Regional Urban Systems in the Roman World, 150 Bce - 250 Ce

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

LIGT, L. DE / J. BINTLIFF, EDS.: REGIONAL URBAN SYSTEMS IN THE ROMAN WORLD, 150 BCE - 250 CE Introduction: By: Luuk de Ligt and John Bintliff A World of 200 Oppida: Pre-Roman Urbanism in Temperate Europe: By: Manuel Fernández-Götz The Size Distribution of Self-governing Cities in the North-Western Provinces: Trends and Anomalies: By: Frida Pellegrino The Roman ‘Small Towns’ in the Massif Central (civitates of the Arverni, Vellavii, Gabali, Ruteni, Cadurci and Lemovices): Methodology and Main Results: By: Florian Baret Towns, Roads and Development Dynamics in the Territory of the Arverni in Roman Times (Auvergne, France) By: Frédéric Trément, Florian Baret, Marion Dacko, Jérôme Trescarte, Maxime Calbris, Lise Augustin and Guy Massounie Urbanisation of the Iberian Peninsula during the Roman Period: Choices, Impositions and ‘Resignation’ of the Newcomers: By: Oliva Rodríguez Gutiérrez The Urban Landscape of Roman Central Adriatic Italy: By: Frank Vermeulen The Impact of Roman Rule on the Urban System of Sicily: By: Luuk de Ligt Roman Towns and the Settlement Hierarchy of Ancient North Africa: A Bird’s-Eye View: By: Matthew Hobson A Diachronic and Regional Approach to North African Urbanism: By: David Stone Micro-regional Urbanism: An Ancient Urban Landscape in Roman North Africa: By: Paul Scheding Urbanisation and Population Density: The Case of the ‘Small Municipia’ in the Balkan and Danube Provinces: By: Damjan Donev Between the River and the Fort: Applying Critical Regionalism to Roman Towns in the Pannonian Basin: By: Dragana Mladenovi ć Urban Networks in Early Roman Macedonia and Aegean Thrace: By: Michalis Karambinis Regional Perspectives on Urbanism and Settlement Patterns in Roman Asia Minor: By: Rinse Willet From Mountain to Coastal Plain: Settings of Settlements and Stages of Urbanisation in Ancient Lycia: By: Frank Kolb .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

The Gallic Wars Julius Caesar
The Gallic Wars Julius Caesar TRANSLATED BY W. A. MCDEVITTE AND W. S. BOHN ROMAN ROADS MEDIA Classical education, from a Christian perspective, created for the homeschool. Roman Roads combines its technical expertise with the experience of established authorities in the field of classical education to create quality video courses and resources tailored to the homeschooler. Just as the first century roads of the Roman Empire were the physical means by which the early church spread the gospel far and wide, so Roman Roads Media uses today’s technology to bring timeless truth, goodness, and beauty into your home. By combining excellent instruction augmented with visual aids and examples, we help inspire in your children a lifelong love of learning. The Gallic Wars by Julius Caesar translated by W. A. McDevitte and W. S. Bohn This text was designed to accompany Roman Roads Media's 4-year video course Old Western Culture: A Christian Approach to the Great Books. For more information visit: www.romanroadsmedia.com. Other video courses by Roman Roads Media include: Grammar of Poetry featuring Matt Whitling Introductory Logic taught by Jim Nance Intermediate Logic taught by Jim Nance French Cuisine taught by Francis Foucachon Copyright © 2015 by Roman Roads Media, LLC Roman Roads Media 739 S Hayes St, Moscow, Idaho 83843 A ROMAN ROADS ETEXT The Gallic Wars Julius Caesar TRANSLATED BY W. A. MCDEVITE AND W. S. BOHN BOOK 1 Chapter 1 All Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which the Belgae inhabit, the Aquitani another, those who in their own language are called Celts, in our Gauls, the third.
