 Impacts of timber harvesting on macroinvertebrate assemblage dynamics in western Louisiana headwater streams……………………. 30 Introduction…………………………………………………………….. 30 Methods………………………………………………………………... 33 Study Area…………………………………………………………… 33 Sampling Methods…………………………………………………… 34 Field Techniques…………………………………………………. 34 Statistical Analyses………………………………………………. 36 Results………………………………………………………………….. 38 Discussion……………………………………………………………… 43 References……………………………………………………………… 49 Chapter 3 Impacts of road crossings on fish movement in Gulf Coastal Plain streams……………................................................................................. 75 Introduction……………………………………………………………. 75 Methods………………………………………………………………... 78 Study Area…………………………………………………………… 78 viii Sampling Methods……………………………………………… 80 Statistical Analyses……………………………………………... 81 Results…………………………………………………………….. 82 Discussion………………………………………………………… 85 References………………………………………………………… 88 Chapter 4 Effects of fish and invertebrate predators on benthic invertebrates in headwater streams of west-central Louisiana………………….. 102 Introduction……………………………………………………….. 102 Methods…………………………………………………………… 105 Study Area………………………………………………………. 105 Design and Methods………………………………………… 106 Experiment 1. Effect of fish absence on macroinvertebrate assemblage structure……………………… 106 Experiment 2. Effects of different fish feeding guilds on invertebrate assemblage…………………... 107 Statistical Analyses……………………………………………... 107 Results…………………………………………………………….. 108 Experiment 1. Effect of fish absence on macroinvertebrate assemblage structure….. 108 Experiment 2. Effects of different fish feeding guilds on invertebrate assemblage…………………... 109 Discussion………………………………………………………… 111 References………………………………………………………… 115 Chapter 5 Conclusions……………………………………………………….. 128 References………………………………………………………… 132 Appendix A Habitat data collected by seasons in the years 2003, 2004, and 2005, in Little Sandy, Odom, and Tiger creeks in Fort Polk, Louisiana………………………………….…………….…………... 134 Appendix B Presence/Absence
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