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Foresters' Perceptions of Windthrow Dynamics in Northern Minnesota

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Foresters' Perceptions of Windthrow Dynamics in Northern Minnesota Foresters’ Perceptions of Windthrow Dynamics in Northern Minnesota Riparian Management Zones Jeremy C. Steil, Charles R. Blinn, and Randy Kolka A survey was mailed to foresters in northern Minnesota to identify their perceptions of what conditions result in higher incidence of windthrow in riparian management zones (RMZ) where the upland has been clearcut. Results indicate that foresters think many variables impact windthrow, often interactingin complex ways. Foresters considered topographic exposure, species, soil moisture, and aspect as the more important factors to consider when trying to mitigate windthrow in RMZs. In general, perceptions and rankings of windthrow factors by foresters are in agreement with the published literature. Based on foresters’ perceptions, recommendations are provided to assist forest resource managers in making decisions about retaining trees within streamside RMZs. ABSTRACT Keywords: windfirmness, survey, tree species, tree diameter, topographic position indthrow, along with fire and disease, is considered to be RMZs protect the functions and values of a water body and its one of the most important disturbance factors affecting associated riparian area from the impact of site-level activities such as Wforest management (Mitchell 1995, Quine 1995, Can- timber harvesting by reserving trees within some distance of the ham et al. 2001). Wind moving over a closed, relatively smooth water’s edge (Blinn and Kilgore 2001). Clearcutting along RMZs canopy is fairly stable and causes minimal disturbance (Somerville creates an abrupt boundary between forest and open space that make 1980, Gardiner 1994). When an area of forest is clearcut, the re- RMZ edges vulnerable to windthrow. Excessive windthrow within maining forest at the edge of the clearcut presents an abrupt obstruc- the RMZ may reduce its width and functionality (Grizzel and Wolff tion to the wind. At the forest edge, the wind tends to be deflected 1998, Reid and Hilton 1998, McClure et al. 2004), making it a up over the canopy as well as into it (Busby 1965, Raynor 1971, priority to identify major factors involved and to determine mitiga- Somerville 1980). Wind approaching the forest edge has a higher tion strategies. velocity than in an intact forest because the frictional boundary that Little information exists to guide managers on approaches to was above the canopy has now moved to ground level (Moore 1977, minimize windthrow in RMZs in northern Minnesota. Although Chen et al. 1993). The wind can remain at an elevated velocity for Turner (2005) assessed the effect of species on one such site, no several tree heights into the remaining forest (Raynor 1971, Burton other published studies exist for this region of the country. To 2001). obtain information across a broad range of site and stand factors and The distinct boundary change at the edge of a clearcut also en- to identify mitigation strategies, a survey of forest managers in hances turbulence in the canopy near the exposed edge, creating northern Minnesota was conducted. Because foresters often have further destabilization (Somerville 1980, Matlack and Litvaitis extensive field experience across a range of site and stand condi- 1999). After clearcutting, trees that are not physiologically adapted to edge conditions are now suddenly exposed, becoming vulnerable tions, they are a readily available source of practical knowledge on to windthrow at lower wind speeds than in an interior forest (Sen- windthrow in RMZs. The results of this survey of foresters’ per- ecal et al. 2004). Windthrow will occur when the resistive properties ceptions of windthrow in RMZs collectively represent the observa- of the stem and roots are overpowered by the forces of the wind tion of perhaps thousands of RMZs. Although conclusions drawn (Petty and Worrell 1981, Peltola et al. 2000). from such observations do not quantitatively equate to those derived Although damage caused by wind to residual trees in manage- from empirical studies, the geographic expanse and sheer number of ment settings is often high (Alexander 1967, Moore 1977, Beese observations would be difficult to duplicate through empirical re- 2001), it does not occur randomly. Damage along clearcut edges search methods. The purpose of this article is to present foresters and in thinned stands often can be predicted based on site and stand perceptions on the main drivers of windthrow in RMZs (after up- conditions and the local climate regime (Cremer et al. 1982, Mitch- land harvest), how they use such knowledge in their management ell 1998). Knowing how wind affects residual trees can enhance decisions, and how their perceptions