[Show full text]
ALESIA 52 BC the Final Struggle for Gaul
ALESIA 52 BC The final struggle for Gaul NIC FIELDS ILLUSTRATED BY PETER DENNIS © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CAMPAIGN 269 ALESIA 52 BC The final struggle for Gaul NIC FIELDS ILLUSTRATED BY PETER DENNIS Series editor Marcus Cowper © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 5 A clash of cultures CHRONOLOGY 13 OPPOSING COMMANDERS 17 Vercingetorix Caesar OPPOSING ARMIES 22 Vercingetorix’s army Caesar’s army OPPOSING PLANS 33 Vercingetorix’s plan Caesar’s plan THE CAMPAIGN 37 The siege of Avaricum A close-run thing: Gergovia Noviodunum The final act: Alesia AFTERMATH 82 Counting the cost Vercingetorix’s legacy THE BATTLEFIELD TODAY 87 Alesia alternatives A parallel in history GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS 91 Glossary Abbreviations BIBLIOGRAPHY 93 INDEX 95 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com The Roman Empire at the time of Caesar’s firstconsulship The RomanEmpireatthetimeofCaesar’s N OCEANUS ATLANTICUS Pontus Euxinus GALLIA GALLIA CISALPINA BITHYNIA ILLYRICUM TRANSALPINA ET PONTUS Mare HISPANIA ITALIA Adriaticum Galatia CITERIOR SARDINIA Roma Cappadocia ET MACEDONIA CORSICA Mare ASIA HISPANIA Mare Aegaeum CILICIA SYRIA ULTERIOR Tyrrhenum Mare Ionium SICILIA Numidia AFRICA CRETA Mauretania Mare Internum CYRENE Egypt Sinus Arabicus Approximate provincial boundaries SYRIA Roman province Egypt Principal ‘client’ kingdoms 0 500 miles 0 500km © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com INTRODUCTION The desire by political and military leaders to be known to the generations to come and, naturally, to cast him or herself in a good light, is no recent phenomenon. Such memoirs are by nature subjective and complete adherence to the truth should not be expected, especially if the author had written memoranda with at least one eye on the future record.
[Show full text]
Ancient Gaulish Coins, Including Those of the Channel Islands
ANCIENT GAULISH COINS, INCLUDING THOSE OF THE CHANNEL ISLANDS. BY BERNARD ROTH, F.S.A. l£7^Zgj£BOUT seven years ago I bought from the executors of the xlj^Yg* late Mr. Henry Willett, of Brighton, some thirty or more g°ld coins of the Ancient Britons, found near Selsey Bill and upon the adjoining coast of Sussex. Amongst them was a coin which I failed to identify. I therefore sent it to the late Sir John Evans, who informed me that it was a coin of the Treviri, a Gaulish tribe of the North of France. At the same time he strongly advised me, if I wished to thoroughly master ancient British coins, to pay some attention to the coinage of the ancient Gauls as there was an intimate connection between them. The outcome of that thoughtful and kind advice is now given in this paper. It is doubtful whether the gold rings and torques which have been found in Gaul as well as in Great Britain and Ireland were really intended for currency or only used as ornaments. If really coins, they were far more ancient, by hundreds of years, than any of those about to be described. According to Monsieur Adrien Blanchet, the learned author of the Traits des Monnaies Gauloises, 1905, the gold stater of Philip of Macedon, which was issued between 359 and 336 B.C., rapidly became known throughout the Greek States and was soon introduced into Gaul by means of the world-wide trade of the Greek Colony of Marseilles. Its first imitation by the Gauls was issued, probably, between 300 and 250 B.C.
