A Life in Spain
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Naval Aspects Spanish Civil
Naval Aspects of the Spanish Civil War (1936 – 1939) Presented at HMGS Cold Wars 2005 by Admiralty Trilogy Background of the Spanish Civil War ◆ Apr 1931 – End of Spanish Monarchy, Socialist Government in power ◆ Nov 1933 – Conservatives in power: revoking social reforms ◆ Nov 1936 – Social Revolutionaries back in power: collectivizing farms, attack church institutions ◆ 17 Jul 1936 – Revolt by Moroccan Garrison to put down ‘social revolution’ as letting the nation fall apart – become known as ‘Nationalists’ ◆ The remaining government forces which remained loyal to the Republic became known as ‘Republican’ 2 Division of the Spanish Fleet ◆ Most of the officers were Nationalists, most of crew were Republican ◆ Most of the ships were Republican ◆ Never any prolonged or massive engagement during the war – usually just skirmishes ◆ Most naval activity was convoy warfare, shore bombardment, port blockade and counter-blockade operations Nationalist Heavy Cruiser Baleares 3 Division of the Spanish Fleet Nationalists Republicans Battleship 1 1 Heavy Cruiser 2 Light Cruiser 2 3 Destroyer 5 16 Torpedo Boat 5 7 Gun Boat 5 1 Mine Layer 3 - Patrol Craft 4 5 Submarine 2 12 Men 7,000 13,000 4 International Conflict ◆ Nationalists supported by Italy and Germany — Both send arms, supplies, advisors and volunteers to assist. ◆ Both recognize Franco’s government - Nov 18, 1936 ◆ Italians initiate submarine campaign Nov 36 – Feb 37: Italian sub, Italian crew, single Spanish officer ◆ Republicans supported by Soviet Union and France — Soviet support is arms, munitions, advisors, — French support is aircraft and artillery. Government is pro-Republic, but general population is divided ◆ Lyon Conference 1936: Need to stop support to both sides before civil war becomes general European war. -
Balearic-Islands-2013.Pdf
For more information visit www.yachtinsidersguide.com 1 For more information visit www.yachtinsidersguide.com 3 INTRODUCTION 2013 Welcome to the fourth edition of the Yacht Insider’s Guide to the Balearic Islands. In this new, revised and updated edition you will find a wealth of local information regarding shore side attractions, alongside an exhaustive recommendations based listing of yacht support service providers. On request from many We, at Shorelink Publications, CONTENTS crew we have included a section for Barcelona. are proud to support the Forest Stewardship Council. The first section of this guide highlights major local features of interest to yachtsmen cruising the region. These include marinas and harbours, Our guide is “FSC certified”, MALLORCA local attractions and sights, restaurants & hotel recommendations, outdoor made from 100% recycled activities, spas and much more. material or from sustainably Palma de Mallorca 11 managed forests, in an effort to Visiting seafarers, guests or crew, will find amongst these pages valuable reduce deforestation and help information that we hope will help them make the most of their stay in the the environment. West Coast 35 Puerto Portals, Santa Ponsa, Port Adriano, Balears. Port Andratx www.fscus.org The second section of the book is a recommendation-based directory of private companies offering yacht, crew and guest support services. Read- The 2013 Soller 47 ers will find here four distinct categories: Getting Around, Provisioning, Yacht Insider’s Guide ™ Port de Soller, Deia, Valldemossa Yacht and Crew Support and Miscellaneous. The directory now covers the for the Balearic Islands vast majority of businesses interacting with the yachting community. -
Spanish Civil War 1936–9
CHAPTER 2 Spanish Civil War 1936–9 The Spanish Civil War 1936–9 was a struggle between the forces of the political left and the political right in Spain. The forces of the left were a disparate group led by the socialist Republican government against whom a group of right-wing military rebels and their supporters launched a military uprising in July 1936. This developed into civil war which, like many civil conflicts, quickly acquired an international dimension that was to play a decisive role in the ultimate victory of the right. The victory of the right-wing forces led to the establishment of a military dictatorship in Spain under the leadership of General Franco, which would last until his death in 1975. The following key questions will be addressed in this chapter: + To what extent was the Spanish Civil War caused by long-term social divisions within Spanish society? + To what extent should the Republican governments between 1931 and 1936 be blamed for the failure to prevent civil war? + Why did civil war break out? + Why did the Republican government lose the Spanish Civil War? + To what extent was Spain fundamentally changed by the civil war? 1 The long-term causes of the Spanish Civil War Key question: To what extent was the Spanish Civil War caused by long-term social divisions within Spanish society? KEY TERM The Spanish Civil War began on 17 July 1936 when significant numbers of Spanish Morocco Refers military garrisons throughout Spain and Spanish Morocco, led by senior to the significant proportion of Morocco that was army officers, revolted against the left-wing Republican government. -
Basque Diaspora Gloria Totoricagüena Phd Is a Political Scientist Who Specializes in Basque Migration and Diaspora Studies
