Richard C. Remy, Ph.D., is professor emeritus in the Col- Saffell is coauthor of State of Local Government: Politics and lege of Education at The Ohio State University, and Senior Public Policies, 7th edition, published by McGraw-Hill. He Consultant on Civic Education with the Mershon Center for has authored and edited several other books dealing with International Security and Public Policy at Ohio State. He American government. received his Ph.D. in political science from Northwestern University. His books include: United States Government: Gary E. Clayton, Ph.D., currently teaches economics at Democracy in Action, Building Civic Education for Democracy Northern Kentucky University. He received his Ph.D. in Eco- in Poland, American Government and National Security, and nomics from the University of Utah, has taught economics Lessons on the Constitution. In the 1990s Dr. Remy created and finance at several universities and internationally, and and codirected a long-term project with the Polish Ministry has authored a number of books. Dr. Clayton appeared on of National Education and the Center for Citizenship Educa- numerous radio and television programs and was a guest tion, Warsaw to develop new civic education programs for commentator for NPR’s Marketplace. Dr. Clayton has a long- Polish students, teachers, and teacher educators. standing interest in economic education. He has partici- pated in numerous economic education workshops, and is John J. Patrick, Ed.D., is a professor emeritus of Educa- a National Council on Economic Education Kazanjian Award tion at Indiana University, Bloomington. He is the author winner. Dr. Clayton most recently received a year 2000 or coauthor of many publications about civics and govern- Leavey Award for Excellence in Private Enterprise Education ment, such as The Oxford Guide to the United States Gov- from the Freedoms Foundation at Valley Forge, and is the ernment, The Supreme Court of the United States: A Student recipient of a national teaching award from the National Companion, The Bill of Rights: A History in Documents, Found- Council on Economic Education. Most recently Dr. Clayton ing the Republic, and Constitutional Debates on Freedom of was the recipient of NKU’s 2005 Frank Sinton Milburn Out- Religion. He is a member of the Standing Committee on standing Professor Award. Civics for the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). Since 1992 he has been involved in several international Civics education projects involving post-Communist Contributing Author countries. In 2002 he received Indiana University’s John W. Dinah Zike, M.Ed., is an award winning author, educa- Ryan Award for distinguished achievements in International tor, and inventor known for designing three-dimensional Programs. In 2003 he received the Sagamore of the Wabash hands-on manipulatives and graphic organizers known Award from the Governor of Indiana in recognition of his as Foldables™. Foldables are used nationally and interna- long-term contributions to civic education in Indiana. In tionally by teachers, parents, and educational publishing 2005, he was the original recipient of the Indiana State Bar companies. Dinah has developed over 150 supplemental Association’s civic eduation award. educational books and materials. She is the author of The Big Book of Books and Activities, which was awarded Learn- David C. Saffell, Ph.D., received his Ph.D. degree in ing Magazine’s Teachers’ Choice Award. In 2004, Dinah was political science from the University of Minnesota. He has honored with the CESI Science Advocacy Award. Dinah taught at Ohio Northern University since 1972, serving as received her M.Ed. from Texas A&M, College Station, Texas. chair of the Social Science Division for 15 years. Professor

Copyright ©2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the Unites States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be repro- duced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior permission of the publisher.

TIME Reports and TIME Teens in Action © Time Inc. Prepared by TIME Learning Ventures in collaboration with Glencoe/McGraw-Hill. TIME and the red border design are trademarks of Time Inc. used under license.

Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027

ISBN: 978-0-07-879244-1 MHID: 0-07-879244-4

Printed in the United States of America. 1 2 3 4 5 6 079/043 11 10 09 08 07 CONSULTANTS AND REVIEWERS

Academic Consultants

Brandon Bartels, Ph.D. Nancy R. Cope Carrie Meyer, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Political Science Educational Consultant Associate Professor of Economics Stony Brook University Professional Connections George Mason University Stony Brook, New York Sanford, North Carolina Fairfax, Virginia Jody Baumgartner, Ph.D. Nancy Lind, Ph.D. Emmanuel Oritsejafor, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Political Science Associate Department Chair, Professor Associate Professor of Political Science East Carolina University of Political Science North Carolina Central University Greenville, North Carolina Illinois State University Durham, North Carolina Normal, Illinois Jeff Biddle, Ph.D. Bassam Yousif, Ph.D. Professor of Economics Scott McClurg, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Economics Michigan State University Assistant Professor of Political Science Indiana State University East Lansing, Michigan Southern Illinois University Terre Haute, Indiana Carbondale, Illinois Teacher Reviewers

Cliff Avant Erika Flanagan Rebecca Mabrey Bleckley County High School Independence High School Central Cabarrus High School Cochran, Georgia Charlotte, North Carolina Concord, North Carolina Angela Baker Jennifer Goss Anne McCanless Cary High School Fleetwood Area High School Providence High School Cary, North Carolina Fleetwood, Pennsylvania Charlotte, North Carolina Brian Barnes Jeanne Hamacher Brian Myatt Hibriten High School Lake Park High School Oneida High School Lenoir, North Carolina Roselle, Indiana Oneida, New York Lori Braunstein Frank Hobby Bill Schreier Aurora Central High School Lake Norman High School Wheaton Warrenville South Aurora, Colorado Mooresville, North Carolina High School Wheaton, Illinois Heather Bridges Jodi Howell Mills University Studies High School West Albany High School Russell Sousa Little Rock, Arkansas Albany, Oregon Fort Myers High School Fort Myers, Florida Nathan Bruck Lee Hudson Greenfield-Central High School West Johnston High School Brian Stevens Greenfield, Indiana Benson, North Carolina Coldwater High School Coldwater, Michigan Dorothea Bryant Stacey Jarvis Huron High School E.E. Waddell High School Diane Stewart Ann Arbor, Michigan Charlotte, North Carolina Chester County High School Henderson, Tennessee Michael Clark Doug Jones Hall High School Monroe High School John Sullivan Little Rock, Arkansas Monroe, North Carolina Belmont High School Belmont, Massachusetts Scott D’Amico Annette King Hopewell High School Colquitt County High School Stephen Venezia Huntersville, North Carolina Moultrie, Georgia Marblehead High School Marblehead, Massachusetts Brad Donovan Vanessa Lal Steinkamp Willapa Valley High School Adlai Stevenson High School Menlo, Washington Lincolnshire, Illinois