[Show full text]
Aberystwyth University Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-Names
Aberystwyth University Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-Names Falileyev, Alexander; Gohil, Ashwin E.; Ward, Naomi; Briggs, Keith Publication date: 2010 Citation for published version (APA): Falileyev, A., Gohil, A. E., Ward, N., & Briggs, K. (2010). Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-Names: A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. CMCS Publications. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/10148 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Aberystwyth Research Portal (the Institutional Repository) are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Aberystwyth Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Aberystwyth Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. tel: +44 1970 62 2400 email: [email protected] Download date: 02. Oct. 2021 Abalus Ins.? Reudigni? Lugdunum Matilo Aurelium Cananefatium Kaloukones? Rhenus fl.? Lugii? 52 Helinium? Levefanum Helinium fl.? Carvo Carvium Mosa fl.? Batavodurum Noviomagus Salas fl.? Ganuenta
[Show full text]
Julius Caesar. the Colossus of Rome
JULIUS CAESAR: THE COLOSSUS OF ROME Julius Caesar offers a lively, engaging, and thoroughly up-to-date account of Caesar’s life and times. Richard Billows’ dynamic and fast-paced narrative offers an imaginative recounting of actions and events, providing the ideal introduction to Julius Caesar for general readers and students of classics and ancient history. The book is not just a biography of Caesar, but a historical account and explanation of the decline and fall of the Roman Republican governing system, in which Caesar played a crucial part. To understand Caesar’s life and role, it is necessary to grasp the political, social, and economic problems Rome was grap- pling with, and the deep divisions within Roman society that came from them. Caesar has been seen variously as a mere opportunist, a power-hungry autocrat, an arrogant aristocrat disdaining rivals, a traditional Roman noble politician who stumbled into civil war and autocracy thanks to being misunderstood by his rivals, and even as the ideal man and pattern of all virtues. Billows argues that such portrayals fail to consider adequately the universal testimony of our ancient sources that Roman political life was divided in Caesar’s time into two great political tendencies, called ‘optimates’ and ‘populares’ in the sources, of which Caesar came to be the leader of one: the ‘popularis’ faction. Billows suggests that it is only when we see Caesar as the leader of a great political and social movement, that had been struggling with its rival move- ment for decades and had been several times violently repressed in the course of that struggle, that we can understand how and why Caesar came to fight and win a civil war, and bring the traditional governing system of Rome to an end.
[Show full text]
Group Names (Concepts) from Some 350 Classical Texts from Perseus.Org, Listed with the Number of Occurrences (As of January 2016, Some Editing Still Needed)
Group Names (Concepts) from some 350 Classical Texts from Perseus.org, listed with the number of occurrences (as of January 2016, some editing still needed) Abanni 5.0 Adonii 1.0 Aetnaeans 5.0 Abantes 9.0 Adramytteans 1.0 Aetolians 922.0 Abantians 1.0 Adrian 7.0 Afranian 5.0 Abderites 2.0 Adriatic 7.0 Afric 9.0 Abeghian 2.0 Aduatici 1.0 Africans 191.0 Abians 5.0 Aduatuci 16.0 Agamemnonian 2.0 Abishai 9.0 Aeacidae 2.0 Agari 7.0 Abkazeti 1.0 Aeaean 8.0 Aggressions 1.0 Abydenes 3.0 Aeanianians 2.0 Agones 1.0 Acanthians 19.0 Aebutian 3.0 Agraean 17.0 Acarnamans 1.0 Aecae 1.0 Agraei 4.0 Acarnanes 1.0 Aeduan 133.0 Agrarian 22.0 Acarnanian 268.0 Aeetean 1.0 Agravonites 1.0 Accensi 1.0 Aegaean 6.0 Agregentines 2.0 Acephali 1.0 Aegatian 1.0 Agrianes 10.0 Acerrans 2.0 Aeginetan 92.0 