Remote Sensing Application in Geomorphology
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RAO 49 Tropical Ecology 43(1): 49-59, 2002 ISSN 0564-3295 © International Society for Tropical Ecology Remote sensing application in geomorphology D.P. RAO National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Hyderabad Abstract: India has made tremendous progress in the aerospace technology in the last two decades. We are one, among the worlds best in satellite and the remote sensing technology. We are also one of the developing countries facing the natural disasters and trying level best to mitigate their ill effects. At the best we can minimize their effect. To achieve this, we need to have a comprehensive management program dealing with mapping and monitoring. The re- mote sensing technology with the fieldwork provides an edge to characterize the geomorpho- logic aspects. The present paper reviews the application of the remote sensing tools in the ap- plication of geomorphology. A few case studies from the different part of the country are pre- sented in the context of geomorphology of the foothills of Siwaliks, Central India and the east- ern coast and use of remote sensing. Resumen: En las últimas dos décadas la India ha hecho un enorme progreso en la tec- nología aeroespacial. Estamos entre los mejores en tecnología satelital y de percepción remota a nivel mundial. También somos uno de los países en vías de desarrollo que enfrentan desas- tres naturales y que intentan amortiguar sus efectos negativos. En el mejor de los casos po- demos minimizar su efecto. Para conseguirlo, necesitamos contar con un programa de manejo de gran alcance relacionado con la elaboración de mapas y el monitoreo. La tecnología de percepción remota, en combinación con el trabajo de campo, ofrece ventajas en la caracterización de los aspectos geomorfológicos. El presente artículo revisa la aplicación de las herramientas de percepción remota a la geomorfología. Se presentan algunos estudios de caso de diferentes partes del país en el contexto de la geomorfología de las estribaciones de sierra en Siwaliks, India central y la costa oriental, y del uso de la percepción remota. Resumo: A Índia fez um enorme progresso na tecnologia espacial nas últimas duas déca- das. Ela situa-se entre as melhores na tecnologia de satélite e detecção remota. Ela é, também, um dos países em desenvolvimento que enfrentam desastres naturais e fazendo o seu melhor para mitigar as suas consequências negativas. No melhor dos casos ela pode minimizar os seus efeitos. Para atingir este nível, é necessário dispor-se de um programa integrado de gestão que integre o mapeamento e a monitorização. A tecnologia de detecção remota, associada ao tra- balho de campo, proporciona um avanço na caracterização dos aspectos geomorfológicos. Este artigo revê a aplicação dos instrumentos de detecção remota na geomorfologia. Alguns estudos de casos do uso da detecção remota são apresentados em diferentes regiões do país no contexto da geomorfologia da base das colinas de Siwaliks, Índia Central e na Costa Oriental. Key words: Geomorphic mapping and analysis, geomorphology, landform, remote sensing. Introduction matter consists of two disciplines, remote sensing and geomorphology. Remote sensing which is, As the title of the article indicates, the subject primarily based on principles of physics, is the sci- 50 GEOMORPHOLOGY ence and art of acquiring information about an ob- derstanding of various processes leading to land- ject or phenomena without physically coming in forms is necessary to understand the environment contact with it. Geomorphology is the science of in which we live. Remote sensing is an effective study of the landforms of the earth. Both the dis- tool in this understanding, as aerospace images ciplines are exhaustingly covered in literature contain integrated information of all that is on the (Fairbridge 1968; Lillesand & Kiefer 2000; Sabins ground, the landform, the ecology, the resources 1997 & Verstappen 1977). Remote sensing obser- contained in the area and the impact of human vations from aerial and space platforms which are actions on the natural landscape. The dynamism currently in operation provide a synoptic view of with which changes occur in the landscape is terrain features in images which are interpreted brought out effectively by repeated coverage of im- by thematic specialists to understand and extract ages of the same area at different times. Images information of specific interest from the images. convey many things even to the untrained eye and Formal training is required for interpretation to for a professional it conveys much more including understand the significance of image elements con- many features hitherto unknown or unseen on the tained in the image in addition to formal education ground. in