DOCSLIB.ORG

Feeding of Different Categories of Fish, Their Nutritional Requirements and Implication of Various Techniques in Fish Culture – a Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Feeding of Different Categories of Fish, Their Nutritional Requirements and Implication of Various Techniques in Fish Culture – a Review Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(1): 2438-2448 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 1 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.901.278 Feeding of Different Categories of Fish, their Nutritional Requirements and Implication of Various Techniques in Fish Culture – A Review Prabhjot Kaur Sidhu* and Anant Simran Singh Khalsa College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Amritsar-143001, Punjab, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Aqua cultural production is a major industry in many countries, and it will continue to grow as the demand for fisheries products increases and the supply from natural sources decreases. Good nutrition in animal production K e yw or ds systems is essential to economical production of a healthy, high-quality Fish, product. In fish farming (aquaculture), nutrition is critical because feed Nanotechnology, typically represents approximately 50 percent of the variable production Feed cost. Fish nutrition has advanced dramatically in recent years with the Article Info development of new, balanced commercial diets that promote optimal fish Accepted: growth and health. The development of new species-specific diet 22 December 2019 formulations supports the aquaculture industry as it expands to satisfy Available Online: increasing demand for affordable, safe, high-quality fish and seafood 20 January 2020 products. Article provides a general overview of the wide variety of nano- materials and technologies in fish culture that offer significant promising role for water recovery. Introduction crore) was exported in 2016-17, of which frozen shrimp was top item to be exported. Rearing of fishes in tanks is being practiced in On a global scale, cultured fish production India since as early as 350 B.C making it one has doubled from 1990 to 1996, reaching 26 of the oldest food based Industry however it million ton, and output could reach 39 million apparently became more popular in later ton by 2010 (Radhakrishna, 2002). years. Fishing industry in India is more popular in coastal states including Bengal, Though world fish capture has reached a Orissa and Andhra Pradesh as compared to plateau at approximately 94 million tons other states and Punjab and is a source of (FAO, 2007) yet most recent estimates livelihood for over 14 million people. Talking suggest that 52 percent of marine stocks are about the date around 11, 34,948 tonnes of fully exploited, 17 percent are overexploited seafood worth 5.78 bilion US$ (37,870.90 and 7 percent are totally depleted (FAO, 2438 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(1): 2438-2448 2005a) while human population and demand eels, amberjack, groupers and snakeheads. 20- has increased greatly in current years leading 40% of fishmeal is required these species to great pressure on global aquaculture to require from 20 to 40 percent fishmeal in their bridge gap between supply and demand of diets. fishes. According to (FAO, 2018) growing share of fish production is expected to be Herbivorous/omnivorous finfish: depends destined for human consumption (around 90 upon lower protein requirement which can be percent). The driving force behind this derived from either plant or animal sources increase will be a combination of rising and includes fishes like common carp, grass incomes and urbanization, linked with the carp, other cyprinids, catfish and milkfish, all expansion of fish production and improved of which require around 5 percent fishmeal distribution channels. In per capita terms, content in their feeds. world fish consumption is projected to reach 21.5 kg in 2030, up from 20.3 kg in 2016. Omnivorous/scavenging crustaceans: they Fish nutrition has shown a boom in recent require between 15 and 25 percent fishmeal in years due to increased demand and with their diets and includes the marine shrimps, development of new technologies like nano freshwater prawns, crabs and crayfishes. diets which have leaded to increased fish growth and health leading to manufacture Filter-feeding finfish: these species do not affordable, safe and high quality fish and sea need supplementary feed and just thrives on food products. phyto- and zooplankton for their dietary requirements. They include silver carp, Feeding behavior according to different bighead carp, catla and rohu. categories of fish Feeding behavior of fishes is mainly effected Aquaculture deals with farming of aquatic by factors like stocking density, sex ratio, animals in inland or coastal areas, which biological and physiological status, however involves a sole ownership to cultivate the limited investigation can lead to conflict stock (FAO, 2009). Fish being highly between and within species. Some of the nutritive in nature, it provides a large amount rhythms are controlled by endogenous clock of protein and oil in both basic and reduced mechanisms, but environmental factors, such (fish meal) form which is used for animal as day length or temperature, may either culture. Its unique amino acid profile and high control others or act as time setters or digestibility makes it one of the essential synchronizers (Madrid et al., 2001). component of modern day animal farming. Tacon et al., 2006 divided aquaculture into Understanding of the physiologic rhythms in four broad categories based upon the relative farmed fish can help to provide useful position of the animals cultured in the trophic information about the selection of proper hierarchy and thus the fishmeal and fish oil in times for feeding fish to maximize growth, their diets. improve feed efficiency, and reduce