DOCSLIB.ORG

Benzene by Ozone in Acetic Acid Flows Predomi- Nantly by the Aromatic Ring with the Formation of Ozonides – Peroxide Products of Aliphatic Character

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Benzene by Ozone in Acetic Acid Flows Predomi- Nantly by the Aromatic Ring with the Formation of Ozonides – Peroxide Products of Aliphatic Character Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies ISSN 1729-3774 5/6 ( 95 ) 2018 Дослiджено кiнетику та механiзм озонування 4-брометил- UDC 541.127: 542.943 бензену в оцтовiй кислотi. Визначено константи швидкостi DOI: 10.15587/1729-4061.2018.143207 реакцiї озону з 4-брометилбензеном та 4-бромацетофеноном при рiзних температурах. Показана можливiсть ведення проце- су не тiльки за ароматичним кiльцем субстрату за механiзмом Крiге, але i з утворенням 4-бромацетофенону, що стане у нагодi при створеннi нових методiв синтезу оксигенвмiсних похiдних етилбензенiв. OXIDATION OF Встановлено, що окиснення 4-брометилбензену озоном в оцтовiй кислотi перебiгає переважно за ароматичним кiльцем 4-BROMETYL- з утворенням озонiдiв – пероксидних продуктiв алiфатичного характеру. Серед продуктiв реакцiї окиснення за бiчним ланцю- BENZENE BY гом iдентифiковано до 35 % 4-бромацетофенону та слiдовi кiль- костi 1-(4-бромфенiл)етанолу. Реакцiя озону з 4-брометилбен- OZONE IN зеном в оцтовiй кислотi при температурах до 30 ºС має перший порядок по вихiдних компонентах, а значення константи швид- ACETIC ACID костi реакцiї не залежить вiд концентрацiї реагентiв. З пiдви- щенням температури константа швидкостi реакцiї починає залежати вiд концентрацiї реагентiв, витрати озону при цьому суттєво зростають. Це свiдчить про те, що в умовах дослiдiв озон витрачається одночасно на рiзних стадiях окиснення. Доведено, що озонування 4-брометилбензену представляє собою A. Galstyan складний процес, в якому субстрат окиснюється за неланцю- Doctor of Chemical Sciences, говим механiзмом. Озон витрачається за двома напрямами: в Professor* реакцiї з субстратом за неланцюговим механiзмом i за ланцю- E-mail: [email protected] говим на стадiї продовження ланцюгу в реакцiї з продуктами E. Skorochod термiчного розкладу озонiдiв. Цей факт дає пiдставу стверджу- Postgraduate student* вати, що з пiдвищенням температури непродуктивнi витрати E-mail: [email protected] озону будуть швидко зростати i навпаки, в умовах запобiгання G. Galstyan озонолiзу озон буде витрачатися переважно за реакцiєю з утво- Doctor of Chemical Sciences, ренням цiльового ароматичного продукту. Professor* Таким чином, одержанi експериментальнi данi є основою для *Department of Chemical and розробки процесу окиснення похiдних етилбензену та створен- Pharmaceutical Technologies ня основ технологiї синтезу 4-бромацетофенону за допомогою Institute of Chemical Technologies озону. Це суттєво спростить апаратурне оформлення процесу, of the East Ukrainian National пiдвищить вихiд цiльового продукту та сприятиме подальшому University named after V. Dal удосконаленню методiв окиснювальної переробки реагентiв (Rubizhne) Ключовi слова: озоно-киснева сумiш, 4-брометилбензен, озоно- Volodymyrska str., 31, Rubizhne, лiз, 4-бромацетофенон, оцтова кислота, константа швидкостi Ukraine, 9309 1. Introduction low redox potential and, as a consequence, due to strict con- ditions of conducting synthesis and a relatively low selectiv- Reactions of liquid phase oxidation of organic substances ity of the process. In these cases, multi-stage syntheses are occupy an important place in modern physical and organ- applied, or expensive and deficit oxidizing agents are used to ic chemistry. Oxidation processes are frequently used by obtain oxygen-containing derivatives [3, 4]. However, it fol- researchers as highly effective model reactive systems for lows from the practice that most of these processes have no studying the fundamental problems of kinetics of reactive future due to the multi-staged, technologically sophisticated ability, catalysis, and the structure of organic substances. and strict conditions of processing reagents and formation of The studies are also continuously stimulated by the neces- mineralized wastes that are difficult to recycle. It is natural sity for the creation of modern low-waste energy saving that solving these problems is not possible without modern methods of the synthesis of oxygen-containing derivatives scientific developments aimed at the creation of new, more of organic compounds. In view of this, the reactions of arene efficient methods of the synthesis of oxygen-containing oxidation in liquid phase are especially