Suncook River and Leighton Brook Basis of Design
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Inter-Fluve, Inc. Technical Memorandum T O : Steve Landry, NH DES; Shane Csiki, NHGS F ROM: Nick Nelson, Inter-Fluve D ATE: April 26, 2013 R EGARDING: Basis of Design Memo for the Stabilization of the Suncook River - 90% complete designs Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Alternatives Analysis and Impact to Regulated Resource Areas ............................................ 2 Background ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Existing Studies ............................................................................................................................ 11 Survey ........................................................................................................................................... 12 Hydrology ..................................................................................................................................... 14 Hydraulics ..................................................................................................................................... 15 Design ........................................................................................................................................... 19 Second Riffle Downstream of Rt 4 ........................................................................................... 21 Avulsion Site: Lag Deposit ~1000 feet Upstream of the Avulsion .......................................... 30 Leighton Brook ......................................................................................................................... 33 Channel Plan Form and Profile ............................................................................................. 34 Cross Sectional Geometry..................................................................................................... 36 Bed and Bank Materials ........................................................................................................ 40 Buttress ................................................................................................................................. 41 References ..................................................................................................................................... 47 Cost Estimate ................................................................................................................................ 48 Appendices A-E follow the cost estimate: Appendix A: Wetland delineation field maps and notes. Appendix B: Task 4 Technical Memo. Appendix C: USGS StreamStats information. Appendix D: Comparison of hydraulic cross sections between Inter-Fluve model and USGS model. Appendix E: 2011 Structural Assessment Technical Memo. 2013 Inter-Fluve, Inc. Suncook River, Epsom, NH 1 Introduction Inter-Fluve was contracted by the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (NH DES) to design and permit the restoration of the Suncook River in Epsom, NH. In 2006, a large flood event on the Suncook River resulted in a channel avulsion between the Huckins Mill Dam and the Rt 4 Bridge. This avulsion caused the abandonment of the primary and secondary channels and created a new channel to the east of Bear Island. The Suncook River is continuing to adjust to its shorter channel length by migrating laterally and incising. The incision is highlighted by a series of knickpoints that are migrating upstream on the Suncook River and its tributaries, primarily the Little Suncook River and Leighton Brook. The goal of this project is to limit further incision and excessive bank erosion in the vicinity of these knickpoints, in tributaries, and along the Suncook River upstream of the project site. Stabilizing vertical and lateral erosion will serve two primary purposes. First, stabilization will reduce the risk of the Rt 4 Bridge over the Suncook River and the Black Hall Rd culvert at Leighton Brook from being undercut by these migrating knickpoints. Second, stabilization will limit the further loss of wetland habitat, which would occur as incision moves upstream and changes the local water table elevations adjacent to the stream, and degradation of water quality, which could occur as a result of excessive erosion and downstream migration of sediment. Alternatives Analysis and Impact to Regulated Resource Areas A few alternatives to achieve the goals identified above were assessed during the design process. These alternatives include: do nothing, stabilize the channel bed and banks (chosen alternative as described in this report), replace the Rt. 4 Bridge and do no stabilization on the Suncook River, construct a valley-spanning grade control riffle downstream of the Rt. 4 Bridge, and place rock buttresses downstream of the Rt. 4 Bridge and the Black Hall Rd culvert. Alternative 1: Do Nothing Completing no work on the Suncook River or Leighton Brook could result in the undermining of bridge infrastructure (Rt. 4 Bridge on the Suncook River and the Black Hall Rd culvert on Leighton Brook), which could cause risk to human life and/or infrastructure. The Suncook River has eroded vertically and laterally since the avulsion occurred, and the vertical erosion is currently stalled at a series of cobble/boulder lag deposits that form riffles upstream of the avulsion site and downstream of the Rt. 4 Bridge. Because of the incision that has already 2013 Inter-Fluve, Inc. Suncook River, Epsom, NH 2 occurred, the abandoned railroad bridges (snowmobile bridges) over the Little Suncook River and Leighton Brook were undermined and have collapsed. A temporary bridge was built over Leighton Brook, but the bridge over the Little Suncook River has not been replaced. Site investigations revealed that the Suncook River is capable of eroding through the lag deposits and hydraulic modeling revealed shear stresses that could mobilize even the larger rocks in these lag deposits (see discussions of shear stresses below and the 2-Dimensional Hydraulic Modeling Report submitted in March, 2012). Further incision and bank erosion would result in further loss of agricultural land and likely damage to utility poles (west side of channel downstream of the Rt. 4 Bridge), roads, and private buildings. Continued incision and bank erosion along Leighton Brook could cause similar types of damage and risk to human life and infrastructure. A temporary snowmobile bridge over Leighton Brook is currently showing signs of erosion and this would only likely continue if no stabilization measures were taken. Buildings on either side of Leighton Brook are within 5-15 ft of the channel and could be undermined and damaged if erosion continues. Black Hall Rd could be undermined if the knickpoints that are throughout Leighton Brook continue to migrate upstream. In addition to potential damage to human life and infrastructure, doing nothing to stabilize the Suncook River and Leighton Brook would result in further loss of wetland habitat and degradation of in-channel habitat and water quality. Prior to the avulsion, Leighton Brook was a low-gradient stream that flowed through an extensive wetland before joining the Suncook River. When the avulsion occurred, nearly 1,000 ft of Leighton Brook channel and multiple acres of wetland were lost because of the migration of the Suncook River and the lowering of the water table. While portions of the wetland remain classified as a wetland adjacent to the existing mouth of Leighton Brook, the land surface here is approximately 20 ft above the channel elevation. Over time, the lowering of the water table at this location will likely result in a change in wetland classification. This type of ecosystem change could occur elsewhere along the Suncook River and tributaries without vertical and lateral stabilization of the Suncook River. Of particular concern is the large wetland complex on either side of the Little Suncook River upstream of the collapsed railroad bridge. While currently a functioning wetland, incision of an additional 6-10 ft, which could occur if the Suncook River continues to incise, could cause loss of wetland function and habitat in this area. 2013 Inter-Fluve, Inc. Suncook River, Epsom, NH 3 Not stabilizing the river channel may also result in the continued excessive erosion and release of sediments into the tributaries and mainstem Suncook River. About a month after the avulsion occurred, research showed extremely high Total Suspended Solids (TSS) levels of nearly 280 mg/L in some locations (Daley, 2006). Estimates of the volume of material that eroded downstream as a result of the avulsion range from 118,000 cubic yards (Perignon, 2007) to a NHGS estimate of 150,000 cubic yards (Wittkop et al., 2007 in Perignon, 2007). This material was deposited in the Suncook River channel and along the floodplains. While channel migration and movement of sediment within channels and floodplains is a natural and necessary process to the form and function of rivers and floodplains as well as the robustness of in-channel and riparian habitat, excessive amounts of sediment mobilization and deposition as a result of catastrophic changes may have significant impacts on aquatic organism survival. Completing no channel or bank stabilization along the Suncook River may continue the excessive erosion occurring along the Suncook River until the knickpoints dissipate miles upstream. The volume of sediment added to the river system