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Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Mineral Resource Mapping − an Overview

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Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Mineral Resource Mapping − an Overview Journal ofApplication Mineralogical of remote and Petrological sensing and GISSciences, in mineral Volume resource 99, page mapping 83─ 103, 2004 83 REVIEW Application of remote sensing and GIS in mineral resource mapping － An overview H.M. RAJESH Department of Geographical Sciences and Planning, Chamberlain Building, University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia Remote sensing, as a direct adjunct to field, lithologic and structural mapping, and more recently, GIS have played an important role in the study of mineralized areas. A review on the application of remote sensing in mineral resource mapping is attempted here. It involves understanding the application of remote sensing in lithologic, structural and alteration mapping. Remote sensing becomes an important tool for locating mineral deposits, in its own right, when the primary and secondary processes of mineralization result in the formation of spectral anomalies. Reconnaissance lithologic mapping is usually the first step of mineral resource mapping. This is complimented with structural mapping, as mineral deposits usually occur along or adjacent to geologic structures, and alteration mapping, as mineral deposits are commonly associated with hydrothermal alteration of the surrounding rocks. In addition to these, understanding the use of hyperspectral remote sensing is crucial as hyperspectral data can help identify and thematically map regions of exploration interest by using the distinct absorption features of most minerals. Finally coming to the exploration stage, GIS forms the perfect tool in integrating and analyzing various georeferenced geoscience data in selecting the best sites of mineral deposits or rather good candidates for further exploration. Introduction regions of the earth have been found, current emphasis is on the location of deposits far below the earth’s surface or “Geologists seem to have rosy prospects in remote in inaccessible regions. Geophysical methods that sensing for the next decade. This period is likely to be provide deep penetration into the earth are generally one of consolidation rather than innovation, giving the needed to locate potential deposits and drill holes are majority of geologists the time to get to grips with what has been happening over the last three decades in geolog- required to confirm their existence. However, much ical remote sensing research, to apply the new data to information about potential areas for mineral exploration exciting new geological problems instead of repeatedly can be provided by interpretation of surface features on pawing over tiny test areas, and to catch up with their aerial photographs and satellite images. For example, in . colleagues in other fields ” (Drury, 2001, p. 67) Australia (where 70% of the continent is covered by sedi- ments), a comparison of all significant gold deposits Mineral resource mapping is an important type of geolo- currently known with the areas of weathered basement gic mapping activity and usually covers a great part of rocks (where gold and other mineral deposits are likely to varied studies, focused on spectral analysis (e.g. Longhi be found) indicates the potential for remote sensing in et al., 2001), geological mapping (e.g. Harris, 1991), discovering new deposits under the sedimentary cover structural mapping (e.g. Liu et al., 2000), identification of (Fig. 1). While use of remotely sensed images cannot hydrothermal alteration zones (e.g. Podwysocki et al., replace direct ground observation or data derived from 1983), mineral alteration mapping (e.g. Tangestani and field and laboratory studies, they can form valuable Moore, 2002), ferric oxide and oxyhydroxide mineral supplements to more traditional methods and provide mapping (e.g. Farrand, 1997), gold exploration (e.g. information and a perspective not otherwise available. Spatz, 1997), hyperspectral imagery (e.g. Neville et al., It should be appreciated that there is one important 2003), integration with geographic information systems limitation of remote sensing data in mineral exploration － (GIS) (e.g. Akhavi et al., 2001) etc. Because most of the the depth aspect. Remote sensing data have a depth pene- surface and near －surface mineral deposits in accessible tration of approximately a few micrometers in the very near infrared region, to a few centimeters in the thermal H.M. Rajesh, [email protected] Corresponding author infrared and some meters (in hyper arid regions) in the 84 H.M. Rajesh Application of remote sensing and GIS in mineral resource mapping 85 Figure 1. a: Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Australia. b: Map of Australia showing areas of weathered