UTTAR PRADESH PART VI VILLAGE SURVEY MONOGRAPH No.1
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PRG. 140. leN) (Ordy) 775 CENSUS OF INDIA, 1961 VOLUME XV UTTAR PRADESH PART VI VILLAGE SURVEY MONOGRAPH No.1 General Editor P. P. BHATNAGAR of the Indian Administrative Service Superintendent of Census Operations) Uttar Pradesh VILLAGE RAJDERWA THARU (Tahsil Balrampur, District Gonda) BY R C. SHARMA, M. A- of the Uttar Pradesh Civil Service. Deputy Superintendent of Census Operations PRINTED IN INDIA BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, PRINTING AND STATIONERY) U. P., LUCKNOW AND Published by the Manager of Publications, Delbi-8 1964 Price: (Inland) Rs.3. 20 P (Foreign) 7sh. 6d. or 1$ 16 cents. o 81 8J / . :.~ UTTAR PRADESH ! i MILES 60 40 20 0 20 40 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 KILOMETRfS :r; o 01 7 r 2Lj '" 1 « 0' " .,'" 25 ..f A o o 24 o 21 o .. o 81 82 8't o S, lAL l'~Ul'- •. p-l C£Mt:"._.1964. (OffSET' (e) GOYfRNMFmOFINl'IACOl'YRIGHT 1963 Bosed "pon Suney of Indio "fop Wllh the permlsswn 0/ the SIItl'e),or Ce~ra/ 0/ Ind,a, CENSUS OF INDIA, 1961 Central Government publications census Report, Volume XV-Uttar Pradesh is published in the following parts I-A (i-ii) General Report I-B .• Report on Vital Statistics I-C(i-vi) Subsidiary Tables (in 6 books) II-A .• General Population Tables II-B (i-vii) • • General Economic Tables (in 7 books) II-C (i-vi) Cultural and Migration Tables (in 6 books) III-A Household Economic Tables III-B Household Economic Tables (concluded) IV-A Report on Housing and Establishments and Housing and Estab- lishment Tables (E-series Tables-except E-III) IV-B Housing and Establishment Tables (E-III) V-A Special Tables for Scheduled Castes V-B Reprints from old Census Reports and Ethnographic Notes VI Village Survey Monographs (Monographs on selected Villages) VIJ-A Handicraft Survey Reports VII-B Fairs and Festivals in Uttar Pradesh VIII-A Administration Report-Enumeration (For official use only) VIII-B Administration Report-Tabulation (For official use only) IX Census Atlas of Uttar Pradesh X Special Report on Kanpur State Government Publications 54 Volumes of District Census Handbooks CONTENTS PQgII FOREWORD i PREFACE iv CHAPTER I -The Village 1 CHAPTER II-The People and their Material Equipment 4 CHAPTER HI-Economy 17 CHAPTER IV-Social and Cultural Life 34 CHAPTER V-Conclusion JS TABLES -57 GLOSSARY 61 LIST OF VILLAGES 66 LIST OF TABLES TABLB I Area, Houses and Population TABLB II Population by Age~groups TABLB III Size and Composition of Households TABLB IV Caste and Nature of Families TABLE V Households classified by Religion, Castes and Sub--castes TABLE VI Age and Marital Status TABLE VII Education TABLE VIII Workers and Non~workers by Sex and broad Ag~groups TABLE IX Workers classified by Sex, broad Ag~groups and Occupation TABLE X Households by Number of Rooms and by Number of Persons occupying TABLE XI Livestock TABLE XII Agricultural Produce of Cultivation run by the Households and its Disposal TABLE XIII Indebtedness by Income Groups '.- : TtoBLE XIV Indebtedness by Causes SOME GLIMPSES OF RAJDERWA THARU I. A distant view of the village II. A view of the Basic Primary School III. The Gaon Pradhan with his brother and son IV. A typical Tharu male V. A group of Tharu women and children VI. A Tharu female heavily loaded with or naments VII. The temple of Shankarji VIII. A typical Tharu hut IX. A Tharu female and child X. Some utensils used in a Tharu household XI. Pitchers used for potable water XII. Tharu males weaving a gondri XIII. Ploughs and yoke used by cultivators XIV. Some other agricultural implements XV. A pair of bullocks used as draught animals XVI. Levelling a ploughed field XVII. A Tharu male and female harvesting the paddy crop XVIII. A machan in the· field XIX. The village carpenters at work XX. Paddy husking in progress nAJDERWA THARU IN DIAGRAMS I. Population by caste II. Households by number of rooms III. Education by sex IV. Nature of families V. Population by age-groups VI. Marital status VII. Marital status by sex and age-groups VIII. Number of workers by sex and age-groups IX. Occupational pattern X. Indebtedness by causes XI. Indebtedness by income groups FOREWORD Apart from laying the foundation of build up a picture for the whole State in demography in this subcontinent, a quantitative terms on the basis of villages hundred years of the Indian Census has selected statistically at random. The also produced 'elaborate and scholarly' selection was avowedly purposive: the accounts of the variegated phenomena of object being as much to find out what was Indian life ~ sometimes with no statistics happening and how fast to those villages attached, but usually with just enough which had fewer reasons to choose change statistics to give