compare with the published management when it comes to designing riparian management literature. Where observations are similar to the literature, manage- zones (RMZ). ment recommendations are provided; where there are discrepancies, Received February 6, 2008; accepted April 24, 2009. Jeremy Steil ([email protected]), Rainforest Alliance, SmartWood Program, US Region, 801 Highway 3 N, Suite 200, Northfield, MN 55057. Charles R Blinn ([email protected]), Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Avenue N, St. Paul, MN 55108. Randy R Kolka ([email protected]), US Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 1831 Highway 169 E, Grand Rapids, MN 55744. This research was funded by the University of Minnesota’s Department of Forest Resources, the University of Minnesota Extension, the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station under project MN 42-42, the Minnesota Forest Resources Council, the US Forest Service, and the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR). The authors thank Marsha Mlinar for helping design and conduct the survey, the respondents who participated in the survey, and Clarence Turner for providing supporting materials. Copyright © 2009 by the Society of American Foresters. 76 NORTH.J.APPL.FOR. 26(2) 2009 possible reasons are explored. In addition, we summarize how for- A Kendal’s ␶-rank correlation (Snedecor and Cochran 1980, esters manage to minimize windthrow in RMZs. Kendal and Gibbons 1990) was calculated between the species data and the results from Turner (2005) to see how well the foresters’ Approach ranking of species compared with empirical data from northern Minnesota (␣ ϭ 0.05). Techniques used to minimize blowdown The survey was conducted using Dillman’s (1978) total design and additional foresters’ comments were integrated into the discus- method. A literature review and a series of focus groups were first sion where appropriate. conducted to determine what major factors needed to be addressed. Because foresters were not selected at random, ANOVA results Next, a draft survey was sent out to a limited group of foresters, with can not be interpreted in a strict sense because of the potential for instructions to comment on how the survey questions and design bias due to the exclusion of some individuals from the sampling could be improved. The final survey was mailed to 121 field foresters frame. Similarly, the regression models applied to selected variables in January 2001. A reminder postcard was sent approximately 2 should be interpreted as trends in the data rather than as predictive weeks after the initial mailing followed by a second mailing of the models. Because of the possible uncertainty in the way foresters survey to nonrespondents. interpreted some questions, we only included questions addressing Forester selection was restricted to those who had at least 5 years species, dbh, rba, aspect, degree of topographic exposure, and hill- of field experience, were known to be available during the sampling slope position in our analysis. Other questions were removed be- period, and who lived in the Laurentian Mixed Forest Province of cause possible uncertainty about the intent of the question may have northern Minnesota, where the majority of the state’s forest man- led to obvious confusion among respondents. Although the ques- agement activities take place and where clearcutting is the primary tion regarding soil type did not yield meaningful statistical results, silvicultural prescription. These foresters represented federal, state, comments about soils, when presented with various other factors, and county land departments, as well as private industry. Forest were consistent and important enough that they were retained for types in the region include conifer, mixed hardwood and conifers, discussion. hardwoods, aspen, and conifer peatlands. Topography and soils are variable, characterized by outwash plains, lowland peatlands, Results and Discussion and mesic to xeric uplands, with soils in the orders Alfisol, Entisol, Fifty-four surveys were returned for a response rate of 45%. and Histosol (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources 2003, Seven of the respondents did not answer any of the questions, re- 2005). ducing the number of useful surveys to 47 (39%). Although some of The survey questions were concerned only with windthrow in the blank returned surveys noted that the respondent did not ob- RMZs where the upland had been clearcut. Eleven close-ended serve windthrow in the forests in which they worked, most nonre- questions assessed perceived windfirmness for 11 site and stand fac- sponse was likely because of foresters not wanting to take the time to tors (i.e., the stand factors included species windfirmness, dbh class, fill out a lengthy survey (17 pages). A comparison of respondents
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