NC3 NNorthorth CCarolinaarolina AAdvisorydvisory BBoardoard

Betty Clagg Janie Copple Kathleen R. Kimberly Duke Barbara F. Evans Social Studies Curriculum Facilitator Dempsey, NBCT Social Studies Academic Content Department Chair Rankin Elementary Social Studies Teacher Content Coach Coach Gaston County Schools School Wake County Charlotte-Mecklenburg Charlotte-Mecklenburg Gastonia, Guilford County Public Schools Schools Schools North Carolina Schools Raleigh, Charlotte, Charlotte Greensboro, North Carolina North Carolina North Carolina North Carolina

Susan S. Hirsch Melissa S. Wood Shanniska S. Smith- Anne M. Kosuda Social Studies Hockaday, NBCT Howard Assistant Principal Department Leader Humanities Social Studies Wayne County East Wake High School Department Chair Department Chair Public Schools Wake County Public Schools East Garner Magnet Ranson IB Middle School Goldsboro, North Carolina Wendell, North Carolina Middle School Charlotte-Mecklenburg Wake County Public Schools Schools Garner, North Carolina Charlotte, North Carolina

Gregg Carleton Lee Scott McAbee Marvine J. Myers W. Ray Parrish Social Studies Social Studies Social Studies AP U.S. History and Current Department Chair Department Chair Department Chair Events/Government Teacher Walter M. Williams North Forsyth High School East Davidson High School Northwest Guilford High School Winston-Salem/Forsyth Davidson County Schools High School Alamance-Burlington County Schools Thomasville, North Carolina Guilford County Schools School System Winston-Salem, North Greensboro, North Carolina Burlington, North Carolina Carolina

Craig A. Paul Connie Shultz Russell James C. Thomas Eleanor B. Wilson Social Studies Teacher Social Studies Department Teacher Trainer Social Studies Teacher Guy Phillips Middle School Chair and Lead Mentor Offi ce of Continuous Grandview Middle School Chapel Hill-Carrboro C.C. Griffi n Middle School Improvement and Hickory City Schools City Schools Cabarrus County Schools Professional Development Hickory, North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina Concord, North Carolina Cary, North Carolina

NC4 FOCUS ON NORTH CAROLINA

A Note From the Authors elcome to Civics Today: Citizenship, Economics & You. The content Wof this course focuses on the economic, legal, and political systems in our nation. During this course, you will be acquiring the skills and knowledge necessary to become a responsible citizen and consumer in an interdependent world. We have written this text with several goals in mind. First, we want you to practice the North Carolina Correlations to the Social Studies Skills Competency Goals. These goals help you learn, make decisions, and develop into a knowledgeable and capable citizen. Next, we want you to master the North Carolina Competency Goals Civics and Economics. These competency goals and objectives outline the information you should learn and be able to work with as you take the course. As a preview, you may want to read over the competency goals with your parents or caregivers. Many of the phrases and terms may not be familiar at fi rst, but together with your family you can outline some steps you can take to achieve profi ciency. You may also plan to review these competency goals from time to time to help the things you learn fall into place. The importance of the knowledge and skills you gain this year extends well beyond your classroom. We study civics and economics not only to learn about the processes by which our country operates, but also to become better citizens. Studying civics and economics enables us to understand the importance of patriotism, to function in a free- enterprise economy, and to appreciate the basic values of our nation. We hope that this textbook will help you succeed as a student and as an informed citizen.

NC5 A Note From the Authors ...... NC5 Scavenger Hunt...... NC21 Understanding the Big Ideas...... NC22 How Does Civics Today: Citizenship, Economics, & You Help Me Succeed?...... NC24 Correlations to the Social Studies Skills Competency Goals ...... NC26 North Carolina Competency Goals, Civics and Economics Grade 10 . . . . .NC30 Focus on North Carolina Data Bank ...... NC38

Foundations of American Citizenship ...... 2 Chapter 1 The American People ...... 4 Section 1 The Diversity of Americans ...... 6 Section 2 Who Are America’s Citizens? ...... 14 Section 3 Government and the People ...... 20 Chapter 2 Roots of American Democracy ...... 30 Section 1 Our English Heritage ...... 32 Section 2 The English Colonies...... 38 Section 3 Colonial Society ...... 44 Section 4 Birth of a Democratic Nation...... 50 *The Declaration of Independence...... 60 Chapter 3 The Constitution...... 64 Section 1 The Nation’s First Governments ...... 66 Section 2 The Road to the Constitution ...... 71 Section 3 The Structure of Our Constitution ...... 79 Section 4 Principles Underlying the Constitution ...... 85 *The Constitution of the United States ...... 94

NC6 (l)Crittenden Studio/Jupiter Images; (r)Getty Images TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 4 The Bill of Rights ...... 118 Section 1 The First Amendment ...... 120 Section 2 The Bill of Rights ...... 126 Section 3 Extending the Bill of Rights...... 133 Section 4 The Civil Rights Struggle ...... 139 Chapter 5 Citizenship and Government in a Democracy ...... 148 Section 1 Duties and Responsibilities ...... 150 Section 2 Citizens and the Community ...... 156

The National Government ...... 170 Chapter 6 The Legislative Branch ...... 174 Section 1 How Congress Is Organized ...... 176 Section 2 Powers of Congress ...... 184 Section 3 Representing the People ...... 190 Section 4 How a Bill Becomes a Law...... 197 Chapter 7 The Executive Branch...... 206 Section 1 The President and Vice President...... 208 Section 2 The President’s Job...... 214 Section 3 Making Foreign Policy ...... 219 Section 4 Presidential Advisers and Executive Agencies ...... 224 Chapter 8 The Judicial Branch ...... 236 Section 1 The Federal Courts...... 238 Section 2 How Federal Courts Are Organized ...... 243 Section 3 The Supreme Court ...... 248 Section 4 The Supreme Court at Work ...... 254