feed wastage and fecal output to minimize the Carnivorous finfish: included fishes with high environmental impacts of aquaculture. The protein requirements which should be mostly three marked feeding rhythms that affect food from animal sources. This group includes the consumption in fish are diel(daily), annual salmonids, as well as many marine and (seasonal), and tidal (lunar) rhythms. Most freshwater species such as seabass, seabream, fish in culture systems have diel feeding 2439 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(1): 2438-2448 rhythms whereby they are either diurnal Nutrient requirements of fish feeders (eat during the day) or nocturnal feeders (eat at night).Biotic factors(such as Nutrient requirement for fishes and animals threat of predation) and abiotic factors (such are not very different as fishes too thrive as lighting conditions) affects changes in nutrients including amino acids, fatty acids, many fishes on the feeding pattern (Daan S vitamins, minerals, and energy-yielding 1981 and Bougard et al., 1992). On the basis macronutrients (protein, lipid, and of culture system used, feeds and feeding of carbohydrate). Nutrients are required for fish depend upon: extensive, semi intensive or physiological needs of growing and intensive system. In extensive and semi reproductive brood stock. With increasing intensive, fish derive all or a substantial part population and depleted aquatic reservoirs the of their nutrients from natural food organisms popularity for intensive and extensive fish in culture ponds. However fishes are rearing has greatly increased. Despite maintained in tanks and cages in case of considerable advances reported over the past intensive system and are totally dependent on 5 decades, the quantitative requirements for provisional nutritionally complete diets all essential nutrients for most farmed fish produced in dry, semi-moist, or moist forms. species are not well established. Diets fed to fish are subject to leaching of nutrients while they remain in the water Nutrient requirement containing 40 specific column or at the bottom of the culture system. nutrients with their quantitative nutrient Dried feeds are formulated using steam or requirements have been very well formulated cold compression technique for pelleting. for rainbow trout, Pacific salmon, channel catfish, tilapia, and common carp, while Different shapes and sized pellets are formed partial nutrient requirements have been which shows different buoyancies for fishes established more recently for numerous other with different floating levels. For example, fish species (NRC 1993, Halver et al.,). catfish, salmon, and shrimp require floating, Minimum requirements established can slow-sinking, or fast-sinking feeds, promote growth without any deficiency respectively because of their different symptoms however additional amount of preferred feeding habits in the water column. nutrients will increase reserves present in For salmonids and marine fishes extrusion muscles. Although the minimum nutrient technology is widely used to produce cold requirements established promote growth and water feeds. Extruded feed contains high prevent deficiency signs, higher intakes of energy contents based on high levels of lipid vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and essential (20%–40% of the diet). Feed efficiency for fatty acids increase buildup of their reserves fishes is based upon their distribution and in the tissues. However continued intake of amount of feed to be fed depends upon factors certain nutrients in excess amounts leads to like percentage of body weight and water saturation of various coenzymes. It has also temperature. Young fish require feed at a been found that certain fat-soluble vitamins greater percentage of their body weight per (eg, vitamin A) and trace elements (eg, day (>5%) than older fish. Demand or ad copper, selenium) can be toxic when given in libitum feeding
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Canadian Aquaculture R&D Review 2019
    AQUACULTURE ASSOCIATION OF CANADA SPECIAL PUBLICATION 26 2019 CANADIAN AQUACULTURE R&D REVIEW INSIDE Development of optimal diet for Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Acoustic monitoring of wild fish interactions with aquaculture sites Potential species as cleaner fish for sea lice on farmed salmon Piscine reovirus (PRV): characterization, susceptibility, prevalence, and transmission in Atlantic and Pacific Salmon Novel sensors for fish health and welfare Effect of climate change on the culture Blue Mussel (Mytilus edulis) Oyster aquaculture in an acidifying ocean Presence, extent, and impacts of microplastics on shellfish aquaculture Validation of a hydrodynamic model to support aquaculture in the West coast of Vancouver Island CANADIAN AQUACULTURE R&D REVIEW 2019 AAC Special Publication #26 ISBN: 978-0-9881415-9-9 © 2019 Aquaculture Association of Canada Cover Photo (Front): Cultivated sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) on a culture line at an aquaculture site. (Photo: Isabelle Gendron-Lemieux, Merinov) First Photo Inside Cover (Front): Mussels. (DFO, Gulf Region) Second Photo inside Cover (Front): American Lobsters (Homarus americanus) in a holding tank. (Jean-François Laplante, Merinov) Cover Photo (Back): Atlantic Salmon sea cages in southern Newfoundland. (KÖBB Media/DFO) The Canadian Aquaculture R&D Review 2019 has been published with support provided by Fisheries and Oceans Canada's Aquaculture Collaborative Research and Development Program (ACRDP), and by the Aquaculture Association of Canada (AAC). Submitted materials may have been edited for length and writing style. Projects not included in this edition should be submitted before the deadline to be set for the next edition. Editors: Tricia Gheorghe, Véronique Boucher Lalonde, Emily Ryall and G. Jay Parsons Cited as: T Gheorghe, V Boucher Lalonde, E Ryall, and GJ Parsons (eds).
