DOCSLIB.ORG

ASPECTS of the DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY of LARVAE of the NORTH AFRICAN CATFISH, Clarias Gariepinus (Burchell 1822), DURING EARLY DEVELOPMENT

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ASPECTS of the DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY of LARVAE of the NORTH AFRICAN CATFISH, Clarias Gariepinus (Burchell 1822), DURING EARLY DEVELOPMENT ASPECTS OF THE DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF LARVAE OF THE NORTH AFRICAN CATFISH, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822), DURING EARLY DEVELOPMENT Juliet KigongoNattabi A thesis submitted for Doctor of Philosophy in Aquaculture at the University of Stirling, Institute of Aquaculture July 2018 Declaration “I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the qualification of any other degree or diploma of a University or other institution of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement is made”. 31/07/2018 Nattabi Juliet Kigongo Date Candidate .......................................... 31/07/2018 Prof James E Bron Date Principal Supervisor Professor of Aquatic Animal Health Head of the Parasitology Research Group .......................................... 31/07/2018 Dr John Taggart Date Senior Lecturer Additional Supervisor i Abstract Aspects of the digestive physiology of larvae of the North African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822), during early development The development of a cost-effective off-the-shelf micro-particulate diet with a nutritionally optimal formulation for larval North African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) is one of the most important requirements for the aquaculture sector in Uganda. North African catfish contribute ~50% of Uganda’s production of farmed fish, both in terms of tonnage and economic value, however, studies conducted thus far to develop a micro-diet have taken no account of the digestive physiology of the fish itself, but rather have dwelt more on the composition of the diet and its apparent performance in terms of fish growth. Under these conditions, however, large mortalities are experienced during early development. Only a few studies have been conducted concerning the digestive physiology of the larvae or have characterised aspects of the key digestive enzymes produced by this species. Hence a major mismatch has existed between the general approach to creating micro-diets and the level of knowledge of the functional development of the sensory and digestive system in larval fish, including their theoretical digestive capabilities. This study sought to characterise the ontogeny of key digestive enzymes in North African catfish larvae from hatching to 21 days post-hatch (dph) with special emphasis on the period 2-4 dph where live feed is the more accepted diet for the fish larvae. In real-world terms, however, extensive use of live-feed makes farming extremely labour-intensive and it is costly to operate a catfish hatchery providing a consistent product and at the same time generate profit for farmers. The work described in this thesis was conducted at the University of Stirling’s Tropical Aquarium, a facility of the Institute of Aquaculture, which houses a population of North African catfish introduced into the facility over 30 years ago and assumed to be, but not fully verified as, Clarias gariepinus Burchell 1822. In order to ensure that the results of the research presented in the thesis could be effectively applied in Uganda, the identity of this species needed to be confirmed. From a morphological and meristic characterisation, in addition to use of a molecular taxonomic classification, the species held at the Institute of Aquaculture and employed for the present study was confirmed to be Clarias gariepinus, ii (Burchell, 1822) rather than a hybrid with, Clarias anguillaris which is a situation that is common in African populations. Studies were undertaken to determine the point at which when exogenous feeding should be commenced and to establish when fish could be weaned on to an inert formulated diet in order to improve growth and survival during larval rearing. From the growth studies conducted, findings revealed that at 2Dph a mixed diet of (live) Artemia and (inert) Coppens diet gave better growth than both Coppens and Artemia fed alone, which gave similar growth rates. The histomorphology of both adult and larval C. gariepinus was examined in order to determine the course of development of digestive structures in the larva. In addition, new in situ labelling procedures were developed to highlight the localisation of expression of transcripts for key digestive enzymes comprising two alkaline proteolytic enzymes, namely chymotrypsin and trypsin, one acidic proteolytic enzyme, pepsin, and one chitinolytic enzyme, gastric chitinase. Larval development followed a time-course similar to that described by other researchers with the pancreas being discrete in the larval stages but being more dispersed throughout the intestinal region in the adults. The stomach was present by 4 to 5 Dph, supporting a suggestion that alkaline protease digestion dominates early in development, switching to a more acidic digestive mode following development of the stomach. In situ labelling protocols showed trypsin and chymotrypsin to be localised in the pancreas by as early as 2 Dph, while pepsin and gastric chitinase were localised in the stomach. More specifically, pepsin was localised to oxynticopeptic cells and gastric chitinase to the gastric pits with the former being present by 4Dph and the latter being present by 6Dph. