DOCSLIB.ORG

Evolution of New Zealand Insects: Summary and Prospectus for Future Re- Search

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evolution of New Zealand Insects: Summary and Prospectus for Future Re- Search This may be the author’s version of a work that was submitted/accepted for publication in the following source: Buckley, Thomas, Krosch, Matthew, & Leschen, Richard (2015) Evolution of New Zealand insects: summary and prospectus for future re- search. Austral Entomology, 54(1), pp. 1-27. This file was downloaded from: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/79143/ c Consult author(s) regarding copyright matters This work is covered by copyright. Unless the document is being made available under a Creative Commons Licence, you must assume that re-use is limited to personal use and that permission from the copyright owner must be obtained for all other uses. If the docu- ment is available under a Creative Commons License (or other specified license) then refer to the Licence for details of permitted re-use. It is a condition of access that users recog- nise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. If you believe that this work infringes copyright please provide details by email to [email protected] Notice: Please note that this document may not be the Version of Record (i.e. published version) of the work. Author manuscript versions (as Sub- mitted for peer review or as Accepted for publication after peer review) can be identified by an absence of publisher branding and/or typeset appear- ance. If there is any doubt, please refer to the published source. https://doi.org/10.1111/aen.12116 Austral Entomology The evo lution of New Zealand insects: summary and prospectus for future research Journal:For Austral Review Entomology Only Manuscript ID: Draft Wiley - Manuscript type: Invited Review Date Submitted by the Author: n/a Complete List of Authors: Buckley, Thomas; Landcare Research, Krosch, Mathew; The University of Queensland, Centre for Water in the Minerals Industry Leschen, Richard; Landcare Research, Keywords: Biogeography, adaptation, alpine, freshwater, island Knowledge on the evolution of the New Zealand insect fauna is reviewed and outstanding questions are highlighted. The New Zealand insect fauna is a composite of old and recent lineages and many spectacular examples of evolutionary processes are evident including; adaptive radiation, hybridisation, and unusual adaptations. We discuss the origins and evolution of four key communities within the insect fauna: terrestrial lowland insects, alpine insects, aquatic insects, and insect communities from offshore islands. Within each of these communities key lineages are discussed and in particular the key adaptations that enable these species Abstract: to thrive. Glacial history has had a dramatic impact on the New Zealand insects, and the effects on different lineages are discussed. The New Zealand insects are unique, yet many are threatened with extinction and efforts to preserve the fauna are reviewed. Despite the accumulating knowledge, major gaps still exist and these are outlined, as are opportunities to address key questions. The review ends with a synthesis and a discussion of how systematics, new technologies, and integrative approaches have the promise to improve dramatically our understanding of New Zealand insect evolution. Page 1 of 81 Austral Entomology 1 1 2 3 4 The evolution of New Zealand insects: summary and 5 6 7 prospectus for future research 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Thomas R. Buckley 1,2,3,* 15 16 4 17 Matt Krosch 18 For Review Only 19 Richard A.B. Leschen 1 20 21 22 23 24 1 25 Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand 26 27 2School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New 28 29 Zealand 30 31 3 32 Allan Wilson Centre, Auckland, New Zealand 33 34 4 Centre for Water in the Minerals Industry, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of 35 36 Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia 37 38 39 40 41 *[email protected] 42 43 44 45 46 47 Running title: Evolution of New Zealand insects 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Austral Entomology Page 2 of 81 2 1 2 3 Abstract 4 5 6 Knowledge on the evolution of the New Zealand insect fauna is reviewed and outstanding 7 8 questions are highlighted. The New Zealand insect fauna is a composite of old and recent 9 10 lineages and many spectacular examples of evolutionary processes are evident including; 11 adaptive radiation, hybridisation, and unusual adaptations. We discuss the origins and evolution 12 13 of four key communities within the insect fauna: terrestrial