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From Silver to Cocaine.Pdf
Carlos Marichal, “The Spanish American Silver Peso: Export Commodity and Global Money of the Ancien Regime (16th-18th centuries” ) draft of essay published in Steven Topik, Carlos Marichal and Zephyr Frank titled Latin American Commodity Chains and the Building of Global Economy, (XVI-XXth Centuries), Duke University Press, 2006, pp. 25-52. The Spanish American Silver Peso: Export Commodity and Global Money of the Ancien Regime (16th-18th centuries) Carlos Marichal The legacy of the monetary regime of the Spanish empire is not only an important chapter in world economic history but also key to an understanding of premodern monetary systems. The international diffusion of the Spanish American silver peso between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries transformed it into what could be termed as an almost universal, metallic money. The reasons for the global trade and circulation of this commodity money can be explained by the dynamics of supply and demand. On the supply side, the silver mines of Spanish America were the richest in the world and allowed for a voluminous and rising production of high-value bars and coins for several centuries. On the demand side, it is clear that silver (and gold) were long the most highly valued money commodities in ancien regime societies and economies since metallic currencies tended to be dominant as medium of exchange in a large range of transactions. In this regard, analysis of the extraordinary historical and geographical trajectories of the silver peso in the Americas, Europe, the Mideast and Asia between the sixteenth and early nineteenth centuries can elucidate important aspects of premodern processes of globalization. -
![Coinage Act, 1873 [United States]](https://docslib.b-cdn.net/cover/6248/coinage-act-1873-united-states-176248.webp)
Coinage Act, 1873 [United States]
Volume II The Heyday of the Gold Standard, 1820-1930 1873 February 12 Coinage Act, 1873, United States: “An Act revising and amending the Laws relative to the Mints, Assay, offices, and Coinage of the United States.” With the passage of this Act, the US Congress demonetised silver and established its participation in the international gold standard. This effectively ended the official bimetallism that had existed in the United States since 1792 and demonetised silver. Initially, the consequences were limited as silver had been undervalued at the old 15:1 ratio; however, as demand for gold rose, a return to silver became increasingly attractive to those who suffered from the subsequent deflation—primarily farmers who witnessed dramatic reductions in commodity prices. Those who blamed the deflation for their financial woes came to refer to the Coinage Act as the ‘Crime of 1873’. ——— Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the mint of the United States is hereby established as a bureau of the Treasury Department, embracing in its organization and under its control all mints for the manufacture of com, and all assay offices for the stamping of bars, which are now, or which may be hereafter, authorized by law. The chief officer of the said bureau shall be denominated the director of the mint, and shall be under the general direction of the Secretary of the Treasury. He shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and shall hold his office for the term of five years, unless sooner removed by the President, upon reasons to be communicated by him to the Senate. -
2D Stryker Cavalry Regiment
2d Stryker Cavalry Regiment History, Customs and Traditions of the “Second Dragoons” THE OLDEST CONTINUOUSLY SERVING MOUNTED REGIMENT IN THE UNITED STATES ARMY ESTABLISHED 1836 Left Blank Intentionally Dedicated To The soldiers of the 2d Cavalry Regiment who have steadfastly served their nation since 1836. Preface This document is a work of many hands and is intended to be a living reference for the soldiers who serve today as well as a record of the service of those who have preceded them. Special recognition is given to William Heidner and the others who were part of the original team who assembled this book at the direction of the Colonel of the Regiment. In this publication we attempt to preserve and present the essence of what it is to be a 2d Cavalryman. By this effort we wish to carry on the traditions of this special unit and at the same time record the new chapters and pages of history written by today's Dragoons. We intend this to be a living document updated in accordance with the bi-annual schedule of 2d Cavalry Association reunions as well as the experiences and deployments of the Regiment. The content of this document is subject to copyright law and any reproduction or modification of the material here may be subject to approval of the 2d Cavalry Association and the Commanding Officer of the 2d Stryker Cavalry Regiment. All material presented here is based on the best available information at the time of publication and is not intended as a final statement on matters of historical reference nor matters of policy within the Active Regiment. -