Agrigentines 31.0 Achabari 1.0 Aeginites 1.0 Agrigentini 1.0 Achaean 2291.0 Aegintans 1.0 Agrinae 1.0 Achaemenian 1.0 Aegipans 3.0 Agrippae 1.0 Achaian 14.0 Aegiratans 4.0 Agrylian 1.0 Achaioi 3.0 Aegmetan 1.0 Agraei 3.0 Acharnian 22.0 Aegospotami 2.0 Agyllaeans 1.0 Achdeans 1.0 Aegusian 1.0 Agyllaioi 2.0 Acheans 2.0 Aegyptii 10.0 Agylllaei 1.0 Acheloan 1.0 Aelian 320.0 Agyllaei 1.0 Acherusian 3.0 Aemathian 1.0 Agyrians 22.0 Achilli 3.0 Aemi 1.0 Ahian 1.0 Achivi 4.0 Aemilii 22.0 Ahiramites 1.0 Achmaeans 1.0 Aemonensians 2.0 Aiakidai 1.0 Achsaei 68.0 Aemonian 1.0 Aiantes 14.0 Achtaeans 1.0 Aeneans 1.0 Aigeidai 7.0 Achúans 1.0 Aenian 39.0 Aiginetans 14.0 Achaecans 1.0 Aenianes 2.0 Aigives 1.0 Acidini 3.0 Aeolians 93.0 Aiolian 12.0 Acilian 2.0 Aeolic 20.0 Aitnaian 2.0
[Show full text]
Bello-Gallico.Pdf
DE BELLO GALLICO Caius Julius Caesar 2 De Bello Gallico and Other Commentaries Caius Julius Caesar ii Contents INTRODUCTION v 1 BOOK I 1 2 BOOK II 33 3 BOOK III 51 4 BOOK IV 67 5 BOOK V 87 6 BOOK VI 117 7 BOOK VII 141 8 BOOK VIII 189 9 THE CIVIL WAR BOOK I 217 10 BOOK II 261 11 BOOK III 287 12 INDEX 345 iii iv CONTENTS INTRODUCTION BY THOMAS DE QUINCEY The character of the First Caesar has perhaps never been worse appreciated than by him who in one sense described it best; that is, with most force and eloquence wherever he really did comprehend it. This was Lucan, who has nowhere exhibited more brilliant rhetoric, nor wandered more from the truth, than in the contrasted portraits of Caesar and Pompey. The famous line, “Nil actum reputans si quid superesset agendum,” is a fine feature of the real char- acter, finely expressed. But, if it had been Lucan’s purpose (as possibly, with a view to Pompey’s benefit, in some respects it was) utterly and extravagantly to falsify the character of the great Dictator, by no single trait could he more effectually have fulfilled that purpose, nor in fewer words, than by this expres- sive passage, “Gaudensque viam fecisse ruina.” Such a trait would be almost extravagant applied even to Marius, who (though in many respects a perfect model of Roman grandeur, massy, columnar, imperturbable, and more perhaps than any one man recorded in History capable of justifying the bold illustra- tion of that character in Horace, “Si fractus illabatur orbis, impavidum ferient ruinae”) had, however, a ferocity in his character, and a touch of the devil in him, very rarely united with the same tranquil intrepidity.
[Show full text]
The Geography of Power
The Geography of Power Studies in the Urbanization of Roman North-West Europe - -- ~.,- ~ -- ----·-----:·...__,.- T¢>nnes Bekker-Nielsen BAR International Series 47·7 1989 ,' I ' \ ., ' l j .Jl CONTENTS B.A.R. 1. The Problem 1 5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England. 2. The Town 4 3. In Search of a Method 9 4. The Sources 14 5. Urban Networks in Italy and Gaul, First Century AD 20 GENERAL EDITORS 6. The Development of the Urban Network in Gaul 33 A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. 6.1 Narbonese Gaul 33 35 D.R. Walker, M.A. 6.2 The Western and Maritime Alps 6.3 Eastern Gaul 36 6.4 The Rhineland 37 6.5 Northern Gaul 38 6.6 Central and Western Gaul 39 6.7 South-Western Gaul 40 6.8 Summary 43 7. Changes in the Urban Pattern: Causes and Effects 44 BAR -S477, 1989: 'The Geography of Power' 8. Urban Patterns and Economic Development 52 9. Conclusion: The Geography of Power 65 Price £ 10. oo post free throughout the world. Payments made in dollars must be calculated at the current rate of exchange and $8.00 added to cover exchange charges. --Notes 69 Cheques should be made payable to B.A.R. and sent to the above address. Bibliography 76 Appendix I The Cities of Italy in the First Century AD 85 @) Tennes Bekker-Iielsen, 1989 Appendix II The Cities of Gaul in the Early First Century AD 99 ISBI O 86054 614 4 Appendix III For details of all new B.A.R.