Gloria Totoricagüena Basque DiasporaMigration and Transnational Identity Center for Basque Studies · University of Nevada, Reno Basque Diaspora Gloria Totoricagüena PhD is a political scientist who specializes in Basque migration and diaspora studies. She earned her doctorate degree in Comparative Politics from the London School of Economics and Political Sci- ence, and currently researches and teaches at the Center for Basque Studies at the University of Nevada, Reno. She has conducted unparalleled fieldwork and investigation with Basques from communities in over twenty coun- tries and regularly serves as a consultant for institutions in the Basque Country. Her work has been awarded and recognized internationally, including the Vasca Mun- dial, Worldly Basque, award in 2003, and when selected as the President of the Committee of Academic Experts from the Eusko Ikaskuntza, or Basque Studies Society, initiative for EuskoSare, a worldwide network for Basque studies. Dr. Totoricagüena collaborates in various research projects with homeland institutions and with those of the Basque diaspora. She is a permanent delegate to the North American Basque Organizations, and has repre- sented the United States in each of the World Congresses of Basque Collectivities. Her numerous publications include more than thirty articles and several books including: Identity, Culture, and Politics in the Basque Diaspora; The Basques of New York: A Cosmopolitan Experience; Diáspora Vasca Comparada: Etnicidad, Cul- tura y Política en las Colectividades Vascas del Exterior; and The Basques of Boise: Dreamers and Doers. Gloria Totoricagüena Basque Diaspora Migration and Transnational Identity Basque Textbooks Series Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno This book was published with generous financial support from the Basque Government. -
Republican Propaganda of the Spanish Civil War
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 5-2019 Art and War: Republican Propaganda of The Spanish Civil War Jason Manrique The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/3134 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] ART AND WAR: REPUBLICAN PROPAGANDA OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR by JASON MANRIQUE A master’s thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Liberal Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, The City University of New York 2019 © 2019 JASON MANRIQUE All Rights Reserved ii Art and War: Republican Propaganda of The Spanish Civil War by Jason Manrique This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Liberal Studies in satisfaction of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts. Date Isolina Ballesteros Thesis Advisor Date Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis Executive Officer THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT Art and War: Republican Propaganda of The Spanish Civil War by Jason Manrique Advisor: Isolina Ballesteros This thesis focuses on propaganda used by the Republican side of the Spanish Civil War (1936- 1939) to gain support for their cause and win the war. It focuses on three forms of media: cinema, posters and photography, and it is divided into an introduction, three separate chapters, and a conclusion. -
De Quesada, Alejandro, the Spanish Civil War, 1936-39, 1
Men-at-Arms The Spanish Civil War 1936–39 (1) NationalistNationalil s t Forces Forces "MFKBOESPEF2VFTBEBr*MMVTUSBUFECZ4UFQIFO8BMTI"MFKBOESPEF2VFTBEBr*MMVTUSBUFECZ4UFQIFO8BMTIEF2VFTBEBr*MMVTUSBUEC4UI 8MI Men-at-Arms . 495 The Spanish Civil War 1936–39 (1) Nationalist Forces Alejandro de Quesada . Illustrated by Stephen Walsh Series editor Martin Windrow THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR 1936–39 (1) NATIONALIST FORCES INTRODUCTION he Spanish Civil War was the curtain-raiser to World War II, and the major focus of international attention in Europe in the late T1930s. It was fought between the rebel Nationalist army led by Gen Francisco Franco (‘right wing’, and aided by Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and some foreign volunteers from conservative countries), and the army of the Spanish Republican government (‘left wing’, and aided by the Communist Soviet Union and many volunteers from liberal democracies). The war involved the most modern weapons then available – particularly aircraft, both operating in direct support of ground forces and bombing enemy-held towns. Like all civil wars, it was fought ferociously by both sides and caused immense suffering to civilians. From a Spanish population of about 24 million, at least General Francisco Franco y 500,000 people died in this Bahamonde (see Plate A1). A bitter war of attrition and former officer of Regulares in Morocco, in 1920 Franco was the in the repression that original second-in-command of followed it. When the the Spanish Foreign Legion under Nationalists secured victory LtCol José Millán Astray, and they installed a dictatorship during the Rif War (1921–26) his that lasted from April 1939 personal courage, leadership and application to duty saw him rise until November 1975 – from major to brigadier-general. -
The Spanish Civil War 1936–39 (2)
