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From Silver to Cocaine.Pdf
Carlos Marichal, “The Spanish American Silver Peso: Export Commodity and Global Money of the Ancien Regime (16th-18th centuries” ) draft of essay published in Steven Topik, Carlos Marichal and Zephyr Frank titled Latin American Commodity Chains and the Building of Global Economy, (XVI-XXth Centuries), Duke University Press, 2006, pp. 25-52. The Spanish American Silver Peso: Export Commodity and Global Money of the Ancien Regime (16th-18th centuries) Carlos Marichal The legacy of the monetary regime of the Spanish empire is not only an important chapter in world economic history but also key to an understanding of premodern monetary systems. The international diffusion of the Spanish American silver peso between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries transformed it into what could be termed as an almost universal, metallic money. The reasons for the global trade and circulation of this commodity money can be explained by the dynamics of supply and demand. On the supply side, the silver mines of Spanish America were the richest in the world and allowed for a voluminous and rising production of high-value bars and coins for several centuries. On the demand side, it is clear that silver (and gold) were long the most highly valued money commodities in ancien regime societies and economies since metallic currencies tended to be dominant as medium of exchange in a large range of transactions. In this regard, analysis of the extraordinary historical and geographical trajectories of the silver peso in the Americas, Europe, the Mideast and Asia between the sixteenth and early nineteenth centuries can elucidate important aspects of premodern processes of globalization. -
![Coinage Act, 1873 [United States]](https://docslib.b-cdn.net/cover/6248/coinage-act-1873-united-states-176248.webp)
Coinage Act, 1873 [United States]
Volume II The Heyday of the Gold Standard, 1820-1930 1873 February 12 Coinage Act, 1873, United States: “An Act revising and amending the Laws relative to the Mints, Assay, offices, and Coinage of the United States.” With the passage of this Act, the US Congress demonetised silver and established its participation in the international gold standard. This effectively ended the official bimetallism that had existed in the United States since 1792 and demonetised silver. Initially, the consequences were limited as silver had been undervalued at the old 15:1 ratio; however, as demand for gold rose, a return to silver became increasingly attractive to those who suffered from the subsequent deflation—primarily farmers who witnessed dramatic reductions in commodity prices. Those who blamed the deflation for their financial woes came to refer to the Coinage Act as the ‘Crime of 1873’. ——— Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the mint of the United States is hereby established as a bureau of the Treasury Department, embracing in its organization and under its control all mints for the manufacture of com, and all assay offices for the stamping of bars, which are now, or which may be hereafter, authorized by law. The chief officer of the said bureau shall be denominated the director of the mint, and shall be under the general direction of the Secretary of the Treasury. He shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and shall hold his office for the term of five years, unless sooner removed by the President, upon reasons to be communicated by him to the Senate. -
Legislation Authorizing 2021 Morgan & Peace Silver Dollars to Benefit