lowland insects, alpine insects, 14 15 aquatic insects, and insect communities from offshore islands. Within each of these communities 16 17 key lineages are discussed and in particular the key adaptations that enable these species to 18 thrive. Glacial history Forhas had a dramaticReview impact on the NewOnly Zealand insects, and the effects on 19 20 different lineages are discussed. The New Zealand insects are unique, yet many are threatened 21 22 with extinction and efforts to preserve the fauna are reviewed. Despite the accumulating 23 24 knowledge, major gaps still exist and these are outlined, as are opportunities to address key 25 26 questions. The review ends with a synthesis and a discussion of how systematics, new 27 technologies, and integrative approaches have the promise to improve dramatically our 28 29 understanding of New Zealand insect evolution. 30 31 32 33 34 Key words biogeography, adaptation, alpine, freshwater, island 35 36 37 38 39 40 INTRODUCTION 41 42 43 44 45 The origins and evolution of the New Zealand biota have been of great interest to biologists ever 46 47 since Owen (1843) began describing moa bones, and Darwin’s (1859) seminal work. Although 48 well known for the relictual lineages within the vertebrate fauna (Tennyson 2010; Allentoft & 49 50 Rawlence 2012; Mitchell et al . 2014; Rheindt et al . 2014), the New Zealand insect fauna is 51 52 equally as interesting (Fig 1). This fauna also contains relictual lineages (Leschen 2006), as well 53 54 as unusual radiations (Fleming 1975; Marshall et al . 2008), uncharacteristically depauperate 55 56 lineages (Gibbs 1980; Watt 1975), gigantism (Kuschel & Worthy 1996; Leschen & Rhode 2002; 57 Gibbs 1998; Painting et al . 2014), and many unusual ecological interactions (Dugdale 1975). In 58 59 60 Page 3 of 81 Austral Entomology 3 1 2 3 addition to understanding the evolution of particular lineages and taxa that display the above 4 5 features, the New Zealand insects offer unlimited opportunities for deepening our understanding 6 7 of fundamental evolutionary processes such as speciation (Marshall et al . 2008, 2011; Albre et 8 9 al . 2012), adaptation (Buckley & Simon 2007; McCulloch et al . 2009; Dunning et al . 2013a, 10 11 2014), hybridisation (e.g. Chinn & Gemmell 2004; Morgan-Richards & Wallis 2003; Morgan- 12 Richards et al . 2010), and phylogeography (e.g. Marske et al . 2012; Goldberg & Trewick 2011). 13 14 Previously, much research on the evolution of New Zealand insects has focussed on pattern- 15 16 based questions, such as the enduring vicariance versus dispersal debate (e.g. Craw 1988; 17 18 Trewick & Wallis 2001).For However, Review many other questio nsOnly and conundrums have been neglected, 19 which we highlight and discuss here. Biogeographic patterns in the New Zealand insect fauna 20 21 have been reviewed comprehensively at broad (e.g. Goldberg et al . 2008; Trewick et al. 2011) 22 23 and more local scales (e.g. Buckley & Leschen 2013) and we do not attempt to update these 24 25 reviews here. Our purpose is to cover outstanding questions on the evolution of the New Zealand 26 insect fauna, to summarise current knowledge, and then to outline a prospective research agenda 27 28 designed to advance the field of the evolutionary biology of New Zealand insects. Although this 29 30 review is limited to the insects, we mention other terrestrial and aquatic invertebrate taxa where 31 32 they illustrate a pattern or process that has been poorly studied in the insects, yet likely to be of 33 34 importance. 35 36 We divide this examination of the New Zealand insect fauna into several sections. The 37 38 first four sections review the origins and evolution of four different components of the insect 39 40 fauna; terrestrial insects from lowland habitats, alpine insects, freshwater insects, and insect 41 42 communities on New Zealand offshore islands. The debate on the origins of the fauna has been 43 at the heart of New Zealand insect biogeography for many years and much recent progress has 44 45 been made with phylogenetic approaches. Nevertheless, large elements of the insect biota, 46 47 particularly from the cryptic and hyperdiverse soil and saprophagous communities, have barely 48 49 been examined. 50 51 We discuss landscape changes that occurred during the Cenozoic and in particular the 52 53 reduction in land area during the Late Oligocene, postulated to have caused massive turnover in 54 55 terrestrial biodiversity (e.g. Cooper & Cooper 1995; Landis et al . 