2019 Rural Development Report Creating Opportunities for Rural Youth

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2019 Rural Development Report Creating Opportunities for Rural Youth Creating opportunities 2019 Rural for rural Development youth Report Creating opportunities 2019 Rural for rural Development youth Report Copyright © International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons IGO 3.0 Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives (CC-IGO BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/legalcode) and may be reproduced with attribution to IFAD and for any non-commercial purposes. No derivative work is allowed. Note that the link provided above includes additional terms and conditions of the license. The use of the IFAD’s name for any purpose other than for attribution, and the use of IFAD’s logo shall be subject to a separate written license agreement between IFAD and the user and is not authorized as part of this CC-IGO license. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of IFAD, its Governing Bodies, or its Member States. 3 Table of contents Acronyms �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10 Acknowledgements �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������12 Foreword ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������14 Overview ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17 Why young people are important for rural development ��������������������������������������������������������������� 18 Three foundations for rural youth development: productivity, connectivity and agency ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20 Overlapping settings at the national, local and household levels ���������������������������������������������� 23 Constraints hindering the transition from dependence to independence ������������������������������ 32 The unprecedented rate and nature of change today ������������������������������������������������������������������������ 35 Thinking differently about investing in rural youth ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 38 Embedding rural youth policy and investments in broader rural development strategies �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������41 References ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 44 Endnotes ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 47 Chapter 1 Thinking differently about rural youth ������������������������������������������������������������� 49 Why young people are important for rural development ��������������������������������������������������������������� 50 Three foundations for rural youth development: productivity, connectivity and agency ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 53 Structural and rural transformation on a national scale ���������������������������������������������������������������� 55 The rural opportunity space ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 57 Household transformation categories ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 59 Constraints in the transition from dependence to independence ���������������������������������������������� 60 The unprecedented rate and nature of change ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 62 Thinking differently about investing in rural youth ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 64 References ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 66 Chapter 2 Where do rural youth live and how do they engage with the economy? ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 69 The challenges for rural youth in the least transformed countries are extremely daunting, yet these nations account for only about 20 per cent of the developing world’s rural youth population ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 72 An overwhelming proportion of the developing world’s rural youth live in areas with relatively high population densities and a strong agroecological potential �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 78 Rural youths’ livelihoods are shaped by their households’ level of transformation ���������� 83 Spotlight: Rural youth in conflict-affected and fragile situations ����������������������������������������������� 94 Spotlight: Near East, North Africa, Europe and Central Asia (NEN) ���������������������������������������� 96 References ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 98 4 2019 Rural Development Report Creating opportunities for rural youth Chapter 3 Empowering young rural women to pursue productive livelihoods ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 101 Being young, being rural and being a woman poses a triple challenge ��������������������������������� 102 Rural transformation and the rural opportunity space shape young rural women’s livelihoods ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������106 Programmatic agenda for empowering young rural women ������������������������������������������������������ 112 References ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������117 Chapter 4 Socio-political participation of rural youth ������������������������������������������������ 121 Rural youth participation matters ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 122 Why participation matters �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 123 Levels and mechanisms of youth participation �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 127 Advantages and disadvantages of participation mechanisms ���������������������������������������������������� 129 Beyond mechanisms: further considerations for fostering effective rural youth participation ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 135 Spotlight: Indigenous youth ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 137 Annex 4.1 Participation experiences reviewed ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 139 References ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 141 Chapter 5 Capturing the demographic dividend for rural youth ������������������������ 145 A majority of the rural youth population lives in Asia, but it is growing much faster in Africa �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 147 The first demographic dividend is a one-time opportunity ��������������������������������������������������������� 149 Sub-Saharan Africa is lagging behind in the demographic transition and risks missing the demographic dividend �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 151 Countries in other regions have an opportunity to increase the first dividend and prepare for a second one ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 158 Effective investments for reaping the demographic dividend(s) prioritize rural youth – especially young rural women������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 159 Spotlight: Rural youth mobility ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 162 References ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 164 Chapter 6 How can rural youth prosper in changing agrifood systems? 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