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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are In typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMt directly to order. ProQuest Information and beaming 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMI FROM ARTS ADMINISTRATION TO CREATIVE VERSATILITY ADAPTING THE TAIWANESE ARTS ADMINISTRATION TILAINING SYSTEM FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Shang-Ying Chen, M. A. ***** The Ohio State University 2001 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Margaret Wyszomirski, Adviser Professor James Hutchens Professor Wayne Lawson Department of Art Education Professor Patricia Stuhr UMI Number: 3031183 Copyright 2002 by Chen, Shang-Ying All rights reserved. ___ ® UMI UMI Microform 3031183 Copyright 2002 by Bell & Howell Information and beaming Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition Is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and beaming Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT Environmental Change creates new challenges for arts administrators. Arts organizations are forced to seek the best arts managers—one can handle limited resources effectively, efficiently, and enterpreneurially. Since the end of the 1960s, many countries have recognized the significance of training arts administrators and have developed various training programs for arts administrators. Taiwan's arts administrators have recognized the need for academic training programs for themselves since the middle of the 1990s. Therefore, a sound training curriculum that can bring Taiwanese arts administrators up to date with their colleagues in other nations and to develop a long-term capacity to train future generations of arts administrators is necessary. The purpose of this study was based on two theoretical fiameworks: Historical/Western Analytical Framework and Organizational Context Framework to examine, discover, and identify the general skills required for Taiwan’s arts administrators and to suggest training curriculum for current and future arts ii administrators. The situatfon-based policy research was chosen as the research methodology, and concepts involved in cross-cultural and comparative analysis were also addressed in the study. Methods of data collection were: document review, interview, and survey. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to conduct data analysis. The study found the differences of needed/required skills and training programs not only reflected on the changeable environment and organizational context, but also varied from one generation to another generation. Taiwan’s arts administrators were transferring from self-trained arts administrators to professional academically trained arts administrators. Academic arts administration programs were particularly suitable for the new generation: other formats of training, such as workshops/conferences, consultants, and studying oversea could provide immediate and specific resolutions to the old generation. The curriculum design should cover different sectors, sizes, and disciplines. This study focused on suggestions for the professional and long-term training programs for arts administrators. It was the first study to investigate training perspectives of arts administration in Taiwan, and it would open a window for more in-depth studies in the future. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my adviser. Dr. Margaret Wyszomirski, for her guidance, support, encouragement, and enthusiasm which made this dissertation possible, as well as the three other committee members. Dr. James Hutchens, Dr. Wayne Lawson, and Dr. Patricia Stuhr. I also wish to thank Mr. Durand Pope for his editing of this whole project. I thank APA alumni, several Columbus arts administrators, 119 participating arts organizations, my Held test and pilot test groups, and many informal and formal interviewees in Taiwan for their kindness and information. I thank the Arts Administration Society, the Performing Arts Alliance/Association, and the Council of Cultural Affairs in Taiwan for their additional assistance. I am grateful to Chao-shiang Chen, Minghsien Cheng, Alice Lai, Liyan Wang, and Yong Wang for serving as a “support group” in various periods. Finally, I would like to thank my dear parents, sisters, brothers-in-law, and all my friends for a long period of care and support. iv VTTA October 10, 1970 .........................................Bora - Taipei, Taiwan 1993 ............................................................. B.A. Drama and Cinema/Theater Department, Chinese Cultural University, Taipei, Taiwan 1997 ............................................................M.A. Arts Administration, University of Akron 1996 -1997 ................................................Graduate Administrative Assistant, University of Akron FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Art Education Arts Policy and Administration TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract........................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................iv Vita................................................................................................................................V List of Tables ................................................................................................................ix List of Figures .............................................................................................................xii Chapters: 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. I Theoretical framework and review of related literature ...........................................6 Methodology .........................................................................................................14 Significance of the study ....................................................................................... 18 Chapter overview ..................................................................................................19 2. History, development, and change of arts administration .....................................20 Hve waves of the development in arts administration .......................................... 21 Identify general skills of arts administrators .........................................................48 3. Management skills in organizational context ....................................................... 59 Seventeen skills in five development wave ...........................................................60 Skills in organizational setting ..............................................................................67 Training system .....................................................................................................87 Analyzing Taiwan’s situation ................................................................................94 4. History of arts administration in Taiwan .............................................................. 95 Briefly introduction to Taiwan ..............................................................................95 History of arts administration in Taiwan ...............................................................97 vi Three thematic perspectives ................................................................................134 5. Comparing western/historical framework and Taiwanese historical framework ...........................................................................................................144 Each element in the historical model .................................................................. 145 Comparing each wave .........................................................................................147 Comparing similar historical events .................................................................... 161 6. Methodology; Cross-culniral research and comparative public policy ................166 Cross-cultural research and comparative public policy ...................................... 166 Research design ...................................................................................................180