basement rocks (dark), areas where basement is covered by younger sediments (light), and all significant gold deposits currently known in Australia (circles). (Courtesy: CSIRO, Australia) knowledge of the general geological make up of an area. Therefore, a little basic geology about the assumptions of mineral deposits is relevant: • A particular mineral deposit occurs in a particular rock type (e.g. diamond usually occurs in kimber- lite). • Mineral deposits usually occur along or adjacent to geologic structures (e.g. Fig. 2). • Mineral deposits usually show strong alteration on the surface. • Mineral deposits are usually (spatially) associated Figure 2. Proximity analysis (buffering) of anticlinal folds from an with a high temperature rock (e.g. granite). area, part of the Meguma terrane, Nova Scotia, Canada. The Meguma terrane consists of predominantly Cambrian and Ordo- • Mineral deposits usually occur near the contact vician sedimentary rocks intruded by Devonian granites. The between favorable rock types (e.g. porphyry copper fold axes were digitized from the geological map and buffered. deposits have a direct spatial association with the This map has 24 distance buffers spaced at 250 m intervals. The contact of granitic to intermediate intrusive rocks; reported gold occurrences occur close to the axial trace of the Guilbert and Park, 1996). anticlines (Bonham－Carter, 1994). A multiple combination of any of the above mentioned hypotheses is used to locate mineral resources microwave region. Therefore, in most cases, a remote in this paper. For example, the Chalice gold deposit, sensing data interpreter has to rely on indirect clues, such Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia, occurs in a sequence as general geologic setting, alteration zones, associated of intercalated mafic and ultramafic amphibolites, is rocks, structure, lineaments, oxidation products, spatially and temporally related to granitic rocks, is morphology, drainage, and vegetation anomaly, since only controlled by localized asymmetric folds, and is charac- － rarely is it possible to directly pinpoint the occurrence and terized by high temperature silicate and sulfide alteration mineralogy of a deposit based solely on remote sensing assemblages (Bucci et al., 2002). Because mineral data. In this perspective, both multispectral and hyper- resources are associated most frequently with very small spectral sensors, which can define mineralogy, are but highly anomalous areas where a great many processes expected to play a greater role in mineral exploration, by have all acted together to concentrate the metals involved helping to delineate ore minerals or their pathfinders. The above their normal abundances, it is very easy to miss results are being more and more integrated into opera- even very high value deposits in the field. However, the tional exploration models based on geographic informa- anomalous processes involved produce unusual rocks and tion systems (GIS) technology, which plays a relevant minerals associated with mineral deposits. It is toward role in mineral exploration (e.g. Bonham －Carter, 1994; these that remote sensing is directed. Remote sensing Memmi and Pride, 1997). becomes a powerful exploration tool in its own right Locating mineral resources relies primarily on when the primary and secondary processes of mineraliza- 84 H.M. Rajesh Application of remote sensing and GIS in mineral resource mapping 85 tion result in the formation of spectral anomalies. of mineral deposits. All the discussions in this paper on To evaluate the different aspects of the application of satellite imagery refer to either electro －optical sensors remote sensing in mineral resource mapping, this paper [measuring reflectance in the visible and near －infrared attempts a review approach, focusing on the application (VNIR; 0.3－1.0 μm), short－wave infrared (SWIR; 1.0 － of remote sensing in lithologic, structural, and alteration 2.5 μm) and mid－infrared or thermal infrared (TIR; 3－5 mapping. In addition to these an appreciation of the use μm; 8－14 μm) portions of the electromagnetic spectrum], of hyperspectral remote sensing in mineral resource the most common type carried aboard remote sensing mapping is important as hyperspectral data can help iden- satellites, or synthetic aperture radar (SAR) measuring tify and thematically map regions of exploration interest reflectance in the microwave or radar portion [2 － 100 by using the distinct absorption features of most minerals. cm; typically at 2.5 －3.8 cm (X band), 4.0 －7.5 cm (C Finally coming to the exploration stage, it is clear that the band), and 15 －30 cm (L band)] of the spectrum. The remote sensing data has to be integrated with other common satellites in the former category, detecting geoscience data like geochemical, geophysical data, etc. reflected sun－source energy, include Landsat Multispectral This demands a multithematic
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