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was employed to investigate the timing and level of transcript expression for trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin and gastric chitinase. First expression was observed, perhaps unsurprisingly, to occur largely at a time when the tissue representing the site of production was first observable by histological examination and expression increased from this time. Trypsin and chymotrypsin expression were detectable from 1Dph, with clear expression by 2Dph, coinciding with the appearance of the first anlage of the pancreas in histology. Pepsin and gastric chitinase mRNA was detected at 3Dph and was iii highly expressed from 4dph onwards. This coincided with the appearance of the first anlage of the stomach in histology. Important new resources for North African catfish, including the first assembled and annotated transcriptome are now available for this species. These were created from a mixed tissue / stage transcriptome library. Using this transcriptome resource as a basis, an oligo-microarray was constructed, which allowed broad- scale transcriptome analysis to be conducted on samples from early larvae fed using two diet regimes. During development on the standard diet, a number of pathways were observed to be over-represented in terms of transcript expression between 1 Dph and 4 Dph. These included protein digestion and absorption, bile secretion, complement and coagulation cascades, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, PPAR signalling pathways, and ribosomal pathways. Together these pathways denoted changes in elements of growth, protein production, digestion, the immune system and synaptic transmission inter alia. From the research presented in this thesis, it is clear that the key digestive enzymes studied here are rapidly switched on during the first few days of development and first feeding. Different dietary regimes had important effects on expression of digestive enzymes and knock-on effects for digestion, growth, and immune system development, which may have important consequences for larval health and survival under aquaculture conditions. The results of this work have the potential to assist the Ugandan feed industry in that they can be used as a baseline to make improved diets for early weaning in larval fish, using increased knowledge of which enzymes are involved in larval digestion and when they are produced by the fish. Clues about the course of development of larval immunity, particularly innate immunity, may help to provide strategies to mitigate the high losses experienced by farmers in early development and may assist in the management of high intensity catfish hatcheries. The findings of the work presented in this thesis can help to better formulate inert feeds and optimise timing of introduction to larval stages to maximise growth and survival. Public transcriptomic resources produced in the course of this work can be used by other researchers as a basis for larger broad-scale transcriptomic investigations using microarray, RNAseq or allied technologies to characterise different states including disease, nutrition, physiology and development which iv could be used to e.g. improve diets, develop vaccines, or increase production values such as growth characteristics. v Acknowledgements This thesis has benefited enormously from the knowledge, guidance and encouragement of Professor James Bron, thank you so much for your excellent supervision and kindness throughout this long project tenure without your kind gestures this thesis wouldn’t be accomplished as you took off time your schedule to give me a firm foundation to do molecular aspects in field of fish nutrition, a subject I barely covered in year one of my BSc degree to allow me understand key concepts including things like FASTA files, Bioedit and later,the use of the instruments including the photomicroscopy equipment and many available resources online to effectively execute this study. Many thanks also go to Dr John Taggart for your supervision, advice and patience during the long hours spent in the molecular laboratory under your close supervision and training on the molecular experiments which is the core of this thesis from "a nothing to a now a state of art Giant Molecular Scholar
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Exploring Novel Estrogen Receptors
    ExploringExploring novelnovel estrogenestrogen receptorsreceptors and How many drug targets? What are the relevant drug metabolizing enzymes? Tudor I. Oprea UNM Division of Biocomputing NMNM MLSCMLSC http://screening.health.unm.edu/ Support: New Mexico Molecular Libraries Screening Center (NIH MH074425) Strasbourg Summer School on Cheminformatics Obernai, Alsace, France, June 23 2008 The University of New Mexico ♦ Health Sciences Center Copyright © Tudor I. Oprea, 2007. All rights reserved SCHOOL OF MEDICINE MLIMLI inin NumbersNumbers NIHNIH RoadmapRoadmap InitiativeInitiative MolecularMolecular Libraries Libraries Initiative Initiative 44 Chemical Chemical Synthesis Synthesis MLSCNMLSCN (9+1) (9+1) PubChemPubChem ECCRECCR (6) (6) PredictivePredictive CentersCenters 99 centers centers (NLM)(NLM) ExploratoryExploratory ADMETADMET 11 NIH NIH intramural intramural CentersCenters (8)(8) 100100 x x 10 10 = = 1000 1000 assays assays CombiChemCombiChem ParallelParallel synthesis synthesis DOSDOS NotNot renewed renewed 44 centers centers + + DPI DPI 100k–500k100k–500k compounds compounds SAR matrix ~300,000 compounds Note: Subject http://nihroadmap.nih.gov The University of New Mexico > 1000 assays to change SCHOOL OF MEDICINE NMNM MLSCMLSC (3(3--yearyear summary)summary) U54MH074425U54MH074425 • 23 primary targets (62 assays) uploaded to PubChem • 38 targets total pipeline • ~ 2.4 million datapoints loaded into PubChem • Current throughput: 150,000 samples/week • first 6-plex (small GTP-ases) of the Roadmap • 2nd 6-plex (Bcl-2) also completed