interesting both the- arene derivatives. oretically and practically. One of the promising oxidizing agents of the future is At present, a large part of oxygen containing derivatives ozone – an allotropic modification of oxygen. Ecological of arene is synthesized by direct oxidation of output com- purity of ozone and the redox potential that is the highest pounds by molecular oxygen [1, 2]. However, sometimes the (2.07 V) among the known oxidizing agents contribute to use of molecular oxygen is rejected because of its relatively the gradual implementation of it in the experimental and 44 A. Galstyan, E. Skorochod, G. Galstyan, 2018 Technology organic and inorganic substances industrial practice of organic chemistry. The fundamentals An analysis of the literature data reveals that reactions of ozone synthesis of many oxygen-containing aromatic of ethylbenzene oxidation flow by complex mechanisms and products were developed, new environmentally friendly require elevated temperatures and a variety of catalysts to ways of hydroxylation [5], chlorination [6], obtaining mono- increase the rate and selectivity for target products. Ob- and polycarboxylic acids [7, 8] were proposed, new oxidizing viously, to simplify the conditions of the reaction and to technologies awaiting their implementation in production improve selectivity of oxidation of ethylbenzene derivatives, were created [9]. it is necessary to use more effective oxidizing agents, such The ozonolytic methods of arene oxidation in the liquid as ozone [5, 6]. However, there are almost no literary data phase were studied in detail. However, the separate issues, on ozone oxidation of ethylbenzene derivatives. Only papers such as selective oxidation of derivatives of ethylbenzenes, [17, 18] showed the possibility of ethylbenzene ozonation with require additional research. In terms of the development of formation of 35 % of acetophenone and 65 % of the products new methods of synthesis of corresponding phenylethanols of destruction of aromatic ring. Along with acetophenone, we and acetophenones, such research is relevant. identified 1-phenylethanol that acted as an intermediate prod- uct of the reaction at the initial stage of the reaction. Thus, it seems interesting to obtain the experimental 2. Literature review and problem statement data that can spread the theoretical ideas when it comes to the influence of the kind of a substitute on the rate and The reactions of oxidation of ethylbenzene and its deriva- selectivity of ethylbenzenes oxidation by ozone in acetic tives by different oxidizing agents were researched in detail. acid. From the practical point of view, such data can appear In paper [10], it was shown that the reaction of ethylbenzene useful when creating new environmentally friendly methods with the cobalt-bromide complex takes place at elevated of synthesis of oxygen-containing ethylbenzene derivatives. temperatures and has the induction period; hydroperoxide was identified as the intermediate product. Acetophenone and benzoic acid were detected among the end products. 3. The aim and objectives of the study Authors of paper [11] found that ethylbenzene oxidation in the presence of copper and nickel oxides flows by the The aim of this research is to obtain new kinetic data on chain-radical mechanism. Initiation of radicals occurs on the liquid phase reaction of 4-bromidemethylbenzene with the surface of catalysts by decomposition of hydroperoxide ozone. by molecular oxygen. The reaction flows at 60–90 °C with To attain the set aim, the following tasks were set: the prevailing formation of acetophenone. Zirconium oxides – to examine the composition of the products of reactions were used in paper [12] as ethylbenzene oxidation catalysts. of ozone with 4-bromethylbenzene and 4-bromacetophenone Zirconium catalyst, modified with chromium, was active in acetic acid at different temperatures; for ethylbenzene conversion (65%) with 77 % selectivity – to determine the constants of the rate of reactions of towards acetophenone at the temperature of 60 °C. Another ozone with 4-bromethylbenzene and 4-bromacetophenone in ferrum-based catalyst, mounted on substrate of SiO2/Al 2O3 acetic acid at different temperatures; was used in article [13] for ethylbenzene oxidation by molec- – to study the kinetic patterns and the mechanism of ular oxygen to corresponding acetophenone. Ethylbenzene the reaction of oxidation of 4-bromethylbenzen by ozone in oxidation [14] was conducted over silicates TS-1, VS-1 acetic acid. and SN-silicalite-1 (MFI structure) at the temperature of 60–80 °C. The main products of the reaction were 1-pheny- lethanol and acetophenone. Hydroxylation of the aromatic 4. Procedure of ozonation of 4-bromethylbenzene and ring led to the formation of 4-hydroxyethylbenzene. The analysis of reactive mass catalytic effect of a small amount of water (~10-3 mol/l), added to the reaction of oxidation of ethylbenzene by mo- Ice acetic acid of pure chemical brand without prior lecular oxygen, which is catalyzed by the system {Fe (III) purification, chromatographic pure 4-bromethylbenzen and (acac) 3+18-crown-6 (18C6)}, was revealed in paper [15]. 