Doc Holliday and Consumptive Identity in the Wild West
‘Killer Consumptive in the Wild West: the Posthumous Decline of Doc Holliday’ Item Type Book chapter Authors Tankard, Alex Citation Tankard, A. (2014). Killer Consumptive in the Wild West: the Posthumous Decline of Doc Holliday. In Bolt, D. (Ed.), Changing Social Attitudes Toward Disability (pp. 26-37). London: Routlege. Publisher Routledge Download date 30/09/2021 07:07:53 Item License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10034/621724 Killer Consumptive in the Wild West: the Posthumous Decline of Doc Holliday Introduction In 1882, journalists in Colorado interviewed the deadliest gunfighter in the Wild West. John Henry ‘Doc’ Holliday (1851-1887) was a man devoid of fear, reputed to have killed up to fifty men (‘Caught in Denver’, 1882). Yet journalists were astonished to discover he was also a genteel, frail-looking ‘consumptive’ living with incurable tuberculosis. Holliday’s consumptive body fascinated contemporaries – partly because this impairment was traditionally associated with a Romantic, sentimental disabled identity quite incongruous with his brutal reputation, and partly because he seemed physically incapable of violence: one journalist even marvelled that his slender wrists could hold a gun (‘Awful Arizona’, 1882). Yet these early descriptions emphasised above all the elective aspects of his physical presence – his polished manners and exquisite dress and grooming – and presented his consumptive body not as a passive object of pathology or pity but, rather, as an essential component of a persona defined by self-possession, neatness, and ‘a suavity of manner for which he was always noted’ (‘Caught’, 1882). Holliday’s contemporaries delighted in the debonair consumptive gunfighter, but this delight did not last long after his death. -
History of the United States Silver Dollar
Created by: Lane J. Brunner, Ph.D. Rod Gillis Numismatic Educator Mint Act of April 2, 1792 Philadelphia was only location Mint officials had to post $10,000 bond (Five times the Director’s annual salary!) First coins struck in 1793 Only copper cents and half-cents Congress lowered bond to $6,000 March 1794 silver dollars were struck Dies prepared in 1793 by Robert Scot An impression emblematic of Liberty Inscription of the word LIBERTY Year of coinage Representation of an eagle Inscribed UNITED STATES OF AMERICA No denomination HUNDRED CENTS ONE DOLLAR OR UNIT 1485/1664 silver and 179/1664 copper Fineness of 0.8924 Assayer Albion Cox complained Director David Rittenhouse allowed for higher fineness of 0.900 (illegal!) Depositors lost money on transaction Total of 2,000 pieces struck One pair of dies All struck in one day Net mintage of 1,758 120-130 surviving examples New obverse design after one year Design change corresponded with new Mint Director Henry William DeSaussure Matured Liberty Buxom Roman Matron Philadelphia socialite Ann Willing Bingham Reverse design slightly refined Still no denomination Dollar remained the flagship denomination Improved technology and quality Obverse design now with 13 stars Reverse was a heraldic eagle Iconography “blunder” Mint reports of dollars produced in 1804 Coins were struck in 1834 for diplomats Later restrikes in 1850’s All are unofficial “fantasy” pieces 15 known specimens In 1999 Childs specimen sold for $4.14 M No dollars produced since 1803 -
Tombstone, Arizona Shippensburg University
Trent Otis © 2011 Applied GIS with Dr. Drzyzga Tombstone, Arizona Shippensburg University Photo © dailyventure.com. Photographer unknown. Tombstone and the Old West The People Wyatt Earp Virgil and Morgan Earp Tombstone established itself as a boomtown after The tragedy that occurred at Tombstone, Arizona involved Wyatt has been most often Virgil and Morgan Earp are the silver was discovered in a local mine in 1877. It quickly characters who were as interesting as the time period. From characterized as a strict, no nonsense brothers of Wyatt. Virgil held various became a prospering community which attracted all lawmen turned silver prospectors, dentists turned gam- person who prefered to settle disputes law enforcement positions throughout walks of life. blers, outlaws and worse, these men all had their stakes in with words rather than confrontation. his life and was appointed as a Deputy the events at Tombstone. Following are short descriptions U.S Marshal before moving to of these men. Wyatt is arguably one of the most Tombstone. Later on, he was The American Old West has captured the minds and inuential individuals in the Old West. appointed as acting marshal for the imaginations of the American people since the West He encoutered some initial hardship in town after the current marshal was became more civilized in the late 1800s to early 1900s. his life when his rst wife died. accidentally slain by one of the Earp In the early 1880s, a specic event occurred that would Eventually, his sutuation improved and antagonists. capture the essence of the old west in one story. -
Title the Japanese Currency Policy and the British Banks in Asia In
