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Identity Narratives and Group-Based Emotions

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Identity Narratives and Group-Based Emotions Identity narratives and group-based emotions Dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Presented by Johannes Kopf-Beck at the Faculty of Sciences Department of Psychology Date of the oral examination: July 24th, 2015 First referee: Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Kempf Second referee: Prof. Dr. Christopher Cohrs Konstanzer Online-Publikations-System (KOPS) URL: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-0-299824 ii iii Summary This work deals with how individuals construct national identity narratives and how these narratives are related to group-based emotions of shame and guilt. Specifically, it explores this association in situations of threat when individuals are confronted with historical wrongdoings, which menace the moral integrity of their national in-group; furthermore it investigates the relations to willingness for reconciliation and reparations. First, the content model of national narratives is outlined. Starting from a critical literature review on different forms of national attachment and on theoretical differentiations between civic and ethnic concepts of nationhood, the model is developed based on a content analytical and exploratory bottom up approach in order to cover the entire range of national identity contents in the United States and Germany (Study 1). Beside an ideology-based identity, characterized by abstract values such as freedom, and a heritage-based identity, distinguished by cultural traditions, the model identifies a conceptually new identity pattern: the formalistic identity narrative, which stands out because of its very instrumental and pragmatic approach to national identity. After the identified national narratives are replicated and validated in two experimental online-studies (partial Studies 2a and 2b), identity positioning is tested in response to historical wrongdoings, slavery in the US and the Holocaust in Germany. Intermediate results show that identity positioning and the restructuring of national narratives appear to be considered an adequate reaction towards threat in heritage-based identity dominated contexts. In a second step, this research addresses the paradox of group-identification, which describes in two competing explanations the effect of group-identification increasing respectively decreasing levels of aversive group-based emotions like shame and guilt. In this research, two different approaches were chosen by applying the content model of national narratives (identity content perspective) and by differentiating between two different forms of image shame and moral shame (emotion perspective). The results provide evidence for the notion that especially ideology-based identifiers are able to admit image-shame. They further show that identification decreases moral emotions like moral shame and guilt, whereas collective narcissism increases image-shame. Thus, the experimental studies suggest to take into account both, identity contents as well as differentiated emotional concepts, to develop a better understanding of the interplay between national narratives and emotions. The important (positive) impact of group-based shame and guilt is proven in the very last step of this thesis. The results stress that group-based emotions are able to effect the support for reconciliation and the constructive engagement with past injustice committed in the name of one’s nation. v Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit geht der Frage nach, wie Menschen nationale Identitätsnarrative konstruieren und wie diese Narrative wiederum mit den gruppenbasierten Emotionen der Scham und Schuld verknüpft sind. Die Zusammenhänge werden im Kontext historischer Bedrohungsszenarien beleuchtet, die die moralische Integrität der eigenen Nation in Frage stellen; außerdem werden sie in ihren Auswirkungen auf die Bereitschaft zur Beilegung von Intergruppenkonflikten untersucht. Zunächst wird das Inhaltsmodell nationaler Narrative (content model of national narratives) erläutert. Ausgehend von einer kritischen Zusammenfassung der Literatur zu unterschiedlichen Formen der nationalen Identifikation und theoretischen Differenzierungen zwischen zivilen und ethnischen Formen nationaler Identität wird das Inhaltsmodell unter Verwendung eines exploratorischen und inhaltsanalytischen Ansatzes entwickelt (Studie 1). Durch die gewählte Strategie der Studie, die in den USA und Deutschland durchgeführt wird, wird eine vollständige Abdeckung aller nationalen Identitätsinhalte sichergestellt. Neben einer ideologiebasierten Identität, die sich an abstrakten Werten wie zum Beispiel Freiheit festmacht, und einer erbbasierten Identität, die durch kulturelle Traditionen definiert ist, identifiziert das Modell eine formalistische Identitätsklasse, die durch einen instrumentellen und pragmatischen Zugang zum Konzept Nation hervorsticht. In