4-bromacetophenone were used in the experiments. Ozone An increase in the rate of the reaction and a change in the was synthesized from the air in the barrier discharge [19]. direction of oxidation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Allyson M. Buytendyk
    DISCOVERING THE ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF METAL HYDRIDES, METAL OXIDES AND ORGANIC MOLECULES USING ANION PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY by Allyson M. Buytendyk A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland September, 2015 © 2015 Allyson M. Buytendyk All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Negatively charged molecular ions were studied in the gas phase using anion photoelectron spectroscopy. By coupling theory with the experimentally measured electronic structure, the geometries of the neutral and anion complexes could be predicted. The experiments were conducted using a one-of-a-kind time- of-flight mass spectrometer coupled with a pulsed negative ion photoelectron spectrometer. The molecules studied include metal oxides, metal hydrides, aromatic heterocylic organic compounds, and proton-coupled organic acids. Metal oxides serve as catalysts in reactions from many scientific fields and understanding the catalysis process at the molecular level could help improve reaction efficiencies - - (Chapter 1). The experimental investigation of the super-alkali anions, Li3O and Na3O , revealed both photodetachment and photoionization occur due to the low ionization potential of both neutral molecules. Additionally, HfO- and ZrO- were studied, and although both Hf and Zr have very similar atomic properties, their oxides differ greatly where ZrO- has a much lower electron affinity than HfO-. In the pursuit of using hydrogen as an environmentally friendly fuel alternative, a practical method for storing hydrogen is necessary and metal hydrides are thought to be the answer (Chapter 2). Studies yielding structural and electronic information about the hydrogen - - bonding/interacting in the complex, such as in MgH and AlH4 , are vital to constructing a practical hydrogen storage device.
    [Show full text]
  • Ozonedisinfection.Pdf
    ETI - Environmental Technology Initiative Project funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Assistance Agreement No. CX824652 What is disinfection? Human exposure to wastewater discharged into the environment has increased in the last 15 to 20 years with the rise in population and the greater demand for water resources for recreation and other purposes. Disinfection of wastewater is done to prevent infectious diseases from being spread and to ensure that water is safe for human contact and the environment. There is no perfect disinfectant. However, there are certain characteristics to look for when choosing the most suitable disinfectant: • Ability to penetrate and destroy infectious agents under normal operating conditions; • Lack of characteristics that could be harmful to people and the environment; • Safe and easy handling, shipping, and storage; • Absence of toxic residuals, such as cancer-causing compounds, after disinfection; and • Affordable capital and operation and maintenance (O&M) costs. What is ozone disinfection? One common method of disinfecting wastewater is ozonation (also known as ozone disinfection). Ozone is an unstable gas that can destroy bacteria and viruses. It is formed when oxygen molecules (O2) collide with oxygen atoms to produce ozone (O3). Ozone is generated by an electrical discharge through dry air or pure oxygen and is generated onsite because it decomposes to elemental oxygen in a short amount of time. After generation, ozone is fed into a down-flow contact chamber containing the wastewater to be disinfected. From the bottom of the contact chamber, ozone is diffused into fine bubbles that mix with the downward flowing wastewater. See Figure 1 on page 2 for a schematic of the ozonation process.