Men-at-Arms The Spanish Civil War 1936–39 (2) Republican Forces "MFKBOESPEF2VFTBEBr*MMVTUSBUFECZ4UFQIFO8BMTI © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com .FOBU"SNTr The Spanish Civil War 1936–39 (2) Republican Forces Alejandro de Quesada r Illustrated by Stephen Walsh Series editor Martin Windrow © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR 1936–39 (2) REPUBLICAN FORCES THE SECOND SPANISH REPUBLIC n 1923 the Kingdom of Spain was poor, backward, socially rigid, and mired in an unpopular war in Spanish Morocco – problems for which Ithe political class clearly had no solutions. On 13 September that year the military, headed by Gen Miguel Primo de Rivera, overthrew the government, and King Alfonso XIII gave the new dictator legitimacy by naming him as prime minister. Primo de Rivera announced: ‘Our aim is to open a brief parenthesis in the constitutional life of Spain, and to re-establish it as soon as the country offers us men uncontaminated with the vices of political organization.’ The dictator installed a governing military Directory, dissolved the Cortes General (parliament), and decreed martial law. While co-operating with the French in 1925–26 to bring the Rif War in Morocco to a successful close, Primo de Rivera launched major infrastructure programmes at home, and the mid-1920s brought some modernization. However, although foreign trade had increased by 300 per cent by 1927, this up-turn was based on protectionist economic nationalism, and the boom died away. As times got harder again, many Spaniards – workers’ movements and liberal intelligentsia alike – chafed under the regime’s repression, in a sclerotic society that condemned the poor to wretchedness and political progressives to impotence. -
Om Militslederen Og Anarkisten Buenaventura Durruti
Om militslederen og anarkisten Buenaventura Durruti Buenaventura Durruti. Fra Kilde 3. Buenaventura Durruti (1896-1936) Allerede som 17-årig deltog Buenaventura Durruti aktivt i en strejke, der blev nedkæmpet af den spanske hær. 70 arbejdere blev dræbt og mere end 500 blev såret, mens 2.000 blev fængslet. Durruti selv undslap til Frankrig, hvorfra han vendte tilbage i 1920. Siden da deltog han i en lang række konflikter mellem arbejdere og de spanske myndigheder. Han blev en fremtrædende leder i det spanske anarkistparti FAI (Federación Anarquista Ibérica), som i samarbejde med den anarko-syndikalistiske fagforening CNT (Confederación Nacional del Trabajo) 1) ved Borgerkrigens begyndelse dannede en lang række militsenheder. Durruti blev selv chef for den ene af disse styrker. Militslederen og anarkisten Buenaventura Durruti. Fra Kilde 1. Columna Durruti Kolonnen, der oprindeligt talte ca. 2.500 militssoldater, drog fra Barcelona den 24. juli 1936 mod Saragossa, med henblik på at erobre byen. Kolonnen kom i kamp første gang ved byen Caspe, men måtte stoppe fremrykningen ved Pina de Ebro, ca. 22 km fra Saragossa, idet man frygtede at yderligere fremrykning kunne føre til, at kolonnen blev isoleret og omringet. Man rådede kun over få forsyninger og var således ikke i stand til at genoptage angrebet. Styrken indtog derfor forsvarsstillinger og gik i gang med at udbrede revolutionære holdninger i provinsen Aragon. Militslederen Buenaventura Durruti opslog sit hovedkvarter i byen Bujaraloz, Zaragoza. Styrketallet voksede efterhånden til ca. 6.000 mand. Styrken blev herefter sendt til Madrid for at deltage i forsvaret af byen. Durruti fik kommandoen over 1.400 af de 6.000 militssoldater, der deltog i forsvaret. -
And the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
and the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) with photographs, children’s drawings, and posters from the Spanish Civil War, and the music of Spain. why should we care….? why should we care….? The origins of the war Diego Velázquez (1599- 1660). The Count-Duke of Olivares on Horseback 1634 (Robert Jordan thinks of Velázquez’s horses when he sees the horses of Pablo) 1936 : Europe Fascist: Hitler and the Nazis in power in Germany Mussolini in power in Italy Communist dictatorship: Stalin in power in communist USSR other militaristic and suppressive regimes: Japan (invades Korea, China) This is fascism! Misery, destruction, persecution and death artist: Antonio Lopez Padial Fascism - Massive build-up of arms - Excessive praise of military and soldiers, especially in broadcast media and film - Refusal to ratify treaties, or breaking of treaties; disdain for, and ignoring of, international bodies and forums when not to the country’s advantage - refusal to follow the Geneva Convention - Intervention in foreign conflicts, particularly civil wars - No attempt to assist recovery of countries after civil wars - suppression of dissent, either directly, or by failing to provide information on international perspectives - Quasi-religious basis for ideals - Ruled by elite with strong and often corrupt ties to big business interests - Extensive commercial pressure and blackmail on other countries - Populace believe that only their way is right, and the rest of the world should think and act in the same way - Population knows very little about the rest of the world, or other modes of thought - Creation of ‘scapegoat’ groups - Large-scale incarceration of own citizens (no voting rights) - extensive use of the death penalty - climate of violence, gun training Spain : the background The background – the late 1800s Spain during the 19th-Century still very backward compared with the rest of Europe • Looked back on its glorious past • Strongly Roman Catholic country with strong influence of Church (e.g. -
