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Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707

 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON BY USING HEMP FIBERS AND COMBINED REPLACEMENT OF WITH GGBS

AND MARBLE POWDER 1GADDAM SAI KRISHNA 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NRI Institute of Technology, JNTU

Kakinada, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. (e-mail: [email protected])

2N. RAVI KUMAR 2 B.Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering, NRI Institute of Technology, JNTU Kakinada, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. (e-mail: [email protected])

3 Dr.K. CHANDRAMOUI 3 Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NRI Institute of Technology, JNTU Kakinada, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. (e-mail: [email protected])

Abstract— Concrete is the composition of cement, is the type of concrete that uses to replace the coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, water. Concrete is good in . in compression. In we discuss about the different uses of addition of hemp fibers and combine replacement of Nano concrete is a form of concrete that contains cement with GGBS and sand with marble powder to the particles with size not greater than 100 concrete. μm and also silica particles with size not greater than In this we use different percentages of GGBS and 500 μm, which fill voids that would otherwise occur in marble powder as replacement for cement and adding normal concrete, thereby substantially increasing the 0.5% of hemp fibers respectively. The percentages of material's strength. It is a product of high-energy GGBS and marble powder combinely replaced in M50 grade of concrete i.e, different percentages mixing (HEM) of cement, sand and water. (5%,10%,15%,20%).To determine the properties of fresh Compression test was conducted on concrete and also hardened concrete. The destructive 150mm×150mm×150mm cubes. Load is applied at a methods of testing that would like to conduct are constant rate of 1.4 kg/cm2/minute up to failure and the compressive strength test, split tensile strength test and ultimate load is noted. The compression tests were conduct non destructive tests are ultra pulse velocity, carried out at 7, 28 days. For split tensile the cylinder rebound hammer test specimen is of the size 150 mm diameters and 300mm Cement which is the most utilized material after water in present world has some environmental effects. Keeping length and the test is performed by placing a cylinder in mind we are going to replace cement with 5%, 10%, horizontally between the loading surfaces of 15% and 20% to the weight of cement along with the compression testing machine, along its longitudinal addition of HEMP fibers for M50 grade of concrete. direction. Ultra Sonic Pulse Velocity Test is a Non GGBS is the biproduct which comes from iron industry Destructive Testing (NDT) Methods are frequently and Marble powder is the wastage that produced from used to estimate the quality of concrete. These methods marble stone cuttings. Hemp fiber is the naturally occurring fibre which reduces the tensile cracks of are typically based on the propagation of velocity, concrete. which is closely related to mechanical properties and modulus of elasticity. Index Terms— Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), Marble Powder, Hemp Fibers. II. LITERATURE REVIEW

I. INTRODUCTION

Concrete is a mixture of cement, coarse aggregate, N Sellakkannu1, Roshini P fine aggregate and water. Concrete is good in The production of cement results in emission of many compression and weak in tension. The major greenhouse gases in atmosphere, which are responding disadvantages of concrete are brittleness and crack properties for global warming. The waste material formation which decreases the strength and durability having cementing properties which can be added in of structure. cement concrete as partial replacement of cement, The different are lime concrete, without compromising on its strength and durability, asphalt concrete, , polymer concrete, which will results in decrease of cement production high performance concrete and nano concrete etc., lime thus reduction in emission in greenhouse gases. The ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a waste

product from the iron manufacturing industry, which

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Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707