Political Parties and Interest Groups ...... 266 Chapter 9 Political Parties and Politics ...... 270 Section 1 Development of Political Parties ...... 272 Section 2 Role of Political Parties Today...... 278 Chapter 10 Voting and Elections ...... 290 Section 1 Who Can Vote? ...... 292 Section 2 Election Campaigns ...... 300 Section 3 Paying for Election Campaigns ...... 305 Chapter 11 Influencing Government ...... 316 Section 1 Forming Public Opinion...... 318 Section 2 The Mass Media ...... 326 Section 3 Interest Groups ...... 332

The Tarheel State...... 344 Chapter 12 Roots of Government in North Carolina ...... 348 Section 1 First in Freedom ...... 350 Section 2 The Constitution of North Carolina...... 354 Section 3 Rights of Citizens ...... 359 Section 4 The Civil Rights Movement...... 364

NC7 Bettmann/CORBIS TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 13 North Carolina State Government ...... 374 Section 1 The Legislative Branch ...... 376 Section 2 The Executive Branch ...... 383 Section 3 The Judicial Branch ...... 388 Chapter 14 Local Government and Finances ...... 400 Section 1 Municipal Government in North Carolina ...... 402 Section 2 County Government ...... 406 Section 3 Government Finances ...... 410 The Individual, the Law, and the Internet ...... 420 Chapter 15 Legal Rights and Responsibilities ...... 424 Section 1 Sources of Our Laws ...... 426 Section 2 Types of Laws ...... 430 Section 3 The American Legal System ...... 435 Chapter 16 Civil and Criminal Law ...... 446 Section 1 Civil Cases ...... 448 Section 2 Criminal Cases ...... 452 Section 3 Young People and the Courts ...... 460 Chapter 17 Citizenship and the Internet ...... 468 Section 1 Civic Participation ...... 470 Section 2 Challenges for Democracy ...... 474 Section 3 Regulating the Internet ...... 480

The Economy and the Individual ...... 492 Chapter 18 What Is Economics? ...... 496 Section 1 How Economic Systems Work ...... 498 Section 2 Making Economic Decisions ...... 503 Chapter 19 The American Economy ...... 514 Section 1 Economic Resources...... 516 Section 2 Economic Activity...... 520 Section 3 Capitalism and Free Enterprise ...... 527 Chapter 20 Personal Finance and Economics ...... 536 Section 1 Managing Your Money ...... 538 Section 2 Planning and Budgeting...... 544 Section 3 Saving and Investing...... 552 Section 4 Achieving Your Financial Goals ...... 559 Chapter 21 Demand and Supply ...... 566 Section 1 Demand...... 568 Section 2 Factors Affecting Supply...... 573 Section 3 Supply and the Supply Curve...... 580 Section 4 Demand and Supply at Work ...... 587

NC8 Table of Contents Gene Ahrens/SuperStock TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 22 Business and Labor ...... 598 Section 1 Types of Businesses ...... 600 Section 2 The American Labor Force...... 608 Section 3 Businesses in Our Economy...... 615

The Free Enterprise System...... 624 Chapter 23 Government and the Economy...... 628 Section 1 The Role of Government ...... 630 Section 2 Measuring the Economy...... 637 Section 3 Government, the Economy, and You ...... 646 Chapter 24 Money and Banking...... 654 Section 1 What Is Money? ...... 656 Section 2 The Federal Reserve System ...... 660 Section 3 How Banks Operate...... 666 Chapter 25 Government Finances...... 674 Section 1 The Federal Government ...... 676 Section 2 State and Local Governments ...... 681 Section 3 Managing the Economy ...... 687

The United States and the World ...... 700 Chapter 26 Comparing Economic Systems ...... 704 Section 1 International Trade...... 706 Section 2 Economic Systems ...... 715 Section 3 Economies in Transition ...... 721 Chapter 27 An Interdependent World ...... 732 Section 1 Global Developments ...... 734 Section 2 The United Nations ...... 739 Section 3 Human Rights ...... 743

Appendix

What Is an Appendix and How Do I Use One? ...... 755 Skills Handbook ...... 756 Flag Etiquette...... 767 Historical Documents ...... 768 Data Bank ...... 784 Supreme Court Case Summaries ...... 792 United States Facts...... 798 United States Presidents...... 800 National Geographic Reference Atlas...... 806 Glossary/Glosario ...... 814 Index...... 850 Acknowledgments ...... 869

Table of Contents NC9 ThinkStock/Jupiter Images TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 “Our National Fabric” ...... 12 Chapter 2 “The Horse America Throwing His Master” ...... 52 Chapter 3 “So…Where Do I Draw The Line? ...... 86 Chapter 4 “Hall Of American Heroes” ...... 140 Chapter 5 “The Most Powerful Force”...... 158 Chapter 6 “Pork”...... 195 Chapter 7 “Poseidon ...... 220 Chapter 8 “Do you ever” ...... 252 Chapter 9 “Campaign Finance Reform” ...... 282 Chapter 20 “High Cost of Gasoline”...... 546 Chapter 10 “Sacrifice?” ...... 298 Chapter 21 “Supply and Demand” ...... 588 Chapter 11 “Special Interests”...... 335 Chapter 22 “We’re Leaving” ...... 609 Chapter 12 “Tall Ships Sail to North Carolina”. . . . 361 Chapter 23 “Wages” ...... 639 Chapter 13 “American Idle” ...... 378 Chapter 24 “Interest Rates”...... 663 Chapter 14 “Meanwhile Down in the Talent Pool” ...... 418 Chapter 25 “Social Security/Medicare”...... 689 Chapter 15 “U.S. Constitution” ...... 437 Chapter 26 “Trade Deficit”...... 710 Chapter 16 “A Stupid Idea”...... 449 Chapter 27 “Information Superhighway” ...... 747 Chapter 17 “Spam Forever” ...... 481 Chapter 18 “New Interest”...... 505 Chapter 19 “Act Immediately”...... 528 Chris Garrett ...... 17 Amelia Pennewell ...... 48 Kushal Kadakia ...... 82 Jackie Fernandez ...... 130 Geneva Johnson...... 152 Sarah Seufer ...... 193 Shauna Fleming...... 216 Clayton G. Lillard ...... 246 Emily Nguyen ...... 281 Michael Sessions ...... 302 Alix Olian ...... 323 Sam Hay ...... 362 Prateek Peres-da-Silva ...... 384