Conference Guide Conference Location: Hotel Barceló Pueblo Park
Conference Guide Conference Location: Hotel Barceló Pueblo Park Address: CL Fra Joan Llabrés 16, 07600 Playa de Palma, Palma de Mallorca Phone: +34 971 261 700 E-mail: [email protected] URL: https://www.barcelo.com/en -gb/hotels/spain/balearic- islands/mallorca/hotel -barcelo-pueblo-park/ How to get to Mallorca By Air: Palma de Mallorca Airport (IATA: PMI) Palma de Mallorca Airport is 8km east of Palma de Mallorca. In summer especially, masses of charter and regular flights form an air bridge to Palma from around Europe, among them many low-cost airlines. In 2012, the airport received 22.7 million incoming passengers, making it one of the busiest in Europe. The arrivals hall is on the ground floor of the main terminal building, where you’ll find a tourist information office, money-exchange offices, car hire, tour operators and hotel- booking stands. Departures are on the 2nd floor. Nearly every European airline serves Mallorca, along with the majority of budget carriers. Palma de Mallorca Airport (IATA: PMI) Address: 07611 Palma Phone: +34 91 321 10 00 URL: http://www.aena.es/en/palma-mallorca-airport Visa: Generally not required for stays of up to 90 days (or not at all for members of EU or Schengen countries). Some nationalities will need a Schengen visa. Spain is one of 26 member countries of the Schengen Convention, under which 22 EU countries (all but Bulgaria, Cyprus, Ireland, Romania and the UK) plus Iceland, Norway and Switzerland have abolished checks at common borders. The visa situation for entering Spain is as follows: Citizens or residents of EU & Schengen countries No visa required. -
Majorca Gluten Free Travel Guide
Version: Summer/2008 Majorca Gluten Free MAJORCA GLUTEN FREE TRAVEL GUIDE By Carmen Barcelo Revised: Katja K. Version: Summer/2008 Majorca Gluten Free 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................3 2 Gluten Free Symbol .............................................................................................4 3 Where can I buy Gluten free products? ........................................................5 3.1 MERCADONA ................................................................................................5 3.2 EROSKI...........................................................................................................8 3.3 EL CORTE INGLÉS ......................................................................................9 3.4 Pharmacies, drugstores...............................................................................9 3.5 Herbalist's shop / Dietetic shops.......................................................... 10 3.6 Carrefour...................................................................................................... 13 3.7 Alcampo......................................................................................................... 14 3.8 Bakeries........................................................................................................ 15 4 Where can I eat gluten-free?......................................................................... 16 5 Where can I stay? .............................................................................................28 -
Sites of Encounter in the Medieval World Lesson #5: Majorca What Were the Effects of the Exchanges at Majorca?
Sites of Encounter in the Medieval World Lesson #5: Majorca What were the effects of the exchanges at Majorca? Major Topics: Competition over Mediterranean Trade Maps, Ships and Navigational Technology Exploring the Eastern Atlantic Ocean Growing Intolerance in Iberia Majorca was ruled by the Muslim Almohads until its conquest by James I, King of the Crown of Aragon, in 1229. Its greatest importance was as a trading and shipping center for the western Mediterranean and the Maghribi ports, which controlled the gold trade from Mali and West Africa. Once the Majorcan base was established, Catalan merchants and shippers not only gained access to those markets, but also helped develop the maps, ships, and navigational technology which gave Mediterranean shippers access to the Atlantic Ocean. Using the combined technologies of Muslim, Jewish, and Latin Christian sailors, shippers, and mapmakers, Iberians began to explore the African coast, and the Canary and Azores Islands. However, the increasing intolerance of the Iberian Christian kingdoms ended that Citation: Model of a Portuguese multicultural society by 1500. Caravel, Musée de la Marine, Paris, photograph by Phgcom, Students will analyze primary maps, visuals and texts to investigate the Wikipedia Commons, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cara technologies which made Atlantic exploration possible. After vel#mediaviewer/File:PotugueseC examining the multicultural population of Iberia before 1300, they will aravel.jpg. chart the progressive Christian intolerance in Aragon, Castile and Portugal, which led to the expulsions of Jews from Spain in 1492 and eventually Muslims as well. Page 1 Sites of Encounter in the Medieval World Lesson #5: Majorca Copyright © 2014, The Regents of the University of California, All Rights Reserved Procedures Step 1: Majorca as a Site of Encounter Although Majorca is a small island, in the 13th century it was at the center of a profitable trade network of the Genoese, Catalan and Maghribi merchants and shippers.