    [Show full text]
  • Article Evolutionary Dynamics of the OR Gene Repertoire in Teleost Fishes
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.09.434524; this version posted March 10, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Article Evolutionary dynamics of the OR gene repertoire in teleost fishes: evidence of an association with changes in olfactory epithelium shape Maxime Policarpo1, Katherine E Bemis2, James C Tyler3, Cushla J Metcalfe4, Patrick Laurenti5, Jean-Christophe Sandoz1, Sylvie Rétaux6 and Didier Casane*,1,7 1 Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France. 2 NOAA National Systematics Laboratory, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, U.S.A. 3Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20560, U.S.A. 4 Independent Researcher, PO Box 21, Nambour QLD 4560, Australia. 5 Université de Paris, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Paris, France 6 Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur- Yvette, France. 7 Université de Paris, UFR Sciences du Vivant, F-75013 Paris, France. * Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected]. !1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.09.434524; this version posted March 10, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Abstract Teleost fishes perceive their environment through a range of sensory modalities, among which olfaction often plays an important role.
    [Show full text]
  • Seehausen, O.; Pierotti, MER; Groothuis
    University of Groningen Male-male competition and speciation Dijkstra, P. D.; Seehausen, O.; Pierotti, M. E. R.; Groothuis, Ton Published in: Journal of Evolutionary Biology DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01266.x IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2007 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Dijkstra, P. D., Seehausen, O., Pierotti, M. E. R., & Groothuis, T. G. G. (2007). Male-male competition and speciation: aggression bias towards differently coloured rivals varies between stages of speciation in a Lake Victoria cichlid species complex. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 20(2), 496-502. DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01266.x Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 10-02-2018 doi: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01266.x Male–male competition and speciation: aggression bias towards differently coloured rivals varies between stages of speciation in a Lake Victoria cichlid species complex P.
    [Show full text]
  • Drug Resistance Updates 32 (2017) 23–46
    Drug Resistance Updates 32 (2017) 23–46 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Drug Resistance Updates journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/drup Not only P-glycoprotein: Amplification of the ABCB1-containing MARK chromosome region 7q21 confers multidrug resistance upon cancer cells by coordinated overexpression of an assortment of resistance-related proteins ⁎ ⁎ Ilaria Genovesea,1, Andrea Ilarib,1, Yehuda G. Assarafc,1, Francesco Fazid, ,1, Gianni Colottib, ,1 a Dept. Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy b Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), c/o Dept. Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy c The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Lab, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel d Dept. Anatomical, Histological, Forensic & Orthopedic Sciences, Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University, Via A. Scarpa 14-16, 00161 Rome, Italy ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The development of drug resistance continues to be a dominant hindrance toward curative cancer treatment. ABC transporters Overexpression of a wide-spectrum of ATP-dependent efflux pumps, and in particular of ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein P-glycoprotein (P-gp) or MDR1) is a well-known resistance mechanism for a plethora of cancer chemotherapeutics including for ex- Cancer ample taxenes, anthracyclines, Vinca alkaloids, and epipodopyllotoxins, demonstrated by a large array of pub- Chemotherapeutic drugs lished papers, both in tumor cell lines and in a variety of tumors, including various solid tumors and hemato- Multidrug resistance logical malignancies. Upon repeated or even single dose treatment of cultured tumor cells or tumors in vivo with 7q21 amplicon Sorcin anti-tumor agents such as paclitaxel and doxorubicin, increased ABCB1 copy number has been demonstrated, resulting from chromosomal amplification events at 7q11.2-21 locus, leading to marked P-glycoprotein over- expression, and multidrug resistance (MDR).