NC10 Table of Contents Jupiter Images FEATURES

RREPORTSEPORTS

A Nation of Givers ...... 168 The White House ...... 234 The Machinery of Democracy...... 314 North Carolina’s Education Revolution . . .398 New Laws on Immigration ...... 444 Oil and Gas Consumption in the U.S...... 596 The Federal Deficit ...... 696 New Technology for the Developing World ...... 730

Bita Emrani ...... 403 Jeremy Verbit ...... 432 Sarah Carr ...... 462 Keegan Flynn...... 482 Jessica Painter ...... 507 Erika Fields ...... 523 Jon Russell ...... 561 Daniel Lawrence ...... 570 Brittany Clifford ...... 617 Erika Herman ...... 648 Andres Mendoza...... 668 Katie Anderton ...... 691 Jacorey Patterson...... 724 Kevin McGregor ...... 740

NC11 FEATURES

Is the Patriot Act an infringement of Thomas Jefferson...... 53 privacy? ...... 125 James Madison ...... 76 Does a public library have the right Martin Luther King, Jr...... 141 to censor Internet information? . . . .189 Marian Wright Edelman ...... 159 Does the media have a Ileana Ros-Lehtinen ...... 194 political bias?...... 331 Condoleezza Rice ...... 221 Is Free Trade Good for North Sandra Day O’Connor ...... 250 Carolina’s Economy? ...... 382 Carrie Chapman Catt ...... 295 Can schools punish students for Ethel Percy Andrus...... 322 undesirable blog speech?...... 464 Charlotte Hawkins Brown...... 366 Should Congress raise the Samual Ashe ...... 392 minimum wage? ...... 614 Jerry Yang...... 483 Does outsourcing jobs to other John H. Johnson ...... 500 countries hurt America? ...... 636 David Hernandez ...... 529 Should the United States Open Maria Otero ...... 554 ANWR for oil drilling? ...... 714 Dick Burke ...... 591 César Estrada Chávez...... 611 Elaine Chao ...... 634

Cash or Credit? ...... 138 Federal Revenues and Expenditures . . 155 What Is a Lemon Law?...... 183 Shopping on the Internet...... 338 College Costs: Planning Ahead...... 416 Tinker v. Des Moines Protecting Yourself Against School District ...... 132 Identity Theft...... 479 Dred Scott v. Sandford ...... 144 Simple and Compound Interest ...... 510 Marbury v. Madison ...... 260 Education and Earning Power ...... 526 Hazelwood School District v. Making a Budget...... 550 Kuhlmeier ...... 325 Writing a Résumé: Dos and Don’ts . . . 579 Klopfer v. North Carolina ...... 368 The Job Interview ...... 607 Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg How Much Does It Cost?...... 645 Board of Education ...... 394 Life of a Check...... 670 Gideon v. Wainwright ...... 459 How Do You Calculate Unit Prices? . . 686 Gibbons v. Ogden...... 532 Help Wanted: Tomorrow’s McCulloch v. Maryland ...... 650 Job Market ...... 720

NC12 FEATURES

Unit 1 Making Connections ...... 2 The Magna Carta ...... 768 Unit 2 Finding the Main Idea...... 172 The Mayflower Compact...... 769 Unit 3 Summarizing The Federalist, No. 10...... 769 Information ...... 268 Washington’s Farewell Address . . . .770 Unit 4 Distinguishing Fact The Star-Spangled Banner...... 770 from Opinion ...... 346 The Monroe Doctrine...... 771 Unit 5 Identifying Cause and Effect 422 Memorial of the Cherokee Nation . .771 Unit 6 Comparing and ...... 494 The Seneca Falls Declaration ...... 772 Contrasting The Emancipation Proclamation . . .773 Unit 7 Making Inferences ...... 626 Unit 8 Monitoring and ...... 702 The Gettysburg Address ...... 774 Classifying I Will Fight No more ...... 775 The Pledge of Allegiance...... 775 The American’s Creed ...... 776 The Fourteen Points ...... 776 Brown v. Board of Education ...... 777 John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address ...... 778 I Have a Dream...... 779 Active Citizenship ...... 166 Constitution of North Carolina . . . 780 The Federal Branch ...... 264 Mecklenburg Declaration of of Government Independence ...... 782 Extending the Right to Vote ...... 342 The Halifax Resolves ...... 783 The Struggle for Rights ...... 372 Sources of American Law ...... 490 Economic Concepts ...... 622 Government and the Economy . . . . . 698 Comparing Constitutions ...... 752 Interpreting Political Cartoons . . . . .757 Predicting...... 758 Analyzing Library and Research Resources ...... 759 Interpreting a Chart ...... 760 Making Comparisons...... 761 Analyzing Primary Sources ...... 762 Recognizing Bias...... 763 Interpreting a Circle Graph...... 764 Sequencing Events ...... 765 Categorizing and Analyzing Information ...... 766