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: Tuesday, July 23, 2019 CONTACT: Deborah Muehleisen Telephone: 719-482-9871 E-mail: [email protected] Legislation Authorizing 2021 Morgan & Peace Silver Dollars to Benefit American Numismatic Association and the Hobby Collectors Urged to Contact Congressional Representatives for Support Coin collectors soon could purchase 2021-CC Morgan and Peace silver dollars that support the American Numismatic Association (ANA) and the hobby. Legislation was introduced on July 16 (H.R. 3757) to authorize production of 2021-dated dollar coins to mark the 1921 transition from the Morgan to the Peace designs. A combined maximum production of 500,000 proof and uncirculated Morgan and Peace dollars would be authorized under the 2021 Commemorative Silver Dollar Coin Act. An unspecified number of Morgan dollars could be struck with the “CC” mintmark at the former Carson City Mint, which now houses the Nevada State Museum. Sales of the two coins would include a surcharge of $10 per coin, 40 percent of which would be paid to the American Numismatic Association to help fund educational programs – after the U.S. Mint has recouped all of its production and associated costs. The National World War I Museum & Memorial in Kansas City also would receive 40 percent of all net surcharges, while the Nevada State Museum located in Carson City would receive 20 percent. The enabling legislation, jointly introduced in the House of Representatives by Emanuel Cleaver, (D-Mo.) and Andy Barr, (R-Ky.), requires 289 Congressional co-sponsors. This commemorative coin initiative is being led by Tom Uram, chairman of the Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee (CCAC), president of the Pennsylvania Association of Numismatists, and current ANA board member; and Mike Moran, noted author and researcher, and member of the CCAC since 2011. -
History of the United States Silver Dollar
Created by: Lane J. Brunner, Ph.D. Rod Gillis Numismatic Educator Mint Act of April 2, 1792 Philadelphia was only location Mint officials had to post $10,000 bond (Five times the Director’s annual salary!) First coins struck in 1793 Only copper cents and half-cents Congress lowered bond to $6,000 March 1794 silver dollars were struck Dies prepared in 1793 by Robert Scot An impression emblematic of Liberty Inscription of the word LIBERTY Year of coinage Representation of an eagle Inscribed UNITED STATES OF AMERICA No denomination HUNDRED CENTS ONE DOLLAR OR UNIT 1485/1664 silver and 179/1664 copper Fineness of 0.8924 Assayer Albion Cox complained Director David Rittenhouse allowed for higher fineness of 0.900 (illegal!) Depositors lost money on transaction Total of 2,000 pieces struck One pair of dies All struck in one day Net mintage of 1,758 120-130 surviving examples New obverse design after one year Design change corresponded with new Mint Director Henry William DeSaussure Matured Liberty Buxom Roman Matron Philadelphia socialite Ann Willing Bingham Reverse design slightly refined Still no denomination Dollar remained the flagship denomination Improved technology and quality Obverse design now with 13 stars Reverse was a heraldic eagle Iconography “blunder” Mint reports of dollars produced in 1804 Coins were struck in 1834 for diplomats Later restrikes in 1850’s All are unofficial “fantasy” pieces 15 known specimens In 1999 Childs specimen sold for $4.14 M No dollars produced since 1803 -
Title the Japanese Currency Policy and the British Banks in Asia In
The Japanese Currency Policy and the British Banks in Asia in Title 1870s-1890s Author(s) MOTOYAMA, Yoshihico; YOKOYAMA, Shisei Citation The Kyoto University Economic Review (1995), 64(1): 1-8 Issue Date 1995-02 URL https://doi.org/10.11179/ker1926.64.1 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University THE KYOTO UNIVERSITY ECONOMIC REVIEW MEMOIRS OFTHE FACULTY OF ECONOMICS KYOTO UNIVERSITY VOLUME LXIV NUMBER 1 (APRIL 1994) WHOLE NUMBER 136 The Japanese Currency Policy and the British Banks in Asia in 1870s - 1890s 牢 ( Yoshihiko MOTOYAMA'" and Shisei YOKOYAMA I The Silver Dollar and the Japanese Silver Yen in Asia before 1897 In Asia before l870s , Spanish silver dollars (including Mexican dollars) were the most familiar and influential import from the West. They were widely circulated in Asia from the sixteenth to the middle of the nineteenth century. But they were generally