2008). Moreover, New Zealand 56 57 harbours diverse terrestrial ecosystems with numerous fascinating species interactions that are as 58 59 60 Austral Entomology Page 4 of 81 4 1 2 3 complex and intricate as on any landmass. We mention several systems and focus in particular 4 5 on the sooty mould biota, a complex web of interactions between insects, fungi and plants. The 6 7 freshwater and alpine zone insect faunas are well known for their endemism and unusual 8 9 adaptations and we discuss the origins of this diversity. We focus particularly on the unusual 10 11 physiological and biochemical adaptations that have enabled insect lineages to radiate into alpine 12 environments. These adaptations include suites of behavioural, physiological, and biochemical 13 14 strategies and we are only beginning to the scratch the surface of the underlying evolutionary 15 16 processes (Sinclair et al .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Review of Phylogenetic Hypotheses Regarding Aphodiinae (Coleoptera; Scarabaeidae)
    STATE OF KNOWLEDGE OF DUNG BEETLE PHYLOGENY - a review of phylogenetic hypotheses regarding Aphodiinae (Coleoptera; Scarabaeidae) Mattias Forshage 2002 Examensarbete i biologi 20 p, Ht 2002 Department of Systematic Zoology, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University Supervisor Fredrik Ronquist Abstract: As a preparation for proper phylogenetic analysis of groups within the coprophagous clade of Scarabaeidae, an overview is presented of all the proposed suprageneric taxa in Aphodiinae. The current knowledge of the affiliations of each group is discussed based on available information on their morphology, biology, biogeography and paleontology, as well as their classification history. With this as a background an attempt is made to estimate the validity of each taxon from a cladistic perspective, suggest possibilities and point out the most important questions for further research in clarifying the phylogeny of the group. The introductory part A) is not a scientific paper but an introduction into the subject intended for the seminar along with a polemic against a fraction of the presently most active workers in the field: Dellacasa, Bordat and Dellacasa. The main part B) is the discussion of all proposed suprageneric taxa in the subfamily from a cladistic viewpoint. The current classification is found to be quite messy and unfortunately a large part of the many recent attempts to revise higher-level classification within the group do not seem to be improvements from a phylogenetic viewpoint. Most recently proposed tribes (as well as
    [Show full text]
  • Key to the British Genera of Family Scarabaeidae
    Key to the British genera of family Scarabaeidae Source Material This key is a composite from various sources including: Krell & Fery (1992) Die Käfer Mitteleuropas, Vol. 13, Supplement 2: 200-243). Joy (1932) A Practical Handbook of British Beetles Schmidt (1922) Coleoptera. Aphodiinae. Das Tierreich. 45 Arved Lompe’s online keys at http://www.coleo-net.de/coleo/texte/scarabaeidae.htm Have I got a beetle from family Scarabaeidae? Look for the following combination of features. Terminology Image Credits Unless otherwise attributed, the illustrations in this key are reproduced from the Iconographia Coleopterorum Poloniae, with permission kindly granted by Lech Borowiec. Creative Commons. © Mike Hackston (2016) Checklist from the Checklist of Beetles of the British Isles, 2012 edition, edited by A. G. Duff, (available from www.coleopterist.org.uk/checklist.htm). Subfamily AEGIALIINAE Subfamily MELOLONTHINAE Aegialia Latreille, 1807 Hoplia Illiger, 1803 arenaria (Fabricius, 1787) philanthus (Füessly, 1775) insularis Pittino, 2006 Melolontha Fabricius, 1775 rufa (Fabricius, 1792) hippocastani Fabricius, 1801 Subfamily APHODIINAE melolontha (Linnaeus, 1758) Aphodius Illiger, 1798 Polyphylla Harris, 1842 Euheptaulacus Dellacasa, G., 1983 fullo (Linnaeus, 1758) sus (Herbst, 1783) Amphimallon Latreille, 1825 villosus (Gyllenhal, 1806) ochraceum (Knoch, 1801) Heptaulacus Mulsant, 1842 solstitiale (Linnaeus, 1758) testudinarius (Fabricius, 1775) Omaloplia Schönherr, 1817 Oxyomus Dejean, 1833 ruricola (Fabricius, 1775) sylvestris (Scopoli, 1763)
    [Show full text]
  • 1 | Page Atlas of Yorkshire Coleoptera Part 6