    [Show full text]
  • Selective Conversion of Acetone to Isobutene and Acetic Acid On
    Journal of Catalysis 360 (2018) 66–80 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Catalysis journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jcat Selective conversion of acetone to isobutene and acetic acid on aluminosilicates: Kinetic coupling between acid-catalyzed and radical- mediated pathways ⇑ Stanley Herrmann, Enrique Iglesia Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, United States article info abstract Article history: Solid Brønsted acids catalyze aldol condensations that form CAC bonds and remove O-atoms from oxy- Received 1 December 2017 genate reactants, but sequential b-scission reactions also cleave CAC bonds, leading to isobutene and Revised 25 January 2018 acetic acid products for acetone reactants. The elementary steps and site requirements that cause these Accepted 29 January 2018 selectivities to depend sensitively on Al content and framework type in aluminosilicate solid acids remain speculative. Acetone reactions on microporous and mesoporous aluminosilicates (FER, TON, MFI, BEA, MCM-41) showed highest b-scission selectivities on MFI and BEA; they increased as the Al content and Keywords: the intracrystalline density of active protons decreased. The effects of acetone and H O pressure on turn- Solid Brønsted acids 2 over rates and selectivities indicate that an equilibrated pool of reactive C ketols and alkenones are pre- Aldol condensation 6 b-Scission in oxygenates sent at pseudo-steady-state concentrations during catalysis and that they act as intermediates in b- Radical chain cycles scission routes. Two distinct C6 b-scission pathways contribute to the formation of isobutene and acetic Confinement effects acid: (i) a minor H2O-mediated route involving b-scission of C6 ketols on protons and (ii) the predominant anhydrous path, in which H-transfer forms unsaturated C6 enols at protons and these enols propagate radical chains mediated by transition states stabilized by van der Waals contacts within vicinal microp- orous voids.
    [Show full text]
  • Method 323—Measurement of Formaldehyde Emissions from Natural Gas-Fired Stationary Sources—Acetyl Acetone Derivitization Method
    While we have taken steps to ensure the accuracy of this Internet version of the document, it is not the official version. Please refer to the official version in the FR publication, which appears on the Government Printing Office's FDSys website (http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?). Method 323—Measurement of Formaldehyde Emissions From Natural Gas-Fired Stationary Sources—Acetyl Acetone Derivitization Method 1.0 Introduction. This method describes the sampling and analysis procedures of the acetyl acetone colorimetric method for measuring formaldehyde emissions in the exhaust of natural gas-fired, stationary combustion sources. This method, which was prepared by the Gas Research Institute (GRI), is based on the Chilled Impinger Train Method for Methanol, Acetone, Acetaldehyde, Methyl Ethyl Ketone, and Formaldehyde (Technical Bulletin No. 684) developed and published by the National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc. (NCASI). However, this method has been prepared specifically for formaldehyde and does not include specifications (e.g., equipment and supplies) and procedures (e.g., sampling and analytical) for methanol, acetone, acetaldehyde, and methyl ethyl ketone. To obtain reliable results, persons using this method should have a thorough knowledge of at least Methods 1 and 2 of 40 CFR part 60, appendix A–1; Method 3 of 40 CFR part 60, appendix A–2; and Method 4 of 40 CFR part 60, appendix A–3. 1.1 Scope and Application 1.1.1 Analytes. The only analyte measured by this method is formaldehyde (CAS Number 50–00–0). 1.1.2 Applicability. This method is for analyzing formaldehyde emissions from uncontrolled and controlled natural gas-fired, stationary combustion sources.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Co-Production of Acetic