    [Show full text]
  • International Standards for Responsible Tilapia Aquaculture
    INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR RESPONSIBLE TILAPIA AQUACULTURE Created by the Tilapia Aquaculture Dialogue International Standards for Responsible Tilapia Aquaculture 1 Copyright © 2009 WWF. All rights reserved by World Wildlife Fund, Inc. Published December 17, 2009 International Standards for Responsible Tilapia Aquaculture 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................5 UNDERSTANDING STANDARDS, ACCREDITATION AND CERTIFICATION ............................................................................................6 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR RESPONSIBLE TILAPIA AQUACULTURE ........................................................6 Purpose of the Standards ..........................................................................................6 Scope of the Standards ..............................................................................................6 Issue areas of tilapia aquaculture to which the standards apply ..........................6 Supply or value-added chain of tilapia aquaculture to which the standards apply .............................................................................................6 Range of activities within aquaculture to which the standards apply ..................7 Geographic scope to which the standards apply ..................................................7 Unit of certification to which the standards apply ...............................................7 PROCESS
    [Show full text]
  • Travis Waldemar Brown.Pdf
    Intensive Culture of Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus and Hybrid Catfish Ictalurus punctatus x Ictalurus furcatus in a Commercial-Scale, In-pond Raceway System by Travis Waldemar Brown A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Auburn, Alabama August 09, 2010 Key words: In-pond, raceway, system, catfish, production, economics Copyright 2010 by Travis Waldemar Brown Approved by Claude E. Boyd, Co-chair, Professor of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures Jesse A. Chappell, Co-chair, Associate Professor of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures Terrill R. Hanson, Associate Professor of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures Yifen Wang, Associate Professor of Biosystems Engineering Abstract An experiment was conducted utilizing a highly intensive fish production system in the Black Belt region of western Alabama. Three main objectives were addressed in this study. The first was based primarily on channel and hybrid catfish production and performance capabilities. The second objective dealt with detailed water chemistry and nutrient budgeting, while the third and final objective involved an economic analysis to determine the feasibility and commercial possibilities of the system. The goal of this project was to improve the profitably of commercial catfish aquaculture by demonstrating methods to enhance feed efficiency and survivorship. A commercial size In-pond Raceway System (IPRS) was constructed in 2007 and installed in a 2.43-ha, traditional, earthen pond on a 170-ha catfish farm in Dallas County, Alabama. The IPRS consisted of six, individual raceways that share common walls. Each raceway has the capacity of water exchange every 4.9 minutes (≈12X/hr).