the theme speciality. Geomorphological map- ping from satellite and aerial images for example, Geomorphology - basic concepts needs a thorough knowledge of the subject geo- The earth’s surface forms are primarily due to morphology, i.e., how certain natural and man- hypogene or endogenous processes, which include made processes lead to landforms. Since the most diastrophism, leading to geologic structure, tec- satellites data are essentially recorded in digital tonic activity and volcanism leading to volcanic form without a stereoscopic coverage, generated landforms. These forms are modified by epigene or images are two-dimensional. Geomorphological exogenous processes, which include erosion and analysis of surface forms of the earth is a direct depositional activities of water, wind and ice. form of interpretation from space images. Aerial Other activities include weathering, mass wasting photos with required forward overlap usually pro- or movement of material by gravitational action, vide the third dimension of height, which adds to land-ocean interaction resulting in landforms due the precision of interpretation including mor- to waves, currents, tides and tsunamis. Climate is phometry. another important factor, which has relevance in Geomorphology as a science developed much shaping of the earth’s surface because the proc- later than geology although several aspects of esses that act upon the surface material are differ- geomorphology are embedded in geological proc- ent in different climatic zones (Van Westen 1994). esses. Geomorphology deals with the genesis of For example, limestone forms hills in a dry climate relief forms of the surface of the earth’s crust. Cer- whereas in wet climate, it forms Karst topography tain natural processes are responsible for the with sink holes, caves and caverns predominating forms of the surface of the earth. A thorough un- Table 1. Landform processes. Process Form (of varying scales) Local (Example) Regional (Example) Tectonic/Structural Anticlinal Hill and synclinal valley First order folded mountain systems Volcanic Cone, Crater, Lava tunnel Volcanic fields Denudational Pediment-inselberg topography Denudational Hills, pediplains Fluvial (Riverine) Alluvial fan, slough, Terrace/Oxbow Deltas, flood plains, Alluvial plains Marine Beach ridge, terrace, lagoon, spit, bar Coastal plain Glacial Cirque, drumlin, esker, moraine ridge Outwash and moraine plains, glacial valleys Aeolain Sand dune, yardang Dune fields Solution Sink hole Karst topography Antheropogenic Quarry, mine dump Urban sprawls, mine fields RAO 51 because of its susceptibility to solution activity. The most comprehensive geomorphological Similarly, granite stands out as hard rock in non- survey method is the one evolved by ITC (Verstap- tropical areas whereas in the tropics it undergoes pen 1977) which resulted in three different kinds deep chemical weathering and becomes a soft rock. of maps: Analytical geomorphological map, syn- It is also understood that climate has strong influ- thetic geomorphological map and pragmatic (ap- ence on vegetation which in turn has relationship plied) geomorphological map. Analytical geomor- with landforms. Landforms and plant ecology thus phological maps are applicable for mapping at all form a sound combination; a change in plant ecol- scales and serve as a basis for applied geomor- ogy may have significance in change in landform phological mapping. The informations contained and vice-versa, although human influence on vege- in these maps include tation may disturb the relationship. Time is an- (a) morphogenesis i.e. the terminology should other important factor that may preserve or de- indicate the process/ gneisses (e.g. alluvial stroy the natural landform, because it controls the fan, piedmont); stage in the sequence of processes leading to forms. (b) morphostructure/lithology. Usually the At any given time, the more recent processes and underlying bedrock and structure will have the resultant forms dominate the landscape. The a profound influence on the landform (e.g. Pleistocene to Holocene glacial cycles with inter- structural hill, granitic residual hill etc.); vening interglacial periods i.e. cold and warm cy- (c) morphometry i.e. quantitative information cles have modified the surface forms throughout about relief e.g. height of terrace, slope an- the world and many of the forms of the present day gle etc; are a result of these cycles. It is generally consid- (d) morphochronology i.e. different ages of ered that most forms are not older than Tertiary landforms whenever such information is and there are some relict forms of pre-Tertiary pe- available. riod. Synthetic geomorphological maps contain, in addition to four levels of terrain mapping units, Classification of landforms also contain additional environmental information