[Show full text]
Celtic Genius
2 THE HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION General Editor C. K. Ogden The History of Civilization is a landmark in early twentieth Century publishing. The aim of the general editor, C. K. Ogden, was to “summarise in one comprehensive synthesis the most recent findings and theories of historians, anthropologists, archaeologists, sociologists and all conscientious students of civilization.” The History, which includes titles in the French series L’Evolution de l’Humanité, was published at a formative time in the development of the social sciences, and during a period of significant historical discoveries. A list of the titles in the series can be found at the end of this book. 3 4 First published in 1934 by Routledge, Trench, Trubner Reprinted in 1996,1999 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN & 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business First issued in paperback 2013 Transferred to Digital Printing 2008 © 1996 Routledge All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or utilized in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Cataloguing in Publication Data ISBN13: 978-0-415-15602-8 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-84876-3 (pbk) eISBN: 978-1-136-20299-5 Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original may be apparent 5 CONTENTS FOREWORD (by HENRI BERR).
[Show full text]
AP Latin the Journey Begins…
AP Latin The Journey begins… Summer Reading and Homework Required Readings in English Vergil, Aeneid Books 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 Caesar De Bello Gallico, books 1, 6, 7 Rationale: To prepare you for next year by reading the English translation of what we will be working on in Latin. This is NOT burdensome or busy work and will help you tremendously next year if you put attention and thought into the assignment. This is worth 5% of your semester 1 grade. Read the Aeneid and De Bello Gallico assigned selections in English. There are many translations available. I personally recommend the Aeneid translation by Robert Fagles. Another good version is translated by G.B. Cobbold. It does not matter which version you choose, but watch out for antiquated versions with too poetic English. The De Bello Gallico can be found either online or in the back of your Caesar Textbook. On your first day back from summer, there will be a test covering the major plot events of the Aeneid and De Bello Gallico. This test will be worth 5% of your semester grade Extra Credit: Complete the guided reading questions in your own words and handwriting (check your email) Suggested Movie List (Use your and your parents’ best judgment as to rating and appropriateness). Lord of the Rings (all 3) Or Read the Books!! – epic adventure stuff, classical weapons, siege warfare Star Wars: Episode IV – epic poetry themes Patton – Battle of the Bulge=Caesar Book 5 Saving Private Ryan – Invasion of Normandy = Caesar Book 4 Troy – Aeneid Book 2 Pirates of the Caribbean – Nautical terminology Hercules (the Disney version) – Mythological Characters, The Eagle – Roman culture, importance of the Eagle, relationship between Barbarians and Romans Gladiator – Roman culture, depiction of Barbarians The Chronicles of Narnia (or Read the Books!!!) –Mythological animals, nautical terms, maneuvers Guided Reading Questions Book I Vergil presents the two main themes of the Aeneid in the first line.