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Blood Withdrawal and Angiotensin Lion Prolactin Release in the Tilapia, Oreochromis Mossambicus
    Effects of Blood Withdrawal and Angiotensin lIon Prolactin Release in the Tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ANIMAL SCIENCE MAY 2005 By Thomas A. Leedom Thesis Committee: E. Gordon Grau, Chairman Tetsuya Hirano Douglas Vincent I dedicate this thesis to my family for their tireless support, encouragement, and occasional naggmg. 111 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank faculty staffand students ofthe fish endocrinology laboratory at the Hawaii Institute ofMarine Biology, especially Larry Riley and Andre Seale for their contributions and assistance throughout the production ofthis thesis. I would like to thank Dr. Hal Richman and Professor Milt Stetson for their valuable advice and encouragement which led to the maturation ofthis thesis work as well as my personal professional development. Finally, special gratitude goes out to Professor Tetsuya Hirano and my advisor, Professor E. Gordon Grau for teaching me the art ofscience, for their encouragement, and for their assistance in guiding me through the countless hurdles ofmy thesis research. I further thank Gordon and Tetsuya for allowing me to realize my potential and for the opportunity to have worked and learned under their guidance. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments '" .iv List ofTables vi List ofFigures vii List ofAbbreviations viii Preface .ix Chapter 1: 1 General Introduction 2 Chapter II: Effect ofBlood Withdrawal and Angiotensin II on Prolactin Release in the Tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus 19 Abstract. '" "" 20 Introduction 22 Materials and Methods 24 Results 28 Discussion 41 Chapter III 51 General Conclusions 52 References 54 v LIST OF TABLES 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment of Marine Fish Aquaculture
    NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-71 Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment of Marine Fish Aquaculture December 2005 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS Series The Northwest Fisheries Science Center of the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, uses the NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS series to issue infor- mal scientific and technical publications when com- plete formal review and editorial processing are not appropriate or feasible due to time constraints. Docu- ments published in this series may be referenced in the scientific and technical literature. The NMFS-NWFSC Technical Memorandum series of the Northwest Fisheries Science Center continues the NMFS-F/NWC series established in 1970 by the Northwest & Alaska Fisheries Science Center, which has since been split into the Northwest Fisheries Science Center and the Alaska Fisheries Science Center. The NMFS-AFSC Technical Memorandum series is now being used by the Alaska Fisheries Science Center. Reference throughout this document to trade names does not imply endorsement by the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. This document should be cited as follows: Nash, C.E., P.R. Burbridge, and J.K. Volkman (editors). 2005. Guidelines for ecological risk assessment of marine fish aquaculture. U.S. Dept. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC-71, 90 p. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-71 Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment of Marine Fish Aquaculture Prepared at the NOAA Fisheries Service Manchester Research Station International Workshop April 11-14, 2005 Edited by Colin E. Nash, Peter R. Burbridge1, and John K. Volkman2 From technical contributions by the editors and Kenneth M.
    [Show full text]
  • Cont. Fisheries and Aquatic Science
    Environmental friendly aquaculture key to sustainable fish farming development in Nigeria Item Type article Authors Akinrotimi, O.A.; Abu, O.M.G.; Aranyo, A.A. Download date 24/09/2021 16:25:27 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/24296 Continental J. Fisheries and Aquatic Science 5 (2): 17 - 31, 2011 ISSN: 2141 - 4181 © Wilolud Journals, 2011 http://www.wiloludjournal.com ` Printed in Nigeria ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY AQUACULTURE KEY TO SUSTAINABLE FISH FARMING DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA 1 Akinrotimi, O.A.; 2 Abu, O.M.G; 3Aranyo, A.A. 1, 3, African Regional Aquaculture Centre/Nigeria Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, P.M.B. 5122, Port Harcourt, Rivers State. 2Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. ABSTRACT Aquaculture production in Nigeria has increased tremendously in recent times; along with this increase is the rise in the level of waste outputs from aquaculture practices. The discharge of waste from aquaculture operations on continuous basis leads to eutrophication and destruction of natural ecosystem in receiving water body. Controlled wastes production strategies is necessary to maintain sustainable aquaculture growth into the future, as long-term sustainability of fish culture systems depends on their ability to reduce their waste outputs. The release of solid wastes is mainly a function of the digestibility of various dietary components while the release of dissolved wastes is mainly a function of the metabolism of nutrients by the fish. This paper critically reviews the impacts of aquaculture wastes on the environment and the strategies to mitigate the effect of these impacts.