may be used as partial replacement of cement in waste material has been emphasized. Partial concrete due to its inherent cementing properties. In replacement of cement by varying percentage of marble this study Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag dust Powder powder reveals that increased waste (GGBS) was partially replaced as 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, marble dust powder ratio result in increased and 40% in place of cement in concrete. Concrete are workability and compressive strengths of the concrete made for M -30 mix and the cubes, cylinders and Marble Dust Powder is settled by sedimentation and prisms are casted for 7, 14 & 28 days of age in order to then dumped away, which results in environmental find out the optimum percentage of replacement of contamination, in addition to forming dust in summer GGBS in concrete. and threatening both agriculture and public wellness.. In this research work, Marble Dust Powder has Chaithra H, Pramod K, Dr.Chandrashekara replaced the (OPC & PPC) cement accordingly in the Concrete is the most widely used construction material reach of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% 20%, & 25% by weight of in civil engineering industry because of its high M-20 grade concrete. Concrete mixtures were structural strength and stability. The concrete industry developed, tested and compared in terms of is constantly looking for supplementary cementitious compressive strength to the conventional concrete. The material with the objective of reducing the solid waste purpose of the investigation is to analyze the behavior disposal problem. Ground granulated blast furnace slag of concrete while replacing the Marble Dust Powder (GGBS) and Quarry sand (QS) are among the solid with Different proportions in concrete. wastes generated by industry. The global consumption of natural sand is too high due to its extensive use in Ranjan Kumar, Shyam Kishor Kumar concrete. The demand for natural sand is quite high in The waste generated from the industries cause developing countries owing to rapid infrastructural environmental problems. Hence the reuse of this waste growth which results supply scarcity. This paper material can be emphasized. Marble Dust Powder describes the feasibility of using waste in concrete (MDP) is a developing that will production as a partial replacement of cement and sand. allow the concrète industry to optimise materiel use, The cement has been replaced by GGBS in the range of generate economic benefits and build structures that 30%, 40% and 50% by weight of cement, quarry sand will strong, durable and sensitive to environnement. in the range of 40%, 50% and 60% by weight of cement MDP is by-product obtained during the quarrying for M40 grade mix. Slump test was carried on fresh process from the parent marble rock; which contains concrete while compressive strength, split tensile high calcium oxide content of more than 50%. The strength and flexural strength were carried on hardened potential use of MDP can be an ideal choice for concrete. The cube, beams and cylinders are tested for substituting in a cementitious binder as the reactivity compressive, Flexural and tensile strengths. It is found efficiency increases due to the presence of lime. In this that by the partial replacement of cement with GGBS research work, the waste MDP passing through 90 and sand with Quarry sand helped in improving the microns, has used for investigating of hardened strength of the concrete substantially compared to concrete properties. Furthermore, the effect of different normal mix concrete. These tests are carried out to percentage replacement of MDP on the compressive determine the mechanical up to strength, splitting tensile strength (Indirect tensile 7, 28, 56, 90 days for compressive strength, 28 days for strength) & flexural strength has been observed. In this split tensile strength and flexural strength. experimental study, the effect of MDP in concrete on strength is presented. Five concrete mixtures Anand V, A.V. Pradeep Kumar Aneesh, V Bhat containing 0%, 5%, 10%, and 20% MDP as cement This paper reports the effect of high volume of GGBS replacement by weight basis has been prepared. on the properties of structural concrete. In this study, Water/cement ratio (0.43) was kept constant, in all the GGBS is physically and chemically characterized and concrete mixes. Compressive strength, split tensile partially replaced in the ratio of 10% to 90% by weight strength & flexural strength of the concrete mixtures of cement. The fresh properties of GGBS concrete like has been obtained at 7 and 28 days. The results of the slump test and hardened properties like compressive laboratory work showed that replacement of cement strength, Split tensile strength, Modulus of Elasticity with MDP increase, up to 10% for compressive are carried out. In addition to this the carbon foot prints strength, & up to 15% for split tensile strength & are also calculated and the savings per capita per year is flexural strength of concrete. determined for reduction of usage of cement. The test results indicated that fresh and hardened properties of K.Kalpana et al the GGBS concrete increases as the percentage of The fibers are most effective material to concrete replacement of GGBS increases up to certain extent. strength. Hemp (Cannabis sativa) is an agricultural crop that can be used as a building material. Hemp Vijaya Kumar YM, Shruti D concrete has many advantages as a building material Leaving the waste materials to the environment directly but it is not load-bearing and must be used in can cause environmental problem. Hence the reuse of combination with a load-bearing wooden frame. In this

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Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707