NC13 CHARTS, GRAPHS, AND MAPS

Charts and Graphs Evolution of American Political Parties...... 274 Leading Third-Party Presidential U. S. Foreign-Born Population, Candidates, 1948–2004...... 276 1850–2005 ...... 8 Organization of Political Functions of Government ...... 22 Parties...... 280 Principles of American Democracy ...... 24 Extending the Right to Vote ...... 294 Comparing Democratic and Presidential Elections ...... 303 Authoritarian Systems...... 25 Funding Congressional Campaigns...... 309 Sources of American Law ...... 34 Pre-Election Approval Ratings, Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation . . 69 1955–2003...... 320 Ratification of the Constitution...... 77 America’s Use of Mass Media ...... 329 Comparing Governments . . . 81 Propaganda Techniques ...... 336 Amending the Constitution...... 83 Foundations of Rights ...... 87 A System of Checks and Balances ...... 88 Road to Statehood...... 356 Federal and State Powers ...... 89 Division of Powers ...... 377 Rights of the Accused...... 127 How a Bill Becomes a Law ...... 379 Constitutional Amendments ...... 135 Powers and Duties of Governor...... 385 Landmark Civil Rights Acts ...... 142 Juvenile Justice System ...... 390 Citizens’ Duties and Responsibilities...... 153 Major Services Provided by Local Government ...... 408 American Volunteers in Action ...... 161 Balancing the Budget ...... 411 North Carolina State Budget, 2006-2007 ...... 412 Taxes Per Capita, Selected States, Standing Committees ...... 181 2006 ...... 413 Powers of Congress ...... 186 Craven County Budget, Profile of the 109th Congress ...... 200 FY 2006 ...... 414 How a Bill Becomes a Law ...... 201 Presidential Succession . . . . 211 Development of Legal The Executive Office of the President ...... 226 Systems ...... 428 The President’s Cabinet ...... 227 Constitutional Rights of the Accused ...... 436 United States Court System...... 245 Miranda Warning ...... 439 Supreme Court Caseload...... 255 Civil Cases ...... 450 Landmark Decisions of the Supreme Court . . 258 Criminal Cases...... 457 Computer Access Among School Children ...... 484

NC14 Charts, Graphs, and Maps CHARTS, GRAPHS, AND MAPS

The Deficit and the Debt. . . . 690

Choices All Societies Face ...... 501 Cost-Benefit Analysis ...... 508 Imports and Exports, Selected Measuring GDP...... 518 Nations...... 709 The North American Free Trade Agreement Circular Flow of Economic Activity...... 522 (NAFTA) ...... 711 Methods of Payment . . . . . 548 Comparing Economies: Russia, China, The Savings Rate, and the U.S...... 722 1952–2006...... 555 Social Statistics Comparison, Selected Regions ...... 725 Types of Savings Accounts ...... 556 Hourly Compensation Costs, Analyzing Advertising...... 560 Selected Nations ...... 736 The Law of Demand...... 571 Projected Water Use, 2025 ...... 737 A Change in Demand...... 575 Organization of the United Nations ...... 741 Change in Demand for Substitutes ...... 576 Population Living Under Various Types of Government ...... 746 The Law of Supply ...... 582 Shifts in the Supply Curve ...... 584 Maps The Price Adjustment Process...... 589 United States Immigration, 2004 ...... 10 Forms of Business The English Colonies ...... 40 Organization ...... 601 Dominant Immigrant Groups in Corporate Chain of Command ...... 604 the Colonies...... 42 Labor Union Trends ...... 612 American Economy, c. 1750...... 45 Congressional Apportionment, Selected Years ...... 178 Federal Judicial Circuits...... 241 Federal Regulatory Agencies ...... 632 North Carolina Counties, Model of the Business Cycle ...... 638 1775 ...... 351 U.S. Business Activity Councils of Governmennt ...... 407 Since 1880...... 640 U.S. Regional Crime Rates in 2004 ...... 454 Unemployment and the Right-to-Work States...... 610 Business Cycle...... 642 The Federal Reserve System ...... 662 Features of U.S. Currency ...... 658 Imports and Exports, The Federal Reserve System ...... 662 Selected Nations ...... 709 Monetary Policy and Interest Rates ...... 664 The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) ...... 711 The Federal Budget, FY 2007...... 679 Per Capita GDP, Selected Nations ...... 718 State and Local Social Statistics Comparison, Governments...... 683 Selected Regions ...... 725

Charts, Graphs, and Maps NC15 Ed. = Editor Tr. = Translator V = Volume

Washington. http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/ Aristotle. Politics, 350 b.c. www.conservative documents/constitution/1784/jay2.html . . 70 forum.org/authquot.asp?ID=280...... 7 George Mason. A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents Abraham Lincoln. First Inaugural Address. In and Debates, 1774-1875. http://memory.loc. Abraham Lincoln, Slavery, and the Civil War: gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@fi eld Selected Writings and Speeches. Ed. Michael P. (DOCID+@lit(fr001157))...... 74 Johnson. 2001...... 13 Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The Social Contract James Madison. The Federalist, No.10 (1787). and Discourse on the Origin and Foundation http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/ of Inequality Among Mankind. Ed. Lester G. democrac/7.htm ...... 78 Crocker. 1967...... 29 Preamble to the United States Constitution . . 80 James Madison. The Federalist, No. 51. http: //usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts John Locke. The Second Treatise of Government. /funddocs/fed/federa51.htm ...... 87 Ed. Thomas P. Peardon. 1952...... 34 Thomas Jefferson. From a letter to James Olaudah Equiano. The Interesting Narrative of the Madison, April 27, 1809. Library of Congress. Life of Olaudah Equiano. Ed. Robert J. Allison. www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/149.html . 90 2006...... 43 Preamble to the United States Constitution . . 93 Andrew Burnaby. In Burnaby’s Travels Through North America, 1775. http://matrix.msu. edu/~civics/teachers/cases/morrison/ Orrin Hatch. “In Defense of the Patriot Act.” crev.html ...... 47 http://frontpagemag.com/Articles/ Ralph Waldo Emerson. From “The Concord ReadArticle.asp?IID=7805 ...... 125 Hymn,” 1837. www.nps.gov/archive/mima/ American Civil Liberties Union. “USA hymn.htm ...... 54 PATRIOT Act.” www.aclu.org/safefree/ Declaration of Independence. In “The Charters resources/17343res20031114.html ...... 125 of Freedom.” www.archives.gov/national- Justice Abe Fortas. Tinker v. Des Moines archives-experience/charters/declaration_ Independent School District, 1969. www.law. transcript.html ...... 55 uh.edu/teacher/tinker/decision.html . . . . 132 Declaration of Independence. In “The Charters Lyndon B. Johnson. At the signing of the Voting of Freedom.” www.archives.gov/national- Rights Act. 1965. www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/ archives-experience/charters/declaration_ Johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/ transcript.html ...... 56 650806.asp ...... 142 Chief Justice Roger B. Taney. Scott v. Sandford, 1857. http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/ Continental Congress. The Resolutions and facts/democrac/21.htm ...... 144 Recommendations of Congress. www. Amendment XXII. United States Constitution. historicaldocuments.com/Resolutionsand 1951...... 147 RecommendationsofCongress.htm ...... 67 The Northwest Ordinance (1787). http:// usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/ Franklin D. Roosevelt. Address at Marietta, domocra/5.htm ...... 69 Ohio, July 8, 1938. www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ George Washington. The Papers of George ws/index.php?pid=15672&st=&st1= . . . . . 153