    [Show full text]
  • Executive Summary
    Executive Summary Rose Canyon FISHERIES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Rose Canyon Fisheries, Inc. (RCF) is a partnership between Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute (HSWRI), a 501(c)(3) research organization, and Cuna del Mar (CdM), a private equity fund dedicated to developing sustainable aquaculture. RCF will permit, establish and operate a commercial-scale fish farm off the San Diego, CA coast. This will be the first operation of its kind in federal waters of the United States. By combining the scientific and environmental expertise of HSWRI with the mission focus and direct open ocean aquaculture experience of Cuna del Mar, RCF will help pioneer environmentally and economically sustainable methods for providing healthy seafood to meet our Nation's growing demand for healthy seafood. CdM and HSWRI through RCF share a vision to feed future generations in harmony with the ocean. The RCF collaboration is dedicated to fulfilling a major void in our Nation's seafood industry- a reliable, sustainable source of healthy, premium fish, grown with care in a clean, natural and regulated environment. RCF is committed to improving the standards of the aquaculture industry through safe and sustainable innovation. As RCF continues to innovate and improve culture protocols, it hopes to provide locally produced seafood thereby greatly reducing the energy requirements of transporting fish to the US market, while creating and demonstrating a sustainable and domestic solution. Over the past five decades, HSWRI has provided global leadership in marine conservation research, including studies in marine aquaculture. HSWRI operates two marine fish hatcheries in southern California and several cage sites in California. HSWRI has expertise in fish nutrition, reproduction, health, genetics, and physiology, as well as site selection and permitting, systems engineering, and environmental monitoring.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Case Study: Development and Status of Freshwater Aquaculture in Henan Province, China
    Recommendation domains for pond aquaculture: country case study: development and status of freshwater aquaculture in Henan Province, China Item Type monograph Authors Pemsl, Diemuth E.; Bose, Manik L. Publisher WorldFish Center Download date 25/09/2021 05:59:58 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/19689 Recommendation Domains for Pond Aquaculture. Country Case Study: Development and Status of Freshwater Aquaculture in Henan Province, China This document describes the historical background, practices, stakeholder profiles, production levels, economic and institutional environment, policy issues, and prospects for freshwater aquaculture in Henan Province, China. It is an output from a 3-year project that produced a decisionsupport toolkit with supporting databases and case studies to help researchers, planners and extension agents working on pond aquaculture. The purpose of the work, carried out in Cameroon and Malawi in Africa, and Bangladesh and China in Asia, was to provide tools and information to help practitioners identify places and conditions where freshwater pond aquaculture can benefit the poor, both as producers and as consumers of fish. STUDIES & REVIEWS | 1873 Recommendation Domains for Pond Aquaculture Country Case Study: Development and Status of ISBN 978-983-2346-71-5 Freshwater Aquaculture 2008 The WorldFish Center in Henan Province, China For further information on publications please contact: Business Development and Communications Division The WorldFish Center PO Box 500 GPO, 10670 Penang, Malaysia Tel : (+60-4) 626 1606 Fax : (+60-4) 626 5530 Email : worldfi[email protected] This publication is also available from: www.worldfishcenter.org Reducing poverty and hunger by improving fisheries and aquaculture www.worldfishcenter.org RECOMMENDATION DOMAINS FOR POND AQUACULTURE Country Case Study: Development and Status of Freshwater Aquaculture in Henan Province, China Diemuth E.
    [Show full text]
  • AUDIT MANUAL - ASC TILAPIA STANDARD Version 1.3 March 2019 This Version Corrresponds to the Tilapia Standard V1.2
    AUDIT MANUAL - ASC TILAPIA STANDARD Version 1.3 March 2019 This version corrresponds to the Tilapia Standard v1.2 Scope: Species of the Family Cichlidae commonly referred as Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, O. mossambica, O. aureus and O. hybrids) PRINCIPLE 1. OBEY THE LAW AND COMPLY WITH ALL NATIONAL AND LOCAL REGULATIONS 1.1 Criterion: Evidence of legal compliance Compliance Criteria (Required Client Actions): Auditor Evaluation (Required CAB Actions): a. Maintain copies of applicable land and water use laws. A. Review compliance with applicable land and water use laws. Indicator: Presence of documents proving compliance with local and national b. Maintain original lease agreements or land titles on file. B. Confirm client holds original lease agreements or land titles. authorities on land and water use (e.g., permits, evidence of lease, concessions and rights to land and/or water use) 1.1.1 c. Keep records of inspections for compliance with national and local laws C. Review inspection records for compliance with national and local laws and Requirement: Yes and regulations (only if such inspections are legally required in the country regulations (as applicable). of operation). Applicability: All Farms, Farm-Wide d. Obtain permits and maps showing that farm does not conflict with D. Verify facility does not conflict with national preservation areas. national preservation areas. a. Keep records of tax payments. A. Verify client has records of tax payments to appropriate jurisdiction(s). Indicator: Presence of documents proving compliance with all tax laws 1.1.2 Requirement: Yes b. Maintain copies of tax laws for jurisdiction(s) where company operates.