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Co-production of Acetic Acid and Hydrogen/Power from Natural Gas with Zero Carbon Dioxide Emissions A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Chemical Engineering by Ibubeleye Somiari 2017 © Copyright by Ibubeleye Somiari 2017 ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS Co-production of Acetic Acid and Hydrogen/Power from Natural Gas with Zero Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Ibubeleye Somiari Master of Science in Chemical Engineering University of California, Los Angeles, 2017 Professor Vasilios Manousiouthakis, Chair In this work, a process plant flow sheet that co-produces acetic acid and hydrogen/power from natural gas with zero carbon dioxide emissions is developed. Two cases are explored: the production of acetic acid and hydrogen (case 1) and the production of acetic acid and power (case 2). This is realized by the selection of an appropriate reaction cluster whose sum results in the overall reaction that co-produces acetic acid and hydrogen/power. The concept of energetic self- sufficiency is introduced and it imposes constraints on the system defined in terms of the ratio of oxygen feed to acetic acid produced. Heat and power integration of the converged flowsheet reveals an operating range for each case that guarantees energetic self-sufficiency. Operating points are chosen to conduct a preliminary economic analysis and a carbon dioxide cost and performance metric calculation to quantify profitability and carbon capture potential of the overall process. ii The thesis of Ibubeleye Somiari is approved. Yvonne Chen Tatiana Segura Vasilios Manousiouthakis, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2017 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Decomposition Kinetics of Peracetic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide in Municipal Wastewaters
    Disinfection Forum No 10, October 2015 The Decomposition Kinetics of Peracetic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide in Municipal Wastewaters INTRODUCTION Efficient control of microbial populations in municipal wastewater using peracetic acid (PAA) requires an understanding of the PAA decomposition kinetics. This knowledge is critical to ensure the proper dosing of PAA needed to achieve an adequate concentration within the contact time of the disinfection chamber. In addition, the impact of PAA on the environment, post-discharge into the receiving water body, also is dependent upon the longevity of the PAA in the environment, before decomposing to acetic acid, oxygen and water. As a result, the decomposition kinetics of PAA may have a significant impact on aquatic and environmental toxicity. PAA is not manufactured as a pure compound. The solution exists as an equilibrium mixture of PAA, hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, and water: ↔ + + Acetic Acid Hydrogen Peroxide Peracetic Acid Water PeroxyChem’s VigorOx® WWT II Wastewater Disinfection Technology contains 15% peracetic acid by weight and 23% hydrogen peroxide as delivered. Although hydrogen peroxide is present in the formulation, peracetic acid is considered to be the active component for disinfection1 in wastewater. There have been several published studies investigating the decomposition kinetics of PAA in different water matrices, including municipal wastewater2-7. Yuan7 states that PAA may be consumed in the following three competitive reactions: 1. Spontaneous decomposition 2 CH3CO3H à 2 CH3CO2H + O2 Eq (1) 2. Hydrolysis CH3CO3H + H2O à CH3CO2H + H2O2 Eq (2) 3. Transition metal catalyzed decomposition + CH3CO3H + M à CH3CO2H + O2 + other products Eq (3) At neutral pH’s, both peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide can be rapidly consumed by these reactions7 (hydrogen peroxide will decompose to water and oxygen via 2H2O2 à 2H2O + O2).