less favoured by most Asian Government , though they were made legal tender in Singapore in 1867. During the 1870s, the value of silver beｭ gan to depreciate. This meant the opening the “ T rade Dollar Era". Western countries began to mint and export silver trade dollars for circulation in silver-using countries. The Hong Kong dollar was minted in 1866, the US trade dollar in 1873, and the British dollar in 1895. They did so beｭ cause the value of silver in silver-using countries , particularly in China , were not depreciating at the same rate as it was in the Western Countries. So they wanted their own trade dollar to replace Mexｭ ican dollars in Asia. -
Griffith Coin List
Griffith Coin List 1. 1847 large cent 2. 1848 large cent 3. 1904 Indian head cent 4. 1864 2¢ pc. 5. 1935 & 1938 Buffalo nickels, 2 coins 6. 1910 Liberty nickel 7. 1871 3¢ nickel 8. Liberty coin collection, 4 coins 9. Two Century nickel collection, 5 coins 10. 2005 Bison nickel collection, 4 coins 11. 100th Anniversary Denver mint, 3 coins 12. Thomas Jefferson coin collection, 4 coins 13. 1901 & 1906 Liberty nickels, 2 coins 14. 1906 S Barber dime 15. Barber, Mercury & Roosevelt dime collection, 3 coins 16. Mercury dimes: P, D & S mint, 3 coins 17. Mercury dimes, 4 18. Barber dimes: 1901, 1907, 1908 & 1910, 4 coins 19. 1941 Mercury dime 20. Roosevelt dimes: 1946 P, 1946 D & 1946 S, 3 coins 21. Roosevelt dimes: 1946, 1947 & 1948, 3 coins 22. Mercury dimes & Roosevelt dimes: 15 of each, 30 coins total 23. Barber coin collection, 3 coins 24. American quarters: Barber 1898, Standing Liberty 1928 & Washington 2000 25. 200th Anniversary Abraham Lincoln, 3 coins 26. Standing Liberty quarters, 3 27. 2001 Washington quarter, plated 28. 2004 Washington quarter, Wisconsin 29. 1901 Barber quarter 30. 1914 Barber quarter 31. 1915 D Barber quarter 32. Liberty coin collection, 3 coins 33. 1943 WWII coin collection, 5 coins 34. Barber coin collection, O mint, 3 coins 35. 19th Century coin collection, 5 coins 36. American Classic coins: 1912, 1916, 1945, 1916 & 1958, 5 coins 37. Veterans WWI coin & stamp collection, 5 coins 38. 1945 P WWII coin collection, 5 coins 39. 1918 Liberty ½ dollar 40. 1927 S Liberty ½ dollar 41. -
In 2018, Gold and Silver Prices Poised to Rise Against Unstable US Dollar!
January 2018, Volume 24 Issue 1 Liberty Coin Service’s Monthly Review of Precious Metals and Numismatics January 10, 2018 In 2018, Gold And Silver Prices Poised To Rise Against Unstable US Dollar! Gold’s 2017 Performance 2017 Annual Results Malaysia Ringgit -9.5% Israel Shekel -9.6% Versus Selected Currencies Precious Metals South Africa Rand -9.8% Palladium +58.4% Sweden Krona -10.2% Currency 2017 Gold Price Change Gold +13.6% Argentine Peso +33.0% South Korea Won -11.7% Silver +7.4% Denmark Krone -12.2% Brazil Real +15.6% Platinum +3.7% Euro -12.4% Philippines Peso +14.7% Numismatics U.S. Dollar Index 92.22 -9.84% Hong Kong Dollar +14.4% US MS-63 $20 St Gaudens +9.8% US Dollar +13.6% US MS-63 $20 Liberty +6.4% US And World Stock Market Indices LCS US Currency Index +5.1% NASDAQ +28.2% Indonesia Rupiah +13.1% LCS Collector Key Date Coin Index -0.5% Sao Paulo Bovespa +26.9% Colombia Peso +12.9% LCS Investor Rare Coins Index -1.1% Dow Jones Industrial Average +25.1% New Zealand Dollar +10.1% LCS Collector Generic Coins Index -1.6% Dow Jones World (excluding US) +24.6% Peru New Sol +9.7% US Silver Proof Sets, 1950-1968 -1.7% S&P 500 +19.4% Japan Yen +9.4% LCS Invest Blue Chip Coins Index -2.1% Nikkei 225 +19.1% US Proof Sets, 1968-1998 -4.3% Russell 2000 +13.1% Switzerland Franc +8.6% US MS-65 Morgan Dollar, Pre-1921 -8.5% Frankfurt Xetra DAX +12.5% Mexico Peso +7.8% US Proof Silver Eagles, 1986-1998 -25.2% London FT 100 +7.6% Australia S&P/ASX 200 +7.1% Russia Ruble +6.9% US Dollar vs Foreign Currencies Shanghai Composite +6.6% India Rupee -
History of the Coinage Act of 1873/ on April 25, 1870, the Secretary of the Treasury Transmitted the Following Letter to Hon