The Japanese Currency Policy and the British Banks in Asia in Title 1870s-1890s Author(s) MOTOYAMA, Yoshihico; YOKOYAMA, Shisei Citation The Kyoto University Economic Review (1995), 64(1): 1-8 Issue Date 1995-02 URL https://doi.org/10.11179/ker1926.64.1 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University THE KYOTO UNIVERSITY ECONOMIC REVIEW MEMOIRS OFTHE FACULTY OF ECONOMICS KYOTO UNIVERSITY VOLUME LXIV NUMBER 1 (APRIL 1994) WHOLE NUMBER 136 The Japanese Currency Policy and the British Banks in Asia in 1870s - 1890s 牢 ( Yoshihiko MOTOYAMA'" and Shisei YOKOYAMA I The Silver Dollar and the Japanese Silver Yen in Asia before 1897 In Asia before l870s , Spanish silver dollars (including Mexican dollars) were the most familiar and influential import from the West. They were widely circulated in Asia from the sixteenth to the middle of the nineteenth century. But they were generally less favoured by most Asian Government , though they were made legal tender in Singapore in 1867. During the 1870s, the value of silver beｭ gan to depreciate. This meant the opening the “ T rade Dollar Era". Western countries began to mint and export silver trade dollars for circulation in silver-using countries. The Hong Kong dollar was minted in 1866, the US trade dollar in 1873, and the British dollar in 1895. They did so beｭ cause the value of silver in silver-using countries , particularly in China , were not depreciating at the same rate as it was in the Western Countries. So they wanted their own trade dollar to replace Mexｭ ican dollars in Asia. -
THE CADET U'i
THE CADET U'i VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE, FRIDAY, OCTOBER 14. 1910 V. M. I., 0; BLUES, 0 THE Y. M. C. A. FIRST CLASS HOP FAREWELL BANQUET A Hard Fought Game First Meeting—Its Prospects— Largely Attended and Much In- terest Manifested To Be Celebrated New Year's Eve In a downpour of rain with field The Toronto Convention extremely muddy the varsity and Nor- Notwithstanding tne fact that it On the last day of December of folk RliiPS fought to a standstill here The Y. M. C. A. bngaii its work rained hard ill day last Saturday, the each year, the first class, not unwill- lastjSaturday. From beginning until foj. the year on last Sunday night, j hop given by the first class for the ingly, but with a certain feeling of time was called in thi' last quarter, when Colonol Kerlin addressed a benefit of its members, ex-members regret, bids good bye to Father Time the final outconrie was in doubt. V. and the suD-profesaors, was well at- with his three and a half years of iVl. I.'s line was impregnable; and all largt' gathering: of both old and new tended and thoroughly enjoyed. This care and uncertainties. After that efforts to gain through it were futile. ' cadeta. hop was such an entire success that night the members of the graduating Our team played hard straight font ; Mr. .Jackson, who has resigned as it is hoped that many more will fol- class enter upon the last lap of a race ball during the entire game. -
Masculinity, Aging, Illness, and Death in Tombstone and Logan
ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER 791-51 DOI:10.5937/ ZRFFP48-18623 DANIJELA L J. P ETKOVIĆ1 UNIVERSITY OF N IŠ FACULTY OF P HILOSOPHY ENGLISH D EPARTMENT (IM)POSSIBLE MARTYRDOM: MASCULINITY, AGING, ILLNESS, AND DEATH IN TOMBSTONE AND LOGAN ABSTRACT. The title of this paper alludes to Hannah Arendt’s famous claim that in Nazi concentration camps martyrdom was made impossible, for the first time in Western history, by the utter anonymity and meaninglessness of inmates’ deaths (Arendt, 2000, p. 133): the paper, in contrast, examines two contem- porary films which, while intersecting normative/heroic masculinity with debilitating illness and death, allow for the possibility of martyrdom. Tomb- stone and Logan , directed by George P. Cosmatos and James Mangold respectively, depict the last days of such pop culture icons of masculinity as John Henry “Doc” Holliday and James Howlett, aka Logan/Wolverine. The films’ thematic focus on the (protracted) ending of life, which is evident not only in the storylines and dialogues but also in the numerous close-ups of emaciated, bleeding, scarred and prostrate male bodies, afflicted with tuberculosis and cancer-like adamantium poisoning, invites, first, a discus- sion of the relationship between the cinematic representations of normative and disabled masculinities. Specifically, since normative masculinity, as opposed to femininity, is synonymous with physical and mental strength, power and domination – including the control of one’s own body – the focus of this discussion is if, and how, the films depict Doc Holliday and Wolverine as feminized by their failing/disobedient bodies, thus contribut- ing to the cultural construction of gender. Secondly, the paper discusses the halo of martyrdom with which the films’ dying men are rewarded as emo- tionally deeply satisfying to the viewer: in Logan and Tombstone , death is not averted but hastened for the sake of friendship, family, and the protec- tion of the vulnerable and the marginalized. -