    [Show full text]
  • Peracetic Acid Processing
    Peracetic Acid Processing Identification Chemical Name(s): CAS Number: peroxyacetic acid, ethaneperoxic acid 79-21-0 Other Names: Other Codes: per acid, periacetic acid, PAA NIOSH Registry Number: SD8750000 TRI Chemical ID: 000079210 UN/ID Number: UN3105 Summary Recommendation Synthetic / Allowed or Suggested Non-Synthetic: Prohibited: Annotation: Synthetic Allowed (consensus) Allowed only for direct food contact for use in wash water. Allowed as a (consensus) sanitizer on surfaces in contact with organic food. (consensus) From hydrogen peroxide and fermented acetic acid sources only. (Not discussed by processing reviewers--see discussion of source under Crops PAA TAP review.) Characterization Composition: C2H4O3. Peracetic acid is a mixture of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in an aqueous solution. Acetic acid is the principle component of vinegar. Hydrogen peroxide has been previously recommended by the NOSB for the National List in processing (synthetic, allowed at Austin, 1995). Properties: It is a very strong oxidizing agent and has stronger oxidation potential than chlorine or chlorine dioxide. Liquid, clear, and colorless with no foaming capability. It has a strong pungent acetic acid odor, and the pH is acid (2.8). Specific gravity is 1.114 and weighs 9.28 pounds per gallon. Stable upon transport. How Made: Peracetic acid (PAA) is produced by reacting acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The reaction is allowed to continue for up to ten days in order to achieve high yields of product according to the following equation. O O || || CH3-C-OH + H2O2 CH3C-O-OH + H2O acetic acid hydrogen peroxyacetic peroxide acid Due to reaction limitations, PAA generation can be up to 15% with residual levels of hydrogen peroxide (up to 25%) and acetic acid (up to 35%) with water up to 25%.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethanol Purification with Ozonation, Activated Carbon Adsorption, and Gas Stripping Shinnosuke Onuki Iowa State University
    Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Publications 9-4-2015 Ethanol purification with ozonation, activated carbon adsorption, and gas stripping Shinnosuke Onuki Iowa State University Jacek A. Koziel Iowa State University, [email protected] William S. Jenks Iowa State University, [email protected] Lingshuang Cai Iowa State University Somchai Rice Iowa State University SeFoe nelloxtw pa thige fors aaddndition addal aitutionhorsal works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/abe_eng_pubs Part of the Agriculture Commons, Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering Commons, and the Organic Chemistry Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ abe_eng_pubs/909. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ethanol purification with ozonation, activated carbon adsorption, and gas stripping Abstract Fermentation of sugar to produce ethanol also produces volatile byproducts. This study was aimed at purifying corn-based ethanol for industrial and pharmaceutical use. The er search was on treatment for 10 impurities removal after distillation. The the anol headspace was sampled with solid-phase microextraction and analyzed with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. A 40 mg/L ozone treatment resulted in >56% and >36% removal of styrene and 2-pentylfuran, respectively, without significant generation of byproducts.
    [Show full text]
  • Publication No. 17: Ozone Treatment of Private Drinking Water Systems
    PRIVATE DRINKING WATER IN CONNECTICUT Publication Date: April 2009 Publication No. 17: Ozone Treatment of Private Drinking Water Systems Effective Against: Pathogenic (disease-causing) organisms including bacteria and viruses, phenols (aromatic organic compounds), some color, taste and odor problems, iron, manganese, and turbidity. Not Effective Against: Large cysts and some other large organisms resulting from possible or probable sewage contamination, inorganic chemicals, and heavy metals. How Ozone (O3) Treatment Works Ozone is a chemical form of pure oxygen. Like chlorine, ozone is a strong oxidizing agent and is used in much the same way to kill disease-causing bacteria and viruses. It is effective against most amoebic cysts, and destroys bacteria and some aromatic organic compounds (such as phenols). Ozone may not kill large cysts and some other large organisms, so these should be eliminated by filtration or other procedures prior to ozone treatment. Ozone is effective in eliminating or controlling color, taste, and odor problems. It also oxidizes iron and manganese. Ozone treatment units are installed as point-of-use treatment systems. Raw water enters one opening and treated water emerges from another. Inside the treatment unit, ozone is produced by an electrical corona discharge or ultraviolet irradiation of dry air or oxygen. The ozone is mixed with the water whenever the water pump is running. Ozone generation units require a system to clean and remove the humidity from the air. For proper disinfection the water to be treated must have negligible color and turbidity levels. The system requires routine maintenance and an ozone treatment system can be very energy consumptive.