1876 CLX REPORT OF THE COMPTROLLER OP THE CURRENCY. History of the coinage act of 1873/ On April 25, 1870, the Secretary of the Treasury transmitted the following letter to Hon. John Sherman, chairman of the Finance Committee of the Senate: "TREASURY DEPARTMENT, April 25, 1870. u SIR : I have the honor to transmit herewith a bill revising the laws relative to the Mint, assay-offices, and coinage of the United States, and accompanying report. The bill has been prepared under the supervision of John Jay Knox, Deputy Comptroller of the Currency, and its passage is recommended in the form presented. It includes, in a, condensed form, all the important legislation upon the coinage, not now obsolete, since the first mint was established, in 1792; and the report gives a concise statement of the various amendments proposed to existing Jaws and the necessity for the change recom- mended. There has been no revision of the laws pertaining to the Mint and coinage since 1837, and it is believed that the passage of the inclosed bill will conduce greatly to the efficiency and economy of this important branch of the Government service. "I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, "GEO. S. BOUTWELL, "Secretary of the Treasury.'7 The report and the bill were referred on April 28, 1870, to the Fiuance Committee of the Senate, and subsequently, on May 2, 1870, five hundred additional copies were ordered to be printed for the use of the Treasury Department. The report says : " The method adopted in the preparation of the bill was first to arrange in as concise a form as possible the laws now in existence upon these subjects, with such additional sections and suggestions as seemed valuable. -
The Wonderful World of Trade Dollars
The Wonderful World of Trade Dollars Lecture Set #34 Project of the Verdugo Hills Coin Club Photographed by John Cork & Raymond Reingohl Introduction Trade Dollars in this presentation are grouped into 3 categories • True Trade Dollars • It was intended to circulate in remote areas from its minting source • Accepted Trade Dollars • Trade dollar’s value was highly accepted for trading purposes in distant lands • Examples are the Spanish & Mexican 8 Reales and the Maria Theresa Thaler • Controversial Trade Dollars • A generally accepted dollar but mainly minted to circulate in a nation’s colonies • Examples are the Piastre de Commerce and Neu Guinea 5 Marks This is the Schlick Guldengroschen, commonly known as the Joachimstaler because of the large silver deposits found in Bohemia; now in the Czech Republic. The reverse of the prior two coins. Elizabeth I authorized this Crown This British piece created to be used by the East India Company is nicknamed the “Porticullis Crown” because of the iron grating which protected castles from unauthorized entry. Obverse and Reverse of a Low Countries (Netherlands) silver Patagon, also called an “Albertus Taler.” Crown of the United Amsterdam Company 8 reales issued in 1601 to facilitate trade between the Dutch and the rest of Europe. Crown of the United Company of Zeeland, minted at Middleburg in 1602, similar in size to the 8 reales. This Crown is rare and counterfeits have been discovered to deceive the unwary. The Dutch Leeuwendaalder was minted for nearly a century and began as the common trade coin from a combination of all the Dutch companies which fought each other as well as other European powers. -
Sopp Coin List – 9/20/20 LOT # 1-114. Wheat Pennies – 50 115-122