    Atlas of Yorkshire Coleoptera part 6 - Scarabaeoidea (Geotrupidae, Trogidae, Lucanidae and Scarabaeidae) Introduction This is Part 6 of the Atlas and covers the Scarabaeoidea, to include the Lucanidae, Trogidae, Bolboceratidae, Geotrupidae, and Scarabiidae. 101 species of Scarabaeoidea are known from Britain, of the roughly 35000 or so described worldwide taxa. Many species are fossorial and habitats range from dung and plant roots in the Scarabaeidae and Geotrupidae, rotting wood in the case of the Lucanidae , and carrion and dung in Trogidae. Please refer to the work of Freude, Harde and Lohse 8:266ff for the mid-European species, this publication covering most of the British species, and also the works of Jessop (1986), Britton (1956) and Joy (1932) for habitat requirements and distributions of the British species, although Britton and Joy are now much out of date. The Scarabaeoidea is a rather poorly worked group in Yorkshire, and many species appear to be very scarce, especially of Aphodius, owing to the lack of fieldwork, with no records received for many species for many years. Each species in the database is considered and in each case a distribution map representing records on the database (at April 2016) is presented. The number of records on the database for each species is given in the account in the form (a,b,c,d,e) where a to e are the number of records from VC61 to VC65 respectively. These figures include undated records (see comment on undated records in the paragraph below on mapping). As a recorder, I shall continue to use the vice-county recording system, as the county is thereby divided up into manageable, roughly equal, areas for recording purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • Variation in Arthropod Communities in Response to Urbanization: Seven Years of Arthropod Monitoring in a Desert City
    Variation in Arthropod Communities in Response to Urbanization: Seven Years of Arthropod Monitoring in a Desert City By: Christofer Bang, Stanley H. Faeth Bang, C. and Faeth, S.H. 2011. Variation in arthropod communities in response to urbanization: Seven years of arthropod monitoring in a desert city. Landscape and Urban Planning 103(3-4): 383-399. Made available courtesy of Elsevier: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.08.013 ***© Elsevier. Reprinted with permission. No further reproduction is authorized without written permission from Elsevier. This version of the document is not the version of record. Figures and/or pictures may be missing from this format of the document. *** This is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Landscape and Urban Planning. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Landscape and Urban Planning, Volume 103, Issue 3-4, (2011) DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.08.013 Abstract: Continuous monitoring is essential to understand dynamics of biological communities in response to urbanization, and to provide guidance in landscape planning for conserving urban biodiversity. Arthropods serve this purpose because they are abundant and diverse in urban areas, and relatively easy to collect. Over seven years, in the Central Arizona Phoenix area, arthropod communities in three urban habitat categories were collected and compared to arthropods in natural desert using pitfall traps and non-parametric analyses.
    [Show full text]
  • Aphodiinae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
    INVERTEBRATE SYSTEMATICS ADVISORY GROUP REPRESENTATIVES OF LANDCARE RESEARCH Dr D.R. Penman Landcare Research Lincoln Agriculture & Science Centre P.O. Box 69, Lincoln, New Zealand Dr T.K. Crosby and Dr M.-C. Larivière Landcare Research Mount Albert Research Centre Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand REPRESENTATIVE OF UNIVERSITIES Dr R.M. Emberson Ecology and Entomology Group Soil, Plant, and Ecological Sciences Division P.O. Box 84, Lincoln University, New Zealand REPRESENTATIVE OF MUSEUMS Mr R.L. Palma Natural Environment Department Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa P.O. Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand REPRESENTATIVE OF OVERSEAS INSTITUTIONS Dr J.F. Lawrence CSIRO Division of Entomology G.P.O. Box 1700, Canberra City A.C.T. 2601, Australia * * * SERIES EDITOR Dr T. K. Crosby Landcare Research Mount Albert Research Centre Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand Fauna of New Zealand Ko te Aitanga Pepeke o Aotearoa Number / Nama 42 Aphodiinae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Z. T. Stebnicka Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow 31–016, Poland [email protected] Manaak i W h e n u a P R E S S Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand 2001 Copyright © Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd 2001 No part of this work covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means (graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping information retrieval systems, or otherwise) without the written permission of the publisher. Cataloguing in publication STEBNICKA, Z. T. (ZdzisawaTeresa), 1932– Aphodiinae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) / Z. T. Stebnicka – Lincoln, Canterbury, N.Z.