[Show full text]
Barrington Atlas Gazetteer 17 Feb 2000
(...)ALEIA? — AELIAE? (...)aleia? TKY, 56 G3 Abu Jilaj IRQ, 91 F4 Ad Aquas TUN, 32 B3 Ad Mercurium? TUN, 32 F3 Ad Turrem FRA, 16 A3 (...)lense ALG, 34 F2 Abu Ku EGY, 80 C2 Ad Aquas TUN, 32 F3 Ad Mercurium? TUN, 32 G3 Ad Turrem LBY, 37 C2 (...)rdensium ALG, 32 B4 Abu Mansur EGY, 73 C4 Ad Aquas? YUG, 21 E5 Ad Militare CRO, 20 F4; 21 A4 Ad Turres BOS, 20 E6 (...)sinsensium TUN, 32 E4 Abu Midrik EGY, 80 D4 Ad Aquas Caesaris ALG, 33 A2; 34 F2 Ad Molas? ALG, 32 A4 Ad Turres CRO, 20 B4 Abu Rahal EGY, 80 C3 Ad Aquas Herculis ALG, 34 D2 Ad Monilia ITL, 39 E5 Ad Turres ITL, 43 A2; 44 B2 A(...) TUN, 33 D1 Abu Rahal West EGY, 80 C3 Ad Aquas Salvias ITL, 43 B2 Ad Morum SPN, 27 B3 Ad Turres ITL, 44 D3 A Lanzada SPN, 24 C2 Abu Rushaid EGY, 80 F4 Ad Aras SPN, 26 F4 Ad Morum SPN, 27 C4 Ad Turres ITL, 46 D4 A007 IRQ, 91 F4 Abu Ruwaysh IRQ, 93 B2 Ad Aras SPN, 27 B3 Ad Mures HUN, 20 E2 Ad Turres SPN, 27 B3 A068 IRQ, 91 F5 Abu Saybi BAH, 95 C3 Ad Aras SPN, 27 E3 (Ad) Murum SPN, 27 B2 Ad Turres? SPN, 27 E3 A079 IRQ, 91 F5 Abu Sha'ar EGY, 78 D3 Ad Aras TKY, 64 H4 *Ad Mutrium ROM, 21 F5 Ad Turres? TUN, 34 F3 A221 IRQ, 91 G5 Abu Sha'ar al-Bahri EGY, 78 C2 Ad Arvalla? ALG, 33 B1; 32 B4 Ad Navalia ITL, 39 D5 Ad Turres Albas ITL, 44 C3 A262 IRQ, 91 G5 Abu Shiafa IRQ, 91 F3 Ad Atticille? TUN, 32 E3 Ad Ningum CRO, 20 A4 Ad Tygrem TKY, 89 C3 Aalen GER, 12 D4 Abu Shuruf EGY, 73 C4 Ad Basante CRO, 20 F4; 21 A4 Ad Nonum FRA, 25 G2 Ad Undecimum ITL, 45 C2 Aardenburg NET, 11 D1 Abu Taraichiya IRQ, 91 F5 Ad Basilicam Diadumene? ALG, 34 E2 Ad Nonum ITL, 43 C2 Ad Undecimum
[Show full text]
The Seige of Alesia Caesar Book 7 Chapters 63-90
The Seige of Alesia Caesar Book 7 chapters 63-90 1 1 [63] Defectione Aeduorum cognita bellum augetur. Legationes in omnes partes circummittuntur: quantum gratia, auctoritate, pecunia valent1, ad sollicitandas civitates nituntur2; nacti3 obsides, quos Caesar apud eos deposuerat, horum4 supplicio dubitantes territant. Petunt a Vercingetorige Aedui ut ad se veniat 5 rationesque belli gerendi communicet. Re impetrata5 contendunt ut ipsis summa imperi6 tradatur, et re in controversiam deducta totius Galliae concilium Bibracte7 indicitur8. Eodem conveniunt undique frequentes9. Multitudinis suffragiis10 res permittitur: ad unum11 omnes Vercingetorigem probant imperatorem. Ab hoc concilio Remi, Lingones, Treveri afuerunt: illi12, quod 10 amicitiam Romanorum sequebantur; Treveri, quod aberant longius et ab Germanis premebantur, quae fuit causa quare toto abessent bello et neutris auxilia mitterent. Magno dolore Aedui ferunt13 se deiectos principatu14, queruntur fortunae commutationem et Caesaris indulgentiam in se requirunt15, neque tamen suscepto bello suum consilium ab reliquis separare16 audent. Inviti 15 summae spei17 adulescentes Eporedorix et Viridomarus18 Vercingetorigi parent. [64] Ipse19 imperat20 reliquis civitatibus obsides diemque ei rei constituit. Omnes equites, quindecim milia numero, celeriter convenire iubet; peditatu quem antea habuerit se fore contentum dicit, neque fortunam temptaturum aut in acie dimicaturum21, sed, quoniam abundet equitatu, perfacile esse factu22 frumentationibus pabulationibusque23 Romanos prohibere, aequo
[Show full text]