project Cylinders, Prisms, and Cubes of standard ordinary cement. Concrete made with GGBS cement dimensions have been made to introduce hemp Fiber sets more slowly than concrete made with ordinary with varying mix ratio such as 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%. Portland cement, depending on the amount of GGBS in Various tests are conducted to find the property of the the cementitious material, but also continues to gain hemp concrete materials. The main test such as strength over a longer period in production conditions. Compressive Strength for Concrete and Split Tensile This results in lower heat of hydration and lower Strength for Concrete and Flexural Strength for temperature rises, and makes avoiding cold joints Concrete has been conducted. On comparing the results easier, but may also affect construction schedules of Hemp fiber Concrete with that of conventional where quick setting is required. concrete, 0.50% additionally adding of Hemp Fiber showed maximum compressive Strength value at 28 HEMP FIBERS: days 12.8%, and the Split Tensile Strength value at 28 Hemp (botanical name: Cannabis sativa) is a waste days 58.28%. Mechanical properties like Flexure material from the agricultural production. General Strength and Durability properties have been chopped hemp size used is 1.0-2.5, Because of its conducted. Study of microstructure of concrete is also highly porous structure and strong capillarity effects determined. inside the tubes, hemp is able to absorb large amounts of water (up to 10 times its own weight) . Hemp Bekir Çomak, Alper Bideci, Özlem Salli Bideci aggregate absorbs big quantities of water (325% of its In recent years, using addition of fibers with plant own weight at 24 h), as a result it can hold mixing water origin in has increased significantly. They not that is required for hydration and carbonation. Hemp is only enhance the mechanical characteristics of cement used to make a variety of commercial and industrial mortars, but also they are renewable, easy to access and products, including rope, textiles, clothing, shoes, food, cheap and this makes the use of plant fibers more paper, bio , insulation, and bio fuel. widespread. Hemp fiber is a plant, which is planted in many places of the world and obtained in large CEMENT: amounts, is environmentally friendly and also used in Cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens manufacturing of composite materials. In this study, independently, and can bind other materials together. hemp fiber reinforced cement mortars with different The ingredients of cement primarily consist of ratios (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%) and different lengths (6 mm, materials in the form of , chalks and marl and 12 mm and 18 mm) were manufactured. Density, water argillaceous materials. The ordinary Portland cement absorption, compressive strength, flexural strength, of 53 grade is used compressive strength after flexural tensile and splitting tensile strength tests were performed on manufactured COARSE AGGREGATE: samples. Also, in order to determine the inner structural Material which retained on 4.74 mm size classified as a characteristics of samples, SEM analysis was coarse aggregate. For most works, 20 mm aggregate is conducted. As a result of the study, it was determined suitable. The locally available aggregate having that cement mortars reinforced with 2–3% amount and nominal size of 20mm was used. 12 mm length of natural hemp fiber give the optimum results FINE AGGREGATE: Fine aggregate is a material such as sand, crushed stones or crushed gravel passing through 4.75 mm size. III. MATERIALS Locally available sand is used as fine aggregate in the concrete mix. MARBLE POWDER: One of the major wastes produced in the stone industry during cutting, shaping, and polishing of marbles is the IV. METHODOLOGY AND TESTING MDP. During this process, about 20-25% of the process marble is turn into the powder form. India A. MIXING AND CASTING: being the third (about 10%) top most exporter of Initially we prepare a nominal mix which consists of marble in the world, every year million tons of marble cement, coarse aggregate, sand, and water. After that waste form processing plants are released. Due to the cement is combinely replaced with marble powder and availability of large quantity of waste produced in the GGBS respectively in different proportions like (5%, marble factory, this project has been planned and 10%, 15%, and 20%) and 0.5% of hemp fibers added as preceded. admixture. After proper mixing the cubes and cylinders is to be prepared, then the mix is filled into 150mm GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE x150mm x 150mm moulds and casting is done by SLAG: placing concrete in three layers. Each layer is tampered GGBS is the biproduct of iron industries used to make 25 times by using a tamping rod compaction is done at durable concrete structures in combination with

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Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707

the rate of 25 blows for 3 layers. And the cylinders of part -1-1992. In this procedure, the direct method is dimensions 150mm x300mm are also prepared in the used for testing the specimens. For homogeneous same manner. As the setting time is very slow, the concrete, the compression wave velocity is given by V cubes are allowed to rest in the mould for 1 or 2 days. = √ (kEd/ρ ) (1) Where k = (1-γ ) / [(1+γ ) (1-2γ )] Then they are removed from the moulds for curing. (2) Ed= dynamic modulus of elasticity ρ = dynamic B. CURING: poisons ratio.

The Curing process of concrete cubes is done in 2 TABLE-1: COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST stages. In the first stage, the cubes and cylinders are RESULTS FOR 7 AND 28 DAYS kept in the oven for 24-48 hours at 600°c. In the second stage, the cubes and cylinders are allowed to be cured in open atmosphere called ambient curing.” %OF HEMP 7 DAYS 28 DAYS FIBERS&GGBS&M C.TESTING PROCEURE: ARBLE POWDER M1 39.832 57.25 The cubes are tested for 7 & 28 days after curing of M2 40.652 59.3 concrete. By using ultrasonic pulse velocity test M3 42.652 60.91 procedure we will get the time and velocity values at M4 44.303 64.79 ages of 7 days and 28 days. The compressive strength value can be obtained by subjecting the cubes after M5 46.02 67.307 proper curing period to gradual loading under a M6 44.82 65.54 compressive testing machine which has a capacity of

subjecting 1000KN load. The split tensile strength GRAPH-1: COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST values are also obtained by placing the cylinders after RESULTS FOR 7 AND 28 DAYS proper curing in compressive testing machine and load is obtained in longitudinal direction.