History of the Coinage Act of 1873/ on April 25, 1870, the Secretary of the Treasury Transmitted the Following Letter to Hon
1876 CLX REPORT OF THE COMPTROLLER OP THE CURRENCY. History of the coinage act of 1873/ On April 25, 1870, the Secretary of the Treasury transmitted the following letter to Hon. John Sherman, chairman of the Finance Committee of the Senate: "TREASURY DEPARTMENT, April 25, 1870. u SIR : I have the honor to transmit herewith a bill revising the laws relative to the Mint, assay-offices, and coinage of the United States, and accompanying report. The bill has been prepared under the supervision of John Jay Knox, Deputy Comptroller of the Currency, and its passage is recommended in the form presented. It includes, in a, condensed form, all the important legislation upon the coinage, not now obsolete, since the first mint was established, in 1792; and the report gives a concise statement of the various amendments proposed to existing Jaws and the necessity for the change recom- mended. There has been no revision of the laws pertaining to the Mint and coinage since 1837, and it is believed that the passage of the inclosed bill will conduce greatly to the efficiency and economy of this important branch of the Government service. "I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, "GEO. S. BOUTWELL, "Secretary of the Treasury.'7 The report and the bill were referred on April 28, 1870, to the Fiuance Committee of the Senate, and subsequently, on May 2, 1870, five hundred additional copies were ordered to be printed for the use of the Treasury Department. The report says : " The method adopted in the preparation of the bill was first to arrange in as concise a form as possible the laws now in existence upon these subjects, with such additional sections and suggestions as seemed valuable. -
The Wonderful World of Trade Dollars
The Wonderful World of Trade Dollars Lecture Set #34 Project of the Verdugo Hills Coin Club Photographed by John Cork & Raymond Reingohl Introduction Trade Dollars in this presentation are grouped into 3 categories • True Trade Dollars • It was intended to circulate in remote areas from its minting source • Accepted Trade Dollars • Trade dollar’s value was highly accepted for trading purposes in distant lands • Examples are the Spanish & Mexican 8 Reales and the Maria Theresa Thaler • Controversial Trade Dollars • A generally accepted dollar but mainly minted to circulate in a nation’s colonies • Examples are the Piastre de Commerce and Neu Guinea 5 Marks This is the Schlick Guldengroschen, commonly known as the Joachimstaler because of the large silver deposits found in Bohemia; now in the Czech Republic. The reverse of the prior two coins. Elizabeth I authorized this Crown This British piece created to be used by the East India Company is nicknamed the “Porticullis Crown” because of the iron grating which protected castles from unauthorized entry. Obverse and Reverse of a Low Countries (Netherlands) silver Patagon, also called an “Albertus Taler.” Crown of the United Amsterdam Company 8 reales issued in 1601 to facilitate trade between the Dutch and the rest of Europe. Crown of the United Company of Zeeland, minted at Middleburg in 1602, similar in size to the 8 reales. This Crown is rare and counterfeits have been discovered to deceive the unwary. The Dutch Leeuwendaalder was minted for nearly a century and began as the common trade coin from a combination of all the Dutch companies which fought each other as well as other European powers. -
Arizona Historical Review, Vol
Arizona Historical Review, Vol. 2 No. 3 (October 1929) Item Type text; Article Publisher Arizona State Historian (Phoenix, AZ) Journal Arizona Historical Review Rights This content is in the public domain. Download date 04/10/2021 01:12:46 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623308 noT ARIZONA HISTORICAL REVIEW CONTENTS Current Comment Geo. H. Kelly Prehistoric Irrigation Dr. O. A. Turney It All Happened in Tombstone John P. Clum Early Arizona Court Experiences ..... ____Hon. A. C. Baker Advent to Southwest G A. Clum Reminiscences of a Pioneer Isaac Goldberg Hopi Indian Snake Dance Mrs. J. X. McDonald Providing Education in Arizona Geo. H. Kelly Vol. 2. OCTOBER, 1929 No. 3. Published Quarterly by ARIZONA STATE HISTORIAN PHOENIX, ARIZONA Entered as Second Class Mail Tomorrow... the history of Arizona's Today will be written. We will be proud of our part in the Industrial and Domestic Development of the communities we are serving and helping to build in Arizona. ARIZONA EDISON CO. Electricity Gas --Water --Ice Bisbee Globe Florence Coolidge Douglas Miami Casa Grande Gila Bend Yuma Safford A. P. K. SAFFORD Served as Governor of the Territory of Arizona. Appointed by President Grant in April, 1869. Won the affections of Arizonians by his great efforts in behalf of public education. ARIZONA Historical Review A QUARTERLY SUBSCRIPTION $3.00 PER YEAR Volume 2 OCTOBER, 1929 Number 3 Arr- STATE CAPITOL BUILDING HART, SCHA.FFNER & MARX CLOTHES Vic Hanny Co. 36-42 North Central -- Twin Fronts Stetson Hats Arrow Shirts Johnston & Murphy Shoes