    [Show full text]
  • Zootaxa,A Review of the Aphodiinae (Coleoptera
    ZOOTAXA 1458 A review of the Aphodiinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) of southern South America ANDREW B. T. SMITH & PAUL E. SKELLEY Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand Andrew B. T. Smith & Paul E. Skelley A review of the Aphodiinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) of southern South America (Zootaxa 1458) 80 pp.; 30 cm. 25 April 2007 ISBN 978-1-86977-084-6 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-86977-085-3 (Online edition) FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2007 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box 41-383 Auckland 1346 New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ © 2007 Magnolia Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher, to whom all requests to reproduce copyright material should be directed in writing. This authorization does not extend to any other kind of copying, by any means, in any form, and for any purpose other than private research use. ISSN 1175-5326 (Print edition) ISSN 1175-5334 (Online edition) 2 · Zootaxa 1458 © 2007 Magnolia Press SMITH & SKELLEY Zootaxa 1458: 1–80 (2007) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2007 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) A review of the Aphodiinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) of southern South America ANDREW B. T. SMITH1 & PAUL E. SKELLEY2 1Research Division, Canadian Museum of Nature, P.O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, ON, K1P 6P4, CANADA. E-mail: [email protected] 2Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, 1911 SW 34th St., P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Status of the Beetles of Great Britain
    Natural England Commissioned Report NECR224 A review of the status of the beetles of Great Britain The stag beetles, dor beetles, dung beetles, chafers and their allies - Lucanidae, Geotrupidae, Trogidae and Scarabaeidae Species Status No.31 First published 31 October 2016 www.gov.uk/natural-england Foreword Natural England commission a range of reports from external contractors to provide evidence and advice to assist us in delivering our duties. The views in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of Natural England. Background Decisions about the priority to be attached to the conservation of species should be based upon objective assessments of the degree of threat to species. The internationally-recognised approach to undertaking this is by assigning species to one of the IUCN threat categories using the IUCN guidelines. This report was commissioned to update the national threat status of beetles within the Lucanidae, Geotrupidae, Trogidae and Scarabaeidae. It covers all species in these groups, identifying those that are rare and/or under threat as well as non-threatened and non- native species. Reviews for other invertebrate groups will follow. Natural England Project Manager – Jon Webb, [email protected] Contractor – Steve Lane [email protected] Authors – Steve A. Lane & Darren J. Mann Keywords – Scarabaeidae, Lucanidae, Geotrupidae, Trogidae, chafers, dung beetles, stag beetles, dor beetles, rhinoceros beetle, invertebrates, red list, IUCN, status reviews Further information This report can be downloaded from the Natural England Access to Evidence Catalogue: http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/. For information on Natural England publications contact the Natural England Enquiry Service on 0300 060 3900 or e-mail [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • This Article Appeared in a Journal Published by Elsevier. the Attached
    This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy Landscape and Urban Planning 103 (2011) 383–399 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Landscape and Urban Planning jou rnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/landurbplan Variation in arthropod communities in response to urbanization: Seven years of arthropod monitoring in a desert city a,∗ b Christofer Bang , Stanley H. Faeth a School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA b Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Continuous monitoring is essential to understand dynamics of biological communities in response to Received 27 April 2011 urbanization, and to provide guidance in landscape planning for conserving urban biodiversity. Arthro- Received in revised form 17 August 2011 pods serve this purpose because they are abundant and diverse in urban areas, and relatively easy to Accepted 24 August 2011 collect.