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Basis for Human Sterol Isomerase in Cholesterol Biosynthesis and Multidrug Recognition
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10279-w OPEN Structural basis for human sterol isomerase in cholesterol biosynthesis and multidrug recognition Tao Long 1, Abdirahman Hassan 1, Bonne M Thompson2, Jeffrey G McDonald1,2, Jiawei Wang3 & Xiaochun Li 1,4 3-β-hydroxysteroid-Δ8, Δ7-isomerase, known as Emopamil-Binding Protein (EBP), is an endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, autophagy, 1234567890():,; oligodendrocyte formation. The mutation on EBP can cause Conradi-Hunermann syndrome, an inborn error. Interestingly, EBP binds an abundance of structurally diverse pharmacolo- gically active compounds, causing drug resistance. Here, we report two crystal structures of human EBP, one in complex with the anti-breast cancer drug tamoxifen and the other in complex with the cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor U18666A. EBP adopts an unreported fold involving five transmembrane-helices (TMs) that creates a membrane cavity presenting a pharmacological binding site that accommodates multiple different ligands. The compounds exploit their positively-charged amine group to mimic the carbocationic sterol intermediate. Mutagenesis studies on specific residues abolish the isomerase activity and decrease the multidrug binding capacity. This work reveals the catalytic mechanism of EBP-mediated isomerization in cholesterol biosynthesis and how this protein may act as a multi-drug binder. 1 Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. 2 Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. 3 State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. 4 Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization
    No. 31874 Multilateral Marrakesh Agreement establishing the World Trade Organ ization (with final act, annexes and protocol). Concluded at Marrakesh on 15 April 1994 Authentic texts: English, French and Spanish. Registered by the Director-General of the World Trade Organization, acting on behalf of the Parties, on 1 June 1995. Multilat ral Accord de Marrakech instituant l©Organisation mondiale du commerce (avec acte final, annexes et protocole). Conclu Marrakech le 15 avril 1994 Textes authentiques : anglais, français et espagnol. Enregistré par le Directeur général de l'Organisation mondiale du com merce, agissant au nom des Parties, le 1er juin 1995. Vol. 1867, 1-31874 4_________United Nations — Treaty Series • Nations Unies — Recueil des Traités 1995 Table of contents Table des matières Indice [Volume 1867] FINAL ACT EMBODYING THE RESULTS OF THE URUGUAY ROUND OF MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS ACTE FINAL REPRENANT LES RESULTATS DES NEGOCIATIONS COMMERCIALES MULTILATERALES DU CYCLE D©URUGUAY ACTA FINAL EN QUE SE INCORPOR N LOS RESULTADOS DE LA RONDA URUGUAY DE NEGOCIACIONES COMERCIALES MULTILATERALES SIGNATURES - SIGNATURES - FIRMAS MINISTERIAL DECISIONS, DECLARATIONS AND UNDERSTANDING DECISIONS, DECLARATIONS ET MEMORANDUM D©ACCORD MINISTERIELS DECISIONES, DECLARACIONES Y ENTEND MIENTO MINISTERIALES MARRAKESH AGREEMENT ESTABLISHING THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION ACCORD DE MARRAKECH INSTITUANT L©ORGANISATION MONDIALE DU COMMERCE ACUERDO DE MARRAKECH POR EL QUE SE ESTABLECE LA ORGANIZACI N MUND1AL DEL COMERCIO ANNEX 1 ANNEXE 1 ANEXO 1 ANNEX
    [Show full text]
  • Accepted Version
    This document is the accepted manuscript version of the following article: Selz, O. M., Thommen, R., Pierotti, M. E. R., Anaya Rojas, J. M., & Seehausen, O. (2016). Differences in male coloration are predicted by divergent sexual selection between populations of a cichlid fish. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 283(1830), 20160172 (9 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0172 1 Differences in male coloration are predicted by divergent sexual 2 selection between populations of a cichlid fish. 3 4 Selz, O.M.1,2, Thommen, R.2, Pierotti, M.E.R.4, Anaya-Rojas, J. M.2,3 & Seehausen, 5 O1,2. 6 7 Key words: mate choice, assortative mating, sexual selection, reproductive isolation, 8 sensory drive, cichlid, 9 10 1Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of 11 Aquatic Science and Technology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, 12 Seestrasse 79, CH-6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland, 13 2Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of 14 Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland 15 3Department of Aquatic Ecology, EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science 16 and Technology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Seestrasse 79, 17 CH-6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland, 18 4 Naos Laboratories, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Calzada de 19 Amador, Bd 356, 0843-03092 Panama 20 21 Abstract 22 Female mating preferences can influence both intraspecific sexual selection and 23 interspecific reproductive isolation and have therefore been proposed to play a central 24 role in speciation. Here, we investigate experimentally in the African cichlid fish 25 Pundamilia nyererei if differences in male coloration between three para-allopatric 26 populations (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Environment & Health Series