D.TESTING:

Compressive strength test procedure: In the testing machine, the cube is placed with the cast faces at right angles to that of compressive faces, then load is applied at a constant rate up to failure and the ultimate load is noted. The load is increased until the specimen fails and the maximum load is recorded. The compression tests were carried out at 7, 28 days. For strength computation, the average load of three specimens is considered for each mix. The average of three specimens was reported as the cube compressive of strength. TABLE-2: SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST Split tensile strength procedure: the cylindrical RESULTS FOR 7 AND 28 DAYS specimen horizontally between the loading surfaces of compression testing machine and the load is applied Mix designation 7 DAYS 28 DAYS until failure of cylinder, along its longitudinal direction. The cylinder specimens are tested at 7 days, 28 days. The average of three specimens was reported as the M1 3.65 5.18 split tensile strength. Split tensile strength = 2*P*D/L Ultrasonic pulse velocity test procedure: The principle M2 3.72 5.23 of ultrasonic pulse velocity test is to measure the pulse M3 3.86 5.48 of longitudinal vibrations passing through the concrete. For the measuring of travel time of wave through M4 4.08 5.77 concrete. From the experiments, the velocity depends on the elastic property and geometry of the material. M5 4.29 6.106 The recommendations for the use of this method are given BS-4408 part-5; ASTM C 597-71 and BIS 13311 M6 4.09 5.82

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Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707

GRAPH-2: SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST TABLE-4: REBOUND HAMMER TEST RESULTS RESULTS FOR 7 AND 28 DAYS FOR 28 DAYS

REBOUND HAMMER MIXDESIGNATION TEST RESULTS AT 28 DAYS M1 51.525

M2 53.37

M3 54.91

M4 58.311

M5 60.577

M6 58.986

TABLE-3: ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST GRAPH-4: REBOUND HAMMER TEST RESULTS RESULTS FOR 28 DAYS FOR 28 DAYS

% OF HEMP FIBERS U.P.V TEST RESULTS & GGBS& MARBLE AT 28DAYS POWDER (m/sec) M1 4674

M2 4723

M3 4843 M4 4914

M5 4985

M6 4903

Bar chart for compressive strength test results of 7 and GRAPH-3: ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY 28 days TEST RESULTS FOR 28 DAYS

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Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707

VI REFERENCES Bar chart for compressive strength test results of 7 and 28 days 1. IS 456-2000. 2. Concrete Technology by M.S. SHETTY. 3. IS 10262-2009. 4. International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 6.887, Volume 5 Issue X, October 2017- Available at www.ijraset.com. 5. Vinayak Awesome, Prof. M.V.Nagendra “Analysis of strength characteristics of GGBS concrete” International journal of advanced engineering technology, E-ISSN: 0976-3945. 6. S. Arivalagan “Sustainable studies on concrete with GGBS as a replacement material in cement” Jordan Journal of civil engineering, Volume 8, No.3, 2014. 7. Oner and S. Akyuz, “An experimental study on optimum usage of GGBS for the compressive V. CONCLUSION strength of concrete” Cement & Concrete From the results tabulated, the following statements can Composites vol. 29.pp. 505 - 514 2007. be derived: 8. Rai B, Khan N, Abhishek H, Rushad T, Duggal S.K, 1. The addition of Ground granulated blast furnace “Influence of Marble Powder/Granules in slag, Marble powder and Hemp fibers have Concrete mix”, International Journal of Civil And increased the both compressive and tensile Structural Engineering, Vol. 1, Issue no. 4, pp. strength values. 827-834, 2011

2. The maximum compressive strength found to be 46.02 N/mm2and67.307 N/mm2 for 7 days and 28 days by adding 0.5% of hemp fibers and combine replacement of GGBS and marble powder (7.5%+7.5%) respectively. 3. The percentage increment of compressive strength of with respect nominal mix for 7 days is15.5%. 4. The percentage of reinforced concrete with respect to nominal mix for 28 days is 17.5 %. 5. The maximum split tensile strength found to be 4.29 N/mm2 and 6.106N/mm2 for 7 days and 28 days by adding 0.5% hemp fibers and combine replacement of GGBS and marble powder at (7.5%+7.5%)respectively. 6. The percentage increment of reinforced concrete with respect to nominal mix for 7 days is 17.53%. 7. The percentage increment of split tensile strength of reinforced concrete with respect to nominal mix for 28 days is 17.8%. 8. The ultra sonic pulse velocity test results for conventional concrete is 4674 m/sec. 9. The ultra sonic pulse velocity test results for addition of hemp fibers, GGBS and marble powder is 4985m/sec. 10. The percentage increment of ultra pulse velocity compared with nominal mix is 6.7%.

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