NC16 Primary Sources John Gatus. Quoted in “America’s Voluntary Harry Truman. In Familiar Quotations. John Spirit” by Brian O’Connell. In U.S. Society and Bartlett. Ed. Emily Morison Beck. 1968 . . . . 215 Values, September 1988. http://usinfo.state. George Washington. “Washington Bids gov/journals/itsv/0998/ijse/ijse0998.pdf. .157 Farewell.” In Witness to America. Ed. Henry Alexis de Tocqueville. Democracy in America. Steele Commager and Allen Nevins. 1835. http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/ Barnes & Noble Books, 1996...... 233 DETOC/ch2_08htm ...... 166 Learned Hand. The Spirit of Liberty, 1944. www. Ex parte Mitsuye Endo, 323 U.S. 283. 1944. . . 239 commonlaw.com/Hand.html...... 166 John G. Roberts, Jr. From his remarks Oath of Commissioned Offi cers. www.army. at his swearing-in ceremony as Chief mil/crnh-pg1faq/oaths.htm ...... 165 Justice. www.whitehouse.gov/news/ Margaret Mead. www.quotationspage.com . 165 releases/2005/09/20050929-3.html ...... 249 Amendment XV. United States Constitution. John Marshall. Marbury v. Madison. 1803. 1870...... 167 http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/ democrac/9.htm ...... 252 Amendment XIX. United States Constitution. 1920...... 167 Earl Warren. Brown v. Board of Eduation, 1954...... 259 Amendment XXIV. United States Constitution. Benjamin N. Cardozo. The Nature of the Judicial 1964...... 167 Process. 1921. http://xroads.virginia.edu/ Amendment XXVI. United States Constitution. ~hyper/CARDOZO/CarNatI.html...... 259 1971...... 167 John Marshall. Marbury v. Madison. 1803. http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/ democrac/9.htm ...... 260 William Rehnquist. United States et al. v. Margaret Chase Smith. “Declaration of American Library Association, Inc., et al. Conscience.” 1950. www.mcslibrary.org/ www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/ program/library/declaration.htm...... 264 02pdf/02-361.pdf...... 189 Robert C. Byrd. Address to the U.S. Senate. Brief of Amici Curiae Online Policy Group, 1998. www.senate.gov/artandhistory/ Inc. www.eff.org/legal/cases/Multnomah_ history/common/generic/Leaders_Lecture_ Library_v_US/cipasupremebrief030210. Series_Byrd.htm...... 264 pdf...... 189 Theodore Roosevelt. The Letters of Theodore Olympia Snowe. Quoted in Nine and Counting: Roosevelt, Eds. Morison, Blum, Chandler, The Women of the Senate. Catherine Whitney. 1957–54...... 265 2000...... 195 Dwight David Eisenhower. Letter to Dianne Feinstein. Quoted in Nine and Counting: Henry R. Luce. August 8, 1960. www. The Women of the Senate. Catherine Whitney. eisenhowermemorial.org/presidential- papers/second-term/index...... 264 2000...... 195 Charles Evans Hughes. The Supreme Court of the George Washington. In Farwell Address, United States, 1928...... 265 1797...... 205

Barack Obama. Keynote Address, Democratic Lyndon B. Johnson. Quoted in The New York National Convention, 2004. www.washington Times, March 26, 1972. From Simpson’s post.com/wp-dyn/articles/A19751-2004 Contemporary Quotations. 1988...... 215 Jul27.html ...... 289

Primary Sources NC17 Article I, Section 1. Declaration of Rights. The The First Gore-Bush Presidential Debate. Constitution of North Carolina, 1971. http:// October 3, 2000. From the unoffi cial debate statelibrary.dcr.state.nc.us/nc/stgovt/ transcript. www.debates/org/pages/ preamble.HTM#PREAMBLE ...... 356 trans2000a.html...... 313 John J. Parker, Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit. From Our Constitutions: A Historical Perspective, by John Byron R. White. Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier. 1988. L. Sanders, University of North Carolina at www.landmarkcases.org/hazelwood/ Chapel Hill. http://statelibrary.dcr.state. maj_opinion.html ...... 325 nc.us/nc/stgovt/preconst.htm ...... 357 Amendment I. United States Constitution. Article I, Section 19. Declaration of Rights. The 1798...... 329 Constitution of North Carolina, 1971. http:// Bernard Goldberg. Bias. Regnery statelibrary.dcr.state.nc.us/nc/stgovt/ Publishing, 2002...... 331 preamble.HTM#PREAMBLE ...... 360 Eric Alterman. What Liberal Media? Jesse Helms. From “Why I Vote,” by the North Basic Books, 2003 ...... 331 Carolina Center for Voter Education. http:// govote.ncvotered.com ...... 360 Greg Palast. “I Want to Hurt Somebody.” From The Guardian (London), Nov. 3, 2006 Torry Holt. From “Why I Vote,” by the North www.informationclearinghouse.info/ Carolina Center for Voter Education. http:// article15486.htm...... 341 govote.ncvotered.com ...... 360 Susan B. Anthony. “The Status of Woman, Past, Earl Warren. Klopfer v. North Carolina. March 13, Present, and Future.” In The Arena.I 1897. Ed. 1967. http://caselaw.lp.fi ndlaw.com/scripts/ John Clark Ridpath ...... 342 printer_friendly.pl?page=us/386/213.html368 Martin Luther King, Jr. “Civil Rights No. 1: Cape Fear Recorder (1820). As quoted in A Social The Right to Vote.” The New York Times, History: Electronic Edition, by Guion Griffi s March 14, 1965. www.cssny.org/news/ Johnson. http://docsouth.unc.edu/nc/ releases/2003_0115.html ...... 342 johnson/chapter2.html...... 371 Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Ed. Charles J. Susie Sharpe. As quoted in The Invisible Bar: The Kappler. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/ Woman Lawyer in America: 1638 to the Present, kappler/vol4/html_fi les/v4p1165.html. . . 342 by Karen Berger Morello. Random House, John Lewis. Interview regarding the Voting 1986...... 371 Rights Act Renewal. 2006. www. William Henry Foote. Sketches of North Carolina, americanchronicle.com/articles/view Historical and Biographical, Illustrative of the Article.asp?articleID=11210...... 343 Principles of a Portion of Her Early Settlers: Sonia Zobdeh. 2005. www1.cuny.edu/portal_ Electronic Edition. http://docsouth.unc.edu/ ur/content/voting_cal/student_quotes. nc/foote/foote.html ...... 372 html ...... 343 Helen Morris Lewis. “Report of Hearing Before the Committee on Woman Suffrage, January 28, 1896.” National American Woman Suffrage Charter of Carolina (March 24, 1663). Association Collection, 1848-1921. Library of www.yale.edu/lawweb/Avalon/states/ Congress. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ nc01.htm ...... 351 naw/nawshome.html...... 372 Preamble. The Constitution of North Carolina, John Hope Franklin. The Autobiography of John 1971. http://statelibrary.dcr.state.nc.us/nc/ Hope Franklin. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, stgovt/preamble.HTM#PREAMBLE . . . . . 355 2005...... 372