Sopp Coin List – 9/20/20 LOT # 1-114. Wheat pennies – 50 115-122. Lincoln pennies – 50 123-152. Lincoln cent S mint – 50 153. 1960 D Lincoln cent – 56 154. 1962 P Unc – 50 155. 1831 Large cent – 1 156. 1898 V nickel – 2 157-191. Buffalo nickel – 10 192-193. Buffalo nickel – 12 194. Buffalo nickel – 9 195-215. Jefferson nickel - 20 216-223. Jefferson nickel S mint – 10 224. Jefferson nickel S mint – 9 225-226. V nickel – 9 227. Shield nickel – 2 228-247. Jefferson silver nickel – 10 248-249. Jefferson silver nickel – 12 250. 1853 half dime 251. 1854 half dime 252. 1857 Liberty seated dime 253. 1888 Liberty seated dime 254-257. Barber dime – 10 258. Barber dime – 7 259-285. Mercury silver dime – 10 286. Wheat pennies – 50 287-348. Roosevelt silver dime – 10 349. 1963 D Roosevelt silver dime Unc – 50 350. 2005 D Jefferson Buffalo nickels – roll 351. 2004 D Jefferson Peace nickel – roll 352. 1854 & 1844 Seated quarter – 2 353-354. Barber quarter – 4 355. Barber quarter – 6 356-357. Standing Liberty quarters – 5 358-483. Washington silver quarter – 4 484-488. Roosevelt silver dime – 10 489-566. Liberty half dollar – 2 567-645. Franklin half – 2 646. Franklin half – 3 647. 1900 & 1902 Barber half dollar – 2 648. Liberty silver quarter – 4 649-687. 1964 Kennedy half dollar – 2 688. 1964 Kennedy half dollar - 3 689. Franklin half – 2 690-704. Kennedy half, 40% silver – 4 705. Kennedy half, 40% silver - 5 706. 1893 Expo half dollar 707. 1892 Expo half dollar 708. -
Coins 12.18.20.Cdr
Online Auction Collector’s Coins, Monies, and Knives! See all photos and descriptions on HiBid Visit daughertyauction.hibid.com to bid online Bidding ends- Dec. 18th at 7:00 pm CST Pick up items- Dec. 19th, 9am-Noon at 416 Greene St. Adel, Iowa 1922-s peace dollar 1963 red seal 2 dollar bills Barack Obama coin collection 1922-d peace dollar 1963 5 dollar bills Presidential collection 1923 peace dollar 1950 10 dollar bill Statehood quarter collection 1921 Morgan dollar 1934 5 dollar silver certificate 4- 1964 Kennedy halves 90% silver 1921 Morgan dollar various 2 dollar bills 1970s- current peace dollars 1896 Morgan dollar 1999 24 k plated mint set 1 Oz. .999 silver round 1900-O Morgan dollar 1981 Canadian mint set 19 Kennedy halves 1887-0 Morgan dollar 1928 -s peace dollar 3 Ike dollars 1921-D Morgan dollar Is island 1oz silver round-1986 1921 Morgan dollars 1921 Morgan dollar 1921 Morgan dollar 1926 & 1927 quarter dollar 1911 v nickel James Dean medallion walking halves 1921-s Morgan dollar 1916 -s barber dime 25 unsearched presidential and 1904 v nickel 1894 barber quarter Susan b. Anthony dollars 1901 -o Morgan dollar 1857 three cent piece 26 unsearched dollars 1917 walking half dollar 1897 barber quarter 16 Susan b. Anthony dollars 1911 v nickel 1916 barber quarter 23 quarters. mostly bi-centennial 1899 v nickel 1862 seated liberty dime wheat pennies 1943 walking half dollar 1858 flying eagle cent 3 cent pieces 1942 walking half dollar 1841 seated liberty dime walking half dollars 1907 v nickel 1858 flying eagle cent 3 NASCAR coins 1941 -
Common Currencies: Precedents and Prospects
NORTH CAROLINA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW Volume 4 Number 1 Article 3 Summer 1978 Common Currencies: Precedents and Prospects Frank A. Southard Jr. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj Part of the Commercial Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Frank A. Southard Jr., Common Currencies: Precedents and Prospects, 4 N.C. J. INT'L L. 1 (1978). Available at: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/vol4/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Carolina Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Common Currencies: Precedents and Prospects by Frank A. Southard, Jr.* A common currency emerges when two or more political units use the same currency as their sole or predominant legal tender. It may be issued by one political unit (an independent country or a political de- pendency) and made legal tender in one or several other units, or it may be issued by an institution common to all the participating units. A common currency is to be distinguished from a monetary agree- ment by which a group of countries provides for some degree of inter- change of their currencies. 1 However, the distinction between the two becomes narrow in some cases. The Latin Monetary Union, organized in 1865 by Belgium, France, Italy and Switzerland, provided for standard coins which all public offices were required to accept, even though they were separately minted by each country.