empirical underpinning to and more to remain lodged in the past as their conclusions'. In a country, largely to discover how the more 'normal' illiterate, where statistical or numerical types of villages were changing. They comprehension of even such a simple thing were to be primarily type studies which, as age was liable to be inaccurate, an by virtue of their number and distribution, understanding of the social structure was would also give the reader a 'feel' of what essential. It was more necessary to attain was going on and some kind of a map of a broad understanding of what was happen the country. ing -around oneself than to wrap oneself up in 'statistical ingenuity' or 'mathe A brief account of the tests of selection matical manipulation'. This explains why will help to explain. A minimum of the Indian Census came to be interested thirty-five villages was to be chosen with great care to represent adequately geogra in 'many by-paths' and nearly every branch phical, occupational an,i even ethnic of scholarship, from anthropology and sociology to geography and religion'. diversity. Of this minimum of thirty rive, the distribution was to be as follows: In the last few decades the Census has increasingly turned its efforts to the pre (a) At least eight villages were to be so selected that each of them would sentation of village statistics. This suits contain one dominant community the temper of the times as well as our with one predominating occupation, political and economic structure. For e.g. fishermen, forest workers, jhum even as we have a great deal of centrali cultivators, potters, weavers, salt zation on the one hand and decentraliza makers, quarry workers, etc. A tion on the other, my colleagues thought village should have a minimum popu it would be a welcome continuation of the lation of 400, the optimum being Census tradition to try to invest the dry between 500 and 700. bones of viUage statistics with flesh-and blood accounts of social structure and (b) At least seven villages were to social change. It was accordingly decided be of numerically prominent to select a few villages in every State for Scheduled Tribes of the State. Each special study, where personal observation village could represent a particular would be brought to bear on the inter tribe. The minimum population pretation of statistics to find out how much should be 400, the optimum being of a village was static and yet changing between 500 and 700. and how fast the winds of change were (c) The third group of· villages blowing and from where. should each be of fair size, of an old Randomness of selection was, therefore, and settled character and contain eschewed. There wa') no intention to variegated occupations and be, if ii possible, multi-ethnic in composition. task of what might be called a record in By fair size was meant a population situ of material traits, like settlement of 500-700 persons or· more. The patterns of the village; house types; diet; village should mainly depend on dress ; ornaments and footwear; furniture agriculture and be sufficiently away and storing vessels; common means of from the major sources of modern transport of goods and passengers; domes communication such as the district tication of animals and birds; markets administrative headquarters and attended; worship of deities; festivals and business centres. It should be fairs. There were to be recordings, of roughly a day's journey from the above course, of cultural and social traits and places. The villages were to be occupational mobility. This was follow selected with an eye to variation in ed up in March 1960 by two specimen terms of size, proximity to city and schedules, one for each household, the other means of modern communica other for the village as a whole, which, tion, nearness to hills, jungles and apart from spelling out the mode of major rivers. Thus there was to be inquiry suggested in the September 1959 a regional distribution throughout conference, introduced groups of questions the State of this category of villages. aimed at sensing changes in attitude and If, however, a particular district con behaviour in such fields as marriage, inhe tained significant ecological variations ritance, moveable and immoveable pro within its area, more than one village perty, industry, indebtedness, education, in the district might be selected to community life and collective activity, study the special adjustments to them. social disabilities forums of appeal over disputes, village leadership, and organisa It is a unique feature of these village tion of cultural life. It was now plainly surveys that they rapidly outgrew their the intention to provide adequate statis original terms of reference, as my tical support to empirical 'feel', to colleagues warmed up to their work.