NC18 Primary Sources U.S. District Judge Barbara Jacobs Rothstein. LaVine v. Blaine School District. 2000. Offi ce of Trade and Industry Information, U.S. www.splc.org/report_detail.asp?id= 574&edition=6 ...... 464 Department of Commerce. “North Carolina: Exports, Jobs, and Foreign Investment.” Sister Helen Prejean. “Legalizing Torture.” www.ita.doc.gov/td.industry/OTEA/ October 17, 2006. http://dpdiscourse. state_reports/n-carolina.html...... 382 typepad.com/sisterhelen/2006/10/i_ received_many.html ...... 467 Meenu Tewari. From the presentation “Outsourcing in North Carolina’s Furniture Industry,” University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. April 13, 2004...... 382 Senator Harry Byrd. USA PATRIOT Act Warren E. Burger. Swann v. Charlotte- Additional Reauthorizing Amendments Mecklenburg Board of Education. April 20, Act of 2006, Motion to Proceed. U.S. Senate, February 15, 2006. http://thomas.loc.gov/ 1971 http://brownat50.org/brownCases/ cgi-bin/query/F?r109:11:./temp/~ PostBrownCases/SwannvCharlotte-busing. r1093Tt116:e102792:...... 489 htm ...... 394 Hammurabi. Code of Hammurabi, c. 1780 bce. Article III, Section 5. The Constitution of North www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/ Carolina, 1971. http://statelibrary.dcr.state. hamcode.html...... 490 nc.us/nc/stgovt/article_iii ...... 397 Exodus 20:3–17. The Contemporary English Elizabeth Dole. “Senator Dole Reintroduces Version. Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1995.. 491 Lumbee Recognition Bill,” March 2005. Justinian Code. http://dole.senate.gov/index.cfm?Fuse Medieval Sourcebook: The Institutes, 535 ce. www.fordham.edu/halsall/ Action=PressReleases.Detail&PressReleaseid= basis/535institutes.html...... 491 399&Month=3&Year=2005 ...... 397 Constitution of Delaware. The Avalon Project Arlinda Locklear. “Testimony of Arlinda at Yale Law School. www.yale.edu/lawweb/ Locklear Of Counsel for the Lumbee Tribe avalon/states/de02.htm ...... 491 of North Carolina in Support of [Bill] S.420, U.S. Senate Committee on Indian Affairs.” September 17, 2003 ...... 397 John H. Johnson. Succeeding Against the Odds. Amistad, 1989...... 500 Municipal Charter of the Town of Atlantic Beach. 1937. http://library2.municode.com/ mcc/DocView/12307/1/3 ...... 419 Elaine L. Cho. Remarks delivered by U.S. Secretary of Labor Elaine L. Cho, Economic Club of America, Miami, FL. May 31, 2006. www.dol.gov/_sec/media/ Hammurabi. Law Code.1780 b.c. www.ford- speeches/20060531_miami.htm ...... 526 ham.edu/halsall/ancient/hamcode.html . 427 John Marshall. Gibbons v. Ogden. March 4, 1824. www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/ USSC_CR_0022_0001_ZO.html ...... 532 Hugo L. Black. Gideon v. Wainwright. 1963. Adam Smith. The Wealth of Nations, 1776. www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/ www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/ USSC_CR_0335_ZO.html...... 459 adamsmith-summary.html ...... 535 Robert W. Ashmore and Brian M. Herman. “Abuse in Cyberspace.” May 2006. www.aasa.org/publications/saarticledetail. Joel Naroff. “Is Negative Savings Rate a cfm?ItemNumber=6069&snItemNumber= Problem?” www.bankrate.com/msn/news/ 950&tnItemNumber=1995...... 464 sav/20060308d1.asp ...... 565

Primary Sources NC19 City of College Park. Ord. No. 05-O-2. May 24, Ben S. Bernanke. “The Economic Outlook.” 2005. www.nmhc.com/Content/ServeFile. November 28, 2006 www.federalreserve. cfm?FileID=5241 ...... 595 gov/boarddocs/speeches/2006/20061128/ default.htm ...... 673

