Detección De Sustancias Dopantes En Orina Mediante Cromatografía De Líquidos/Espectrometría De Masas De Tiempo De Vuelo

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Detección De Sustancias Dopantes En Orina Mediante Cromatografía De Líquidos/Espectrometría De Masas De Tiempo De Vuelo UNIVERSIDAD DE JAÉN FACULTAD CIENCIAS EXPERIMENTALES DEPARTAMENTO DE QUÍMICA FÍSICA Y ANALÍTICA TESIS DOCTORAL DETECCIÓN DE SUSTANCIAS DOPANTES EN ORINA MEDIANTE CROMATOGRAFÍA DE LÍQUIDOS/ESPECTROMETRÍA DE MASAS DE TIEMPO DE VUELO PRESENTADA POR: JUAN CARLOS DOMÍNGUEZ ROMERO DIRIGIDA POR: DR. D. JUAN FRANCISCO GARCÍA REYES DR. D. ANTONIO MOLINA DÍAZ JAÉN, 27 DE FEBRERO DE 2015 ISBN 978-84-8439-945-2 Los doctores D. Antonio Molina Díaz, Catedrático de Universidad del Área de Química Analítica y D. Juan Francisco García Reyes, Profesor Titular del Área de Química Analítica del Departamento de Química Física y Analítica de la Universidad de Jaén, Certifican: Que la Tesis Doctoral titulada “ Detección de sustancias dopantes en orina mediante cromatografía de líquidos/espectrometría de masas de tiempo de vuelo ”, realizada por D. Juan Carlos Domínguez Romero, y que presenta para la obtención del grado de Doctor por la Universidad de Jaén, ha sido desarrollada bajo su inmediata dirección y supervisión, en el Departamento de Química Física y Analítica de la Universidad de Jaén. En Jaén, Diciembre de 2014 Fdo. Antonio Molina Díaz Fdo. Juan Francisco García Reyes Agradecimientos En primer lugar, debo agradecer a la Junta de Andalucía la financiación recibida a través del proyecto de investigación FQM-2614 que ha hecho posible este trabajo, a la Universidad de Jaén y al departamento de Química Física y Analítica. Dos personas fundamentales para que esto haya salido adelante han sido mis directores de tesis, Antonio Molina y Juan Francisco García, gracias por haber confiado en mí, por creer en mí desde el primer día y por todo el compromiso, trabajo y esfuerzo con el que habéis conseguido llevarme hasta este objetivo, sin vosotros esto no hubiera sido posible, y especialmente los tres últimos años desde que dejé de trabajar en la UJA, que habéis estado ayudándome y animándome hasta que lo hemos conseguido, de verdad que lo que habéis hecho no tiene precio, agradezco también a Esther Martínez y Mª Luisa del Moral del departamento de Biología Experimental, cuyo trabajo con los animales fue fundamental para esta tesis. Me quiero acordar también de mis compañeros en el laboratorio, José Robles, Bienvenida, Patricia y Velia, he aprendido de cada uno de vosotros, y espero que vosotros también os hayáis llevado algo de mí. También de todos los que han pasado por nuestro laboratorio para trabajar y formarse, que siempre han dejado algo de ellos, Ana González, Paula, László, Aniko, Tania, Ana Latoszek, Zanhy, Marina y Fernando, la gente del departamento que habéis estado a nuestro lado, Natividad, Juan Jesús, Manuel Montejo y Fernando, y los profesores László y Mihaly, que también me dieron la oportunidad de conocer su Universidad y utilizar su instrumentación. Un recuerdo también para toda la gente que ha intentado ponerme la zancadilla y sabotearme, no lo habéis conseguido sino que me habéis dado más fuerza para seguir hacia adelante, y el tiempo pone a todo el mundo en su sitio. Tengo que agradecer a Manuel Melguizo todo lo que he aprendido de él, que me ha enseñado más de la vida que de química, y cada conversación ha servido para hacerme un poco más grande. Mis amigos de la Universidad, qué puedo decir de vosotros, Pachy, Calahorro y Peñas, sabéis que para mí sois como hermanos, sois lo mejor, Lules e Isa, que os quiero un montón y sois unas santas por aguantarlos, Luisa y Sergio, Bea y Laura Chapado, gracias a todos por los ratos tan buenos que hemos compartido y por el apoyo que nos hemos dado en lo bueno y en lo malo. Tener amigos como vosotros hace que la vida sea mucho mejor. Por supuesto tengo que agradecer a mi familia por todo lo que soy, mis padres Pepe y Puri, que me han dado la educación y estudios para convertirme en lo que hoy soy, mis hermanos José Andrés y Julián Jesús y mi hermanita Puri, que tanto me quieren, Inma, Estefanía y Joaquín, que son parte de nuestra muy amplia familia, Miguel, Loli y María, que también son mi familia, a Yago por su amor y cariño incondicional, y, evidentemente, a la persona más importante de mi vida, Laura, que me llevas queriendo tanto años y haces que cada día me levante con alegría y fuerza para vivirlo junto a ti. ÍNDICE ÍNDICE Resumen/ Summary 1 I. INTRODUCCIÓN Y JUSTIFICACIÓN 13 I.1. El dopaje 13 I.2. Normativas antidopaje de la WADA 17 I.3. Sustancias y métodos prohibidos por la WADA 22 I.4. Controles antidopaje 67 I.5. Historia del desarrollo de metodologías analíticas de control anti - 72 doping I.6. Espectrometría de masas: fundamentos e instrumentación 80 I.7. La espectrometría de masas en control anti -doping 106 I.8. Antecedentes de métodos de control antidoping empleando 111 cromatografía de líquidos/espectrometría de masas I.8.1. El problema analítico en control antidopaje: aspectos analíticos de la determinación de sustancias dopantes en fluidos 111 biológicos I.8.2. Metodologías multi -clase para la detección de sustancias 115 prohibidas en controles antidoping I.8.3. Antecedentes: metodologías para el estudio del metabolismo de sustancias dopantes mediante espectrometría de 124 masas II. OBJETIVOS 149 III. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN 153 III.1. Estudio comparativo de distintos métodos de tratamiento de muestra para el análisis de sustancias dopantes en orina mediante 155 cromatografía de líquidos/espectrometría de masas III. 1. 1. Resumen 157 i III.1.2. Artículo científico 1 : “Comparative evaluation of seven different sample treatment approaches por large-scale multiclass 159 sport drug testing in urine by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry”, Domínguez-Romero et al ., Journal of Chromatography A, 2014. III.2 Desarrollo de un método de análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo para la determinación de sustancias dopantes en orina mediante 207 cromatografía de líquidos/espectrometría de masas de tiempo de vuelo III.2.1. Resumen 209 III.2.2. Artículo científico 2: “Screening of 200 multiclass sport drugs in urine by solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography- 213 time-of-flight mass spectrometry”, Domínguez-Romero et al ., Talanta 2015. III.3. Detección sistemática de metabolitos de sustancias dopantes 273 mediante estrategias basadas en el empleo de LC-TOFMS III.3.1. Resumen 275 III.3.2. Artículo científico 3: “Combined data mining strategy for the systematic identification of sport drug metabolites in urine by liquid 277 chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry”, Domínguez- Romero et al ., Analytica Chimica Acta, 2013. III.4. Estudio del metabolismo en orina de β2 -agonistas clenbuterol, 317 salbutamol y terbutalina mediante LC-TOFMS III.4.1. Resumen 319 III.4.2. Artículo científico 4: “Detection of main urinary metabolites of β2 agonists clenbuterol, salbutamol and terbutaline by liquid 321 chromatography high-resolution mass”, Domínguez-Romero et al ., Journal of Chromatography B, 2013. ii III.5. Identificación de metabolitos de tamoxifén en orina mediante 347 UHPLC-TOFMS III.5.1. Resumen 349 III.5.2. Artí culo científico 5: “Study of tamoxifen urinary metabolites 351 in rat by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry”, Domínguez-Romero et al ., Biomedical Chromatography, 2015. DOI 10.1002/bmc.3411 IV. CONCLUSIONES 381 V. ANEXOS 385 Anexo 1: Lista de publicaciones de la tesis doctoral 387 Anexo 2: Lista de comunicaciones a congresos derivadas de la tesis 389 Anexo 3: Lista de otros artículos relacionados con el contenido de la 393 tesis. iii RESUMEN Resumen RESUMEN En los últimos diez años, la cromatografía de líquidos/espectrometría de masas (LC-MS) ha reemplazado a la cromatografía de gases/espectrometría de masas (GC-MS) para un gran número de ensayos en los laboratorios de control antidopaje. Entre otras ventajas, la LC-MS permite evitar algunas etapas de tratamiento de muestra incluyendo la etapa de derivatización obligatoria en muchas ocasiones si se emplea GC-MS. Dentro del abanico de posibilidades de LC-MS, la cromatografía de líquidos/espectrometría de masas de alta resolución con analizador de tiempo de vuelo (LC-TOFMS) ofrece unas características que encajan a la perfección con la filosofía del control antidoping. Por una parte, ofrece una sensibilidad muy elevada en modo full-scan lo que permite detectar cualquier sustancia a niveles de concentración muy bajos, sin tener que seleccionar iones. Además, el analizador de tiempo de vuelo ofrece la posibilidad de medir las masas exactas de los iones con errores de desviación de masa tan bajos, que se puede obtener la composición elemental de las especies detectadas, lo que se puede emplear como criterio de identificación para nuevas sustancias dopantes y de sus metabolitos sin disponer de patrones a priori. Esta tesis pretende explorar la potencialidad de la técnica LC-TOFMS para el control antidoping, tanto para el análisis de sustancias prohibidas conocidas incluidas en las listas de los organismos oficiales como otras sustancias ilegales que se puedan emplear pero que aún no se han descrito. La Tesis doctoral se divide en dos partes diferenciadas: (i) El desarrollo y optimización de un método para el análisis de la lista de sustancias prohibidas, incluyendo todos los estudios métodos de preparación de muestra evaluados y comparados para este fin. 1 Resumen (ii) El estudio de estrategias basadas en LC-TOFMS para la detección sistemática de metabolitos de sustancias dopantes La tesis incluye 5 trabajos de investigación originales, que se describen a continuación: En el artículo 1 (apartado III.1) , se ha llevado a cabo un estudio comparativo de siete métodos de tratamiento de muestra para análisis multi-categoría de sustancias dopantes en orina. Los métodos estudiados incluyen la extracción en fase sólida (con 5 tipos de cartucho diferentes: poliméricos mixtos hidrofóbicos/hidrofílicos (tipo HLB y PLEXA), C 18 , mixtos catiónicos (MCX) y mixtos-aniónicos (MAX)), extracción líquido-líquido empleando metil-tert- butil éter, y extracción líquida asistida por un sorbente ( sorbent supported liquid extraction ) empleando cartuchos ChemElut®.
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