    [Show full text]
  • Interaction of Ozone and Hydrogen Peroxide in Water Implications For
    UC Irvine Faculty Publications Title Interaction of ozone and hydrogen peroxide in water: Implications for analysis of H 2 O 2 in air Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7j7454z7 Journal Geophysical Research Letters, 9(3) ISSN 00948276 Authors Zika, R. G Saltzman, E. S Publication Date 1982-03-01 DOI 10.1029/GL009i003p00231 License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 4.0 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California GEOPHYSICLARESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 9, NO. 3, PAGES231-234 , MARCH1982 INTERACTION OF OZONE AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE IN WATER: IMPLICATIONSFORANALYSIS oFH20 2 IN AIR R.G. Zika and E.S. Saltzman Division of Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 331#9 Abstract. We have attempted to measure gaseous Analytical Methods H202 in air usingan aqueoustrapping method. With continuousbubbling, H 20 2 levels in the traps reacheda a. Hydrogen Peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide in aqueous plateau, indicating that a state of dynamic equilibrium solution was measured using a modified fluorescence involving H202 destrbction was established. We decay technique [Perschke and Broda, 1976; Zika and attribute this behavior to the interaction of ozone and its Zelmer, 1982]. The method involved the addition of a decompositionproducts (OH, O[) withH 20 2 inacld:•ous known amot•at of scopoletin (6-methyl-7-hydroxyl-i,2- solution. This hypothesis was investigated by replacing benzopyrone)to a pH 7.0 phosphatebuffered. sample. the air stream with a mixture of N2, 02 and 0 3. The The sample was prepared bY diluting an aliquot of the results Of this experiment show that H O was both reaction solution to 20 mls with low contaminant producedand destroyedin the traps.
    [Show full text]
  • Ozone: Good up High, Bad Nearby
    actions you can take High-Altitude “Good” Ozone Ground-Level “Bad” Ozone •Protect yourself against sunburn. When the UV Index is •Check the air quality forecast in your area. At times when the Air “high” or “very high”: Limit outdoor activities between 10 Quality Index (AQI) is forecast to be unhealthy, limit physical exertion am and 4 pm, when the sun is most intense. Twenty minutes outdoors. In many places, ozone peaks in mid-afternoon to early before going outside, liberally apply a broad-spectrum evening. Change the time of day of strenuous outdoor activity to avoid sunscreen with a Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of at least 15. these hours, or reduce the intensity of the activity. For AQI forecasts, Reapply every two hours or after swimming or sweating. For check your local media reports or visit: www.epa.gov/airnow UV Index forecasts, check local media reports or visit: www.epa.gov/sunwise/uvindex.html •Help your local electric utilities reduce ozone air pollution by conserving energy at home and the office. Consider setting your •Use approved refrigerants in air conditioning and thermostat a little higher in the summer. Participate in your local refrigeration equipment. Make sure technicians that work on utilities’ load-sharing and energy conservation programs. your car or home air conditioners or refrigerator are certified to recover the refrigerant. Repair leaky air conditioning units •Reduce air pollution from cars, trucks, gas-powered lawn and garden before refilling them. equipment, boats and other engines by keeping equipment properly tuned and maintained. During the summer, fill your gas tank during the cooler evening hours and be careful not to spill gasoline.
    [Show full text]
  • Measurement of Formic and Acetic Acid in Air by Chemical Ionization Mass Spectroscopy: Airborne Method Development
    University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Open Access Master's Theses 2015 Measurement of Formic and Acetic Acid in Air by Chemical Ionization Mass Spectroscopy: Airborne Method Development Victoria Treadaway University of Rhode Island, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses Recommended Citation Treadaway, Victoria, "Measurement of Formic and Acetic Acid in Air by Chemical Ionization Mass Spectroscopy: Airborne Method Development" (2015). Open Access Master's Theses. Paper 603. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses/603 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MEASUREMENT OF FORMIC AND ACETIC ACID IN AIR BY CHEMICAL IONIZATION MASS SPECTROSCOPY: AIRBORNE METHOD DEVELOPMENT BY VICTORIA TREADAWAY A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN OCEANOGRAPHY UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2015 MASTER OF SCIENCE THESIS OF VICTORIA TREADAWAY APPROVED: Thesis Committee: Major Professor Brian Heikes John Merrill James Smith Nasser H. Zawia DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2015 ABSTRACT The goals of this study were to determine whether formic and acetic acid could be quantified from the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry Experiment (DC3) through post-mission calibration and analysis and to optimize a reagent gas mix with CH3I, CO2, and O2 that allows quantitative cluster ion formation with hydroperoxides and organic acids suitable for use in future field measurements.
    [Show full text]