zwei Online-Teilstudien wird die Identitätspositionierung in Reaktion auf das historische Unrecht der Sklaverei in den USA (Teilstudie 2a) und des Holocaust in Deutschland (Teilstudie 2b) getestet. Die Ergebnisse machen deutlich, dass Identitätspositionierung und Restrukturierung nationaler Narrative in erbbasierten Kontexten als angemessene Reaktion auf Bedrohungen angesehen werden. In einem weiteren Schritt beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit dem Paradoxon der Identifikation mit der Gruppe, das in zwei gegenüberstehenden Erklärungsansätzen sowohl einen verstärkenden wie auch hemmenden Einfluss von Gruppenidentifikation auf aversive gruppenbasierte Emotionen annimmt. Es werden zwei unterschiedliche Strategien gewählt, indem zum einen das Inhaltsmodell nationaler Narrative verwendet wird (Perspektive auf den Identitätsinhalt) und indem zum anderen eine Differenzierung von gruppenbasierter Scham in Image-Scham und moralische Scham (Perspektive auf Emotionen) vorgenommen wird. Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass vor allem Personen mit einem ideologiebasierten Nationenkonzept Image-Scham äußern, und zeigen außerdem, dass erhöhte Gruppenidentifikation moralische Emotionen hemmt und kollektiver Narzissmus Image-Scham erhöht. Damit deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass beide Perspektiven, eine Differenzierung sowohl von Identitätsinhalten als auch von aversiven Emotionen, vielversprechende Möglichkeiten darstellen, das Paradoxon der Gruppenidentifikation zu lösen. Die Bedeutung von Emotionen und der deutlich positive Effekt, den gruppenbasierte Scham und Schuld auf Intergruppenbeziehungen haben, werden in einem letzten Abschnitt belegt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Emotionen in der Lage sind, die Bereitschaft zur Beilegung von Intergruppenkonflikten und zur konstruktiven Auseinandersetzung mit historischem Unrecht zu unterstützen. vii Acknowledgements I would like to thank first and foremost my supervisors Wilhelm Kempf and Christopher Cohrs for their conceptual and institutional support which made this research project possible. Numerous personal discussions with them as well as with Ruth Ditlmann and Valerie Purdie- Vaughns, their comments and feedback encouraged me in my thinking and helped me to sort my thoughts and create new ideas. I was very privileged to work at the Peace research group at the University of Constance and the Laboratory of intergroup relations and the social mind at Columbia University. I am very grateful for this opportunity. Neither the elaborated and time consuming analysis of hundreds of essays nor the data collection would have been possible without the support from Nina, Jessica, Barea, Maneeza, Felicitas, Anna, Stella, Michaela, and Katharina. I would also like to express my gratitude to Felix for comments on an earlier version of this work. Less academically, therefore even more important, my special thanks go to my friends Megan and Billy, who hosted me in New York for several months and let me have a great and enriching time beside university life. And last but not least, I would like to thank my wife Nora. Without her support, this work would not have been possible. viii Table of contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 ON NATIONAL IDENTITY 3 2.1 FROM NATION TO NATIONAL IDENTITY: CONCEPTUALIZATIONS 3 2.2 RELATIONAL ORIENTATIONS REGARDING THE NATION 6 2.3 COLLECTIVE NARCISSISM 8 2.4 DEGREE VERSUS CONTENT OF NATIONAL IDENTIFICATION 10 2.5 THE CIVIC-ETHNIC DICHOTOMY: BASIC IDEAS 13 2.6 THE CIVIC-ETHNIC DICHOTOMY: CRITICISM 14 2.6.1 ANALYTICAL AND NORMATIVE AMBIGUITY 14 2.6.2 WHAT ABOUT CULTURE? 15 2.6.3 PROTOTYPICAL SIMPLIFICATION 15 2.6.4 CONFOUNDING MACRO AND MICRO 16 2.6.5 METHODOLOGICAL AND EMPIRICAL CRITICISM 17 2.7 CURRENT RESEARCH: THE CONTENT MODEL OF NATIONAL NARRATIVES 18 3 HISTORY AND IDENTITY POSITIONING 21 3.1 NATIONAL IDENTITY AND SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF HISTORY 21 3.2 COLLECTIVE MEMORY AS IDENTITY PROJECT 22 3.3 PERCEIVED COLLECTIVE CONTINUITY 24 3.4 IDENTITY THREAT AND IDENTITY POSITIONING IN THIS RESEARCH 27 4 GROUP-BASED EMOTIONS 28 4.1 INTER-GROUP EMOTION THEORY 28 4.2 TERMINOLOGICAL INCONSISTENCIES AND A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 29 4.3 GROUP-BASED EMOTIONS: THE PRINCIPLE OF SELF-RELEVANCE AS PRECONDITION 31 4.4 GROUP-BASED EMOTIONS: THE CASE OF PAST INJUSTICE 32 4.5 GROUP-BASED EMOTIONS OF GUILT AND SHAME: ANTECEDENTS 34 4.6 GROUP-BASED EMOTIONS OF GUILT AND SHAME: DIFFERENTIATION 35 4.6.1 NORMS VS. VALUES 35 4.6.2 DEGREE OF SELF-FOCUS 35 4.6.3 MOTIVATIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL CONSEQUENCES 36 4.6.4 CONSEQUENCES OF GROUP-BASED GUILT 37 4.6.5 CONSEQUENCES OF GROUP-BASED SHAME 38 4.7 GROUP-BASED SHAME: DIFFERENT CONCEPTUALIZATIONS 39 4.7.1 GAUSEL’S APPROACH: THE EXPERIENCE OF MORAL FAILURE 40 4.7.2 ALLPRESS’ APPROACH: THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN IMAGE AND MORAL SHAME
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