    www.marine.ie Marine Environment & Health Series No. 28 2007 Isolation and purification of AZAs from naturally contaminated materials, and evaluation of their toxicological effects (ASTOX) Philipp Hess Pearse McCarron Nils Rehmann Jane Kilcoyne Terry McMahon Gavin Ryan Michael P. Ryan Michael J.Twiner Gregory J. Doucette Masayuki Satake Emiko Ito Takeshi Yasumoto ISSN 1649 0053 HEADQUARTERS & LABORATORIES MARINE INSTITUTE REGIONAL OFFICES www.marine.ie MARINE INSTITUTE MARINE INSTITUTE MARINE INSTITUTE Rinville 80 Harcourt Street Furnace Oranmore Dublin 2 Newport Co. Galway Tel: +353 1 4766500 Co. Mayo Tel: +353 91 387 200 Fax: +353 1 4784988 Tel: +353 98 42300 Fax: +353 91 387 201 Fax: +353 98 42340 Email: [email protected] Isolation and purification of AZAs from naturally contaminated materials, and evaluation of their toxicological effects (ASTOX) May 2007 Philipp Hess*, Pearse McCarron, Nils Rehmann, Jane Kilcoyne, Terry McMahon. Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland. Gavin Ryan, Michael P. Ryan. University College Dublin, School of Biomedical & Biomolecular Sciences, Conway Institute, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. Michael J. Twiner, Gregory J. Doucette. Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, Marine Biotoxins Program - NOAA/NOS/NCCOS 219 Fort Johnson Road; Charleston, SC 29412-9110 USA. Masayuki Satake. Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumi-dori, Amamiya, Aoba-ku Sendai 981-8555, Japan. Emiko Ito. Research Centre for Pathogenic Fungi & Microbial Toxicoses, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohanam, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, Japan. Takeshi Yasumoto. Japan Food Research Laboratories, Tama Laboratory, 6-11-10, Nagayama, Tama-shi, Tokyo 2060025 Japan. * corresponding author’s contact: Fax: intl.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 80 / Wednesday, April 26, 1995 / Notices DIX to the HTSUS—Continued
    20558 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 80 / Wednesday, April 26, 1995 / Notices DEPARMENT OF THE TREASURY Services, U.S. Customs Service, 1301 TABLE 1.ÐPHARMACEUTICAL APPEN- Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DIX TO THE HTSUSÐContinued Customs Service D.C. 20229 at (202) 927±1060. CAS No. Pharmaceutical [T.D. 95±33] Dated: April 14, 1995. 52±78±8 ..................... NORETHANDROLONE. A. W. Tennant, 52±86±8 ..................... HALOPERIDOL. Pharmaceutical Tables 1 and 3 of the Director, Office of Laboratories and Scientific 52±88±0 ..................... ATROPINE METHONITRATE. HTSUS 52±90±4 ..................... CYSTEINE. Services. 53±03±2 ..................... PREDNISONE. 53±06±5 ..................... CORTISONE. AGENCY: Customs Service, Department TABLE 1.ÐPHARMACEUTICAL 53±10±1 ..................... HYDROXYDIONE SODIUM SUCCI- of the Treasury. NATE. APPENDIX TO THE HTSUS 53±16±7 ..................... ESTRONE. ACTION: Listing of the products found in 53±18±9 ..................... BIETASERPINE. Table 1 and Table 3 of the CAS No. Pharmaceutical 53±19±0 ..................... MITOTANE. 53±31±6 ..................... MEDIBAZINE. Pharmaceutical Appendix to the N/A ............................. ACTAGARDIN. 53±33±8 ..................... PARAMETHASONE. Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the N/A ............................. ARDACIN. 53±34±9 ..................... FLUPREDNISOLONE. N/A ............................. BICIROMAB. 53±39±4 ..................... OXANDROLONE. United States of America in Chemical N/A ............................. CELUCLORAL. 53±43±0
    [Show full text]
  • A Microsatellite-Based Genetic Linkage Map of the Cichlid Fish, Astatotilapia Burtoni (Teleostei): a Comparison of Genomic Archi