James Parks. AFL-CIO NOW. April 7, 2006. http://blog.afl cio.org/2006/04/07/ Peter Tanous. “An Interview with Merton momentum-builds-for-minimum-wage- Miller.” February 1997. www.dfaus.com/ increase/ ...... 614 library/reprints/interview_miller_tanous. 695 Tim Kane. “Minimizing Economic Opportunity Thomas Jefferson. First Inaugural Address. by Raising the Minimum Wage.” March 4, March 4, 1801. http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/ infousa/facts/democrac/11.htm ...... 699 2005. www.heritage.org/Research/ Economy/wm676.cfm ...... 614 Franklin D. Roosevelt. Radio Address, Sunday, May 7, 1933. www.fdrlibrary.marist. William H. Donaldson. Remarks Before the edu/050733.html ...... 699 Caux Round Table, November 30, 2004. www.sec.gov/news/speech/spch113004 whd.htm ...... 621 Don Young. Letter to Congress. May 24, 2006. Adam Smith. An Inquiry into the Nature and www.anwr.org/archives/chairman_don_ Causes of the Wealth of Nations. 1776. Ed. Edwin young_of_alaska_anwr_letter_to_congress. Cannan, 1904. www.econlib.org/library/ php ...... 720 Smith/smWN13.html...... 622 Defenders of Wildlife. 2006 www.savearctic Friedrich A. Hayek. The Road to Serfdom. 1945. refuge.org/sections/overview.html ...... 720 Institute of Economic Affairs, 2001...... 622 Henry Hazlitt. Man vs. the Welfare State . . . . . 622 Alfred Marshall. Principles of Economics. Ban Ki-moon. December 14, 2006. www. 1920. www.econlib.org/library/Marshall/ un.org/apps/news/story.asp?newsID=20990 marP30.html ...... 623 &Cr=Ban&Cr1=Ki-moon...... 751 Constitution of the Russian Federation. Ratifi ed December 12, 1993. www.democracy. Kathleen Madigan. “Commentary: ru/english/library/laws/ Outsourcing Jobs: Is It Bad?” BusinessWeek, constitution_eng/ ...... 752 August 25, 2003. www.businessweek.com/ Constitution of the Argentine Nation. Adopted magazine/content/03_34/b3846027. 1853. www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/ htm ...... 636 constitucion/english.php...... 752 Michael J. Mandel. “Commentary: Outsourcing Constitution of India. Adopted November Jobs: Is It Bad?” BusinessWeek, August 25, 26, 1949. http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/ 2003. www.businessweek.com/magazine/ fullact1.asp?tfnm=0...... 753 content/03_34/b3846027.htm...... 636 Interim Constitution of Iraq. Adopted March 8, John Marshall. McCulloch v. Maryland. 2004. www.cpa-iraq.org/government/ 1819...... 650 TAL.html ...... 753

NC20 Primary Sources Scavenger Hunt orth Carolina Civics Today contains a wealth of information. The trick is to Nknow where to look in the text to access all this information. If you complete ✖ this Scavenger Hunt exercise with your teacher or parents, you will see ho w the textbook is organized, and how to get the most out of your reading and study time . Let’s get started!

How many units and how many chapters are in the book? What topic does Unit 4 cover?

Where can you quickly fi nd a defi nition of the word communism?

What is the topic of the Real World Civics item on page 292? What is the topic of “Analyzing Primary Sources” at the end of Unit 2?

What does the Web site call-out found on page 439 tell y ou to do? How are the content vocabulary words microeconomics, scarcity, and trade- off in Chapter 18 called out?

Who is the topic of Teens in Action on page 152? What does the Foldables™ exercise on page 655 ask you to do?

Where do you fi nd graphic data about all of the United States, including the presidents?

➤

Scavenger Hunt NC21 ay: Citizenship, Carolina Civics Tod nformation in North for Civic ou understand the i e national standards BIG IDEAS will help y er— are based on th see The 30 found in each chapt ecognize trends, and You. The big ideas— e important ideas, r Economics & hey help you organiz onomic Education. T ng. Education and Ec ion you will be readi terns in the informat connections and pat

inciples tion and to the values and pr a commitment to the na erican citizens, we make As Am mocracy. are part of United States de that ponsibilities expected there are also certain res rights. With citizenship, Citizens possess certain ericans. of all Am ommon goals. de security, and accomplish c ts to establish order, provi People form governmen oups accomplish their goals. to help individuals and gr conomic institutions evolve Political and e think and act. ence the way Americans and economic changes influ Political, social, religious, governments. ajor events shape how people form Political principles and m iety that creates it. eflects the values and goals of the soc A constitution r and liberties. ects fundamental rights ed States establishes and prot The Constitution of the Unit d responsibilities. must fulfill their civic duties an ent to be effective, citizens For governm eservation of tial to the foundation and pr Citizen participation is essen the U.S. political system. the power tive branch—Congress— The Constitution gives the legisla to make laws. er to execute, or xecutive branch the pow The Constitution gives the e implement, the law. , and judicial , the executive, legislative Under our federal system tion. ibility of governing the na branches share the respons w. d with interpreting the la The judicial branch is charge ens in a fundamental rights of citiz The right to vote is one of the democratic society.

BananaStock/PunchStock THE BIG IDEAS

A s uccessful dem ocracy is built on an inform A de ed electorate. mocratic socie ty requires th e active partic In a d ipation of its c emocratic soc itizens. iety, various fo rces shape peo Under o ple’s ideas. ur federal sys and t tem, power is s he state gove hared betwe rnments. en the nationa l government

Sc arcity requires individuals an satisfy their w d groups to m ants. ake choices ab out using goo Th ds and service roughout hist s to ory, civilization s have develop An ec ed systems of la onomic system ws to meet t an is the way a s heir needs. d services. ociety organiz es the produc tion and consu The b mption of goo asis of the ma ds u rket economy sually involves is voluntary e money in ret xchange. In th urn for a good e American e Fre or service. conomy, the e e enterprise is xchange the freedom o minimum of g f individuals a overnment in nd businesses terference or r to operate an Yo egulation. d compete wit u and everyon h a e around you a economic sys re consumers tem. and, as such, p lay an import W ant role in the e all make eco nomic choices decisions we . Opportunity c make. ost, scarcity, a nd supply and S demand influ upply and dem ence the and in a mar bought, and ket interact to what the pr determine ho ice is. w much of so mething is sold Market econo and mies rest upon producers the fundame , and workers. ntal principle of individual f reedom for co The exchang nsumers, e of goods an differen d services help t places and d s create econ ifferent count omic interdep ries. endence betw Economic een peoples in , social, and po litical changes create new tr aditions, value s, and beliefs.

NC23 (l)Ken Cavanagh/The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., (t)Don Farrall/Getty Images, (r)Don Farrall/Photodisc/Getty Images