    [Show full text]
  • Pathology of Myxosporea in Marine Fish Culture
    DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Published December 16 Dis. aquat. Org. REVIEW Pathology of Myxosporea in marine fish culture Pilar Alvarez-Pellitero, Ariadna Sitja-Bobadilla Institute de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (C.S.I.C.), E-12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellon, Spain ABSTRACT A revlew of the pathogenic impact of Myxosporea in marine fish culture is presented. At least 11 species of Bivalvulida and 7 species of Multi\~alvulidahave been described in marine or brack- ish fish kept in different culture systems. The pathological importance of these myxosporoses is dis- cussed, and their potential importance with the growth of culture facilities is stressed. KEY WORDS: Aquaculture - Myxosporea . Pathology INTRODUCTION different culture systems, including ponds, intensive and semi-intensive fdrms, and cages in the sea Myxosporea is a controversial group of parasites af- fecting mainly fish. Its taxonomical status is still to be revised in view of recent findings on myxosporean life Ceratomyxa spp. cycles (Wolf & Markiw 1984, El-Matbouli & Hoffmann 1989). The most recent knowledge of Myxosporea Ceratomj/xa spp. have been reported from different important for freshwater fish was reviewed by El- cultivable fish of the families Serranidae, Sparidae, Matbouli et al. (1992). These authors pointed out the Mugilidae, etc. (Lubat et al. 1989, Paperna 1991, difficulty in assessing the pathogenicity of Myxosporea Alvarez-Pellitero & Sitja-Bobadilla 1993, Sitja- and the economic losses they incur This is particularly Bobadilla & Alvarez-Pellitero 1993a). Two of them, true in mariculture, partly due to the scarcity of para- C:'cratomjxa labracis and C. diplodae, parasitize sitological studies on cultured marine fish. Some infor- blediterranean sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax in wild mation can be found in the reviews of Lom (1984) and and culture conditions (Sitja-Bobadilla & Alvarez- Paperna (1991).Nevertheless, with the development of Pellitero 1993a).
    [Show full text]
  • Farming in the Commons, Fishing in the Congress, and U.S. Aquaculture in the 21St Century Aaron W
    University of Miami Scholarly Repository Open Access Dissertations Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2015-08-03 Farming in the Commons, Fishing in the Congress, and U.S. Aquaculture in the 21st Century Aaron W. Welch University of Miami, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations Recommended Citation Welch, Aaron W., "Farming in the Commons, Fishing in the Congress, and U.S. Aquaculture in the 21st Century" (2015). Open Access Dissertations. Paper 1486. This Open access is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at Scholarly Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI FARMING IN THE COMMONS, FISHING IN THE CONGRESS AND U.S. AQUACULTURE IN THE 21ST CENTURY By Aaron Welch A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of the University of Miami in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Coral Gables, Florida August 2015 © 2015 Aaron Welch All Rights Reserved UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy FARMING IN THE COMMONS, FISHING IN THE CONGRESS AND U.S. AQUACULTURE IN THE 21ST CENTURY Aaron Welch Approved: ________________ _________________ Daniel Benetti, Ph.D. Kenneth Broad, Ph.D. Professor of Aquaculture Professor of Environmental Science and Policy ________________ _________________ Gary Hitchcock, Ph.D. Felix Mormann, J.S.D. Associate Professor of Marine Biology Associate Professor of Law ________________ _________________ Jennifer Jacquet, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • ASC Tilapia Standard Version 1.2
    ASC Tilapia Standard Version 1.2 1 ASC Tilapia Standard –version 1.2 March 2019 Contact information: Postal address: Aquaculture Stewardship Council P.O. Box 19107 3501 DC Utrecht The Netherlands Office address: Aquaculture Stewardship Council Arthur van Schendelstraat 650 3511 MJ Utrecht, the Netherlands +31 30 239 31 10 www.asc-aqua.org Trade register number 34389683. 2 ASC Tilapia Standard –version 1.2 March 2019 Table of Contents VERSION CONTROL, AVAILABLE LANGUAGE(S) AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE ............................. 5 ABOUT THE AQUACULTURE STEWARDSHIP COUNCIL (ASC) ..................................................... 7 THE ASC DOCUMENT AND CERTIFICATION SYSTEM ................................................................... 8 SCOPE AND UNIT OF CERTIFICATION .......................................................................................... 11 PRINCIPLE 1: OBEY THE LAW AND COMPLY WITH ALL NATIONAL AND LOCAL REGULATIONS ................................................................................................................................. 12 Criterion 1.1 Evidence of legal compliance......................................................................................... 12 PRINCIPLE 2: MANAGE THE FARM SITE TO CONSERVE NATURAL HABITAT AND LOCAL BIODIVERSITY ................................................................................................................................. 13 Criterion 2.1 Site information .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]