    Copyright Ó 2009 by the Genetics Society of America DOI: 10.1534/genetics.108.089367 A Microsatellite-Based Genetic Linkage Map of the Cichlid Fish, Astatotilapia burtoni (Teleostei): A Comparison of Genomic Architectures Among Rapidly Speciating Cichlids Matthias Sanetra,* Frederico Henning,* Shoji Fukamachi* and Axel Meyer*,†,1 *Department of Biology, Lehrstuhl fu¨r Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany and †Institute for Advanced Study Berlin, 14193 Berlin, Germany Manuscript received March 18, 2008 Accepted for publication July 15, 2008 ABSTRACT Cichlid fishes compose an astonishingly large number of species and formed species flocks in record- breaking time. To facilitate efficient genome scans and comparisons of cichlid genomes, we constructed a medium-density genetic linkage map of microsatellite markers of Astatotilapia burtoni. The mapping cross was derived from two inbred laboratory lines to obtain F2 progeny by intercrossing. The map revealed 25 linkage groups spanning 1249.3 cM of the genome (size 950 Mb) with an average marker spacing of 6.12 cM. The seven Hox clusters, ParaHox C1, and two paralogs of Pdgfrb were mapped to different linkage groups, thus supporting the hypothesis of a teleost-specific genome duplication. The A. burtoni linkage map was compared to the other two available maps for cichlids using shared markers that showed conservation and synteny among East African cichlid genomes. Interesting candidate genes for cichlid speciation were mapped using SNP markers. HE adaptive radiations of cichlid fishes of East The observed redundant patterns in the evolutionary T Africa are well-known examples for rapid di- diversification of cichlid fishes support the view that the versification and explosive speciation.
    [Show full text]
  • Innovative Mode of Action Based in Vitro Assays for Detection of Marine Neurotoxins
    Innovative mode of action based in vitro assays for detection of marine neurotoxins Jonathan Nicolas Thesis committee Thesis advisor Prof. Dr I.M.C.M. Rietjens Professor of Toxicology Wageningen UR Thesis co-supervisors Dr P.J.M. Hendriksen Project leader, BU Toxicology and Bioassays RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR Dr T.F.H. Bovee Expertise group leader Bioassays & Biosensors, BU Toxicology and Bioassays RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR Other members Prof. Dr D. Parent-Massin, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France Dr P. Hess, French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER), Nantes, France Prof. Dr A.J. Murk, Wageningen UR Prof. Dr A. Piersma, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven This research was conducted under the auspices of the Graduate School VLAG (Avanced studies in Food Technology, Agrobiotechnology, Nutrition and Health Sciences). Innovative mode of action based in vitro assays for detection of marine neurotoxins Jonathan Nicolas Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. dr. ir. A.P.J. Mol, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Wednesday 07 October 2015 at 11 a.m. in the Aula. Jonathan Nicolas Innovative mode of action based in vitro assays for detection of marine neurotoxins, 214 pages, PhD thesis, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, NL (2015) With references, with summary in
    [Show full text]
  • Divergent Hormonal Responses to Social Competition in Closely Related Species of Haplochromine Cichlid fish
    Hormones and Behavior 61 (2012) 518–526 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Hormones and Behavior journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/yhbeh Divergent hormonal responses to social competition in closely related species of haplochromine cichlid fish Peter D. Dijkstra a,b,c,⁎, Machteld N. Verzijden c,d, Ton G.G. Groothuis b, Hans A. Hofmann a,e a The University of Texas at Austin, Section of Integrative Biology, 1 University Station-C0930, Austin, TX 78712, USA b Behavioural Biology, Centre for Behaviour and Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands c Behavioral Biology, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands d Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden e The University of Texas at Austin, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Neuroscience, 1 University Station-C0930, Austin, TX 78712, USA article info abstract Article history: The diverse cichlid species flocks of the East African lakes provide a classical example of adaptive radiation. Received 13 September 2011 Territorial aggression is thought to influence the evolution of phenotypic diversity in this system. Most Revised 13 January 2012 vertebrates mount hormonal (androgen, glucocorticoid) responses to a territorial challenge. These hormones, Accepted 14 January 2012 in turn, influence behavior and multiple aspects of physiology and morphology. Examining variation in Available online 24 January 2012 competition-induced hormone secretion patterns is thus fundamental to an understanding of the mechanisms of phenotypic diversification. We test here the hypothesis that diversification in male aggression has been Keywords: Testosterone accompanied by differentiation in steroid hormone levels.
    [Show full text]