    [Show full text]
  • PROCEEDINGS San Diego Society of Natural History
    The Scarabaeoid Beetles of San Diego County, California PROCEEDINGS of the San Diego Society of Natural History Founded 874 Number 40 February 2008 The Scarabaeoid Beetles of San Diego County, California Part I. Introduction and Diagnosis of Families Glaresidae, Trogidae, Pleocomidae, Geotrupidae, Ochodaeidae, Hybosoridae, and Glaphyridae Ron H. McPeak P.O. Box 2136, Battle Ground, WA 98604, U.S.A.; [email protected] Thomas A. Oberbauer County of San Diego Department of Planning and Land Use, 5201 Ruffin Road, Suite B, San Diego, CA 92123, U.S.A.; [email protected] ABSTRACT.—Scarabaeoid beetles are diverse in San Diego County, California, with 8 families, 53 genera, and approximately 50 species repre- sented. Vegetation communities in the county are likewise diverse and directly responsible for supporting the diversity of scarab beetles. Part I of the Scarabaeoid Beetles of San Diego County, California presents data on 8 species in the following 7 families: Glaresidae (), Trogidae (4), Pleocomidae (2), Geotrupidae (5), Ochodaeidae (3), Hybosoridae (), and Glaphyridae (2). This group of diverse beetles is adapted to a wide variety of terrestrial habitats where they feed upon hair, feathers, carrion, other decomposing organic matter, and plants. INTRODUCTION COLLECTING IN SAN DIEGO COUNTY The superfamily Scarabaeoidea is one of the largest groups of Several preeminent beetle taxonomists spent time collecting beetles, containing approximately 2200 genera and 3,000 species in San Diego County during the 9th century (Essig 93). John worldwide (Jameson and Ratcliffe 2002). According to Smith (2003) L. LeConte was in California during 850 while employed as a there are 2 families, approximately 70 genera, and 2000 species in surgeon in the U.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Effects of an Exotic Plant
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Effects of an Exotic Plant Invasion on Arthropod Assemblages A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology by Denise Anne Knapp Committee in charge: Professor Carla D’Antonio, Chair Dr. Tom Dudley, Researcher Professor Scott Cooper Professor Michael Caterino, Clemson University December 2014 The dissertation of Denise Anne Knapp is approved. ____________________________________________ Tom Dudley ____________________________________________ Scott Cooper ____________________________________________ Michael Caterino ____________________________________________ Carla D’Antonio, Committee Chair September 2014 Effects of an Exotic Plant Invasion on Arthropod Assemblages Copyright © 2014 by Denise A. Knapp iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I want to thank my loving husband John for sticking with me through what has been a trying time for both of us (famous last words: a doctorate after ten years out of school with a family and a commute, and then a full time job? No problem!). I also want to thank Wyatt for being such a cool little dude and keeping me motivated to finish this thing. Much love and gratitude also to Mom and Dad and Janine, who have been so supportive and never said I was taking too long. To Carla and Tom, thank you for taking a chance on me and getting me the fellowship that made all the difference. Thanks also for pushing me to be the best scientist I can be. Sincere thanks to Mike, who was always so patient and helpful with the “bugs”, and made sure I got my beetle names right. And to Scott, thanks for making my statistical analyses much more sophisticated and for all of the time you took to answer all of my questions clearly and thoroughly.
    [Show full text]
  • Zootaxa,A Review of the Aphodiinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
    ZOOTAXA 1458 A review of the Aphodiinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) of southern South America ANDREW B. T. SMITH & PAUL E. SKELLEY Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand Andrew B. T. Smith & Paul E. Skelley A review of the Aphodiinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) of southern South America (Zootaxa 1458) 80 pp.; 30 cm. 25 April 2007 ISBN 978-1-86977-084-6 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-86977-085-3 (Online edition) FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2007 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box 41-383 Auckland 1346 New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ © 2007 Magnolia Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher, to whom all requests to reproduce copyright material should be directed in writing. This authorization does not extend to any other kind of copying, by any means, in any form, and for any purpose other than private research use. ISSN 1175-5326 (Print edition) ISSN 1175-5334 (Online edition) 2 · Zootaxa 1458 © 2007 Magnolia Press SMITH & SKELLEY Zootaxa 1458: 1–80 (2007) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2007 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) A review of the Aphodiinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) of southern South America ANDREW B. T. SMITH1 & PAUL E. SKELLEY2 1Research Division, Canadian Museum of Nature, P.O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, ON, K1P 6P4, CANADA. E-mail: [email protected] 2Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, 1911 SW 34th St., P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • The Status and Distribution of the Scarab Beetles Rhysothorax Rufa and Ammoecius Brevis on Lancashire Dunes in 2017
    The Status and Distribution of the scarab beetles Rhysothorax rufa and Ammoecius brevis on Lancashire dunes in 2017. C. M. Watkins and D. J. Mann 1st June 2018 Contents List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................... 3 List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 4 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 5 The Sefton Coast .................................................................................................................................. 5 Rhysothorax rufa (The Red Dune Crawler) .......................................................................................... 5 Ammoecius brevis (The Ainsdale Dung Beetle) ................................................................................... 8 Aims and Objectives .......................................................................................................................... 11 Methods ................................................................................................................................................ 12 Visual search .................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]