PhD Project Application Aarhus 5th of May 2014

Trine Højbak Møller MA Design Management MA Design; Health & Well-being

Vesterport 8F, 2. TV 8000 Aarhus C

Tactile User Interface

A Research of Combining Textile Thinking with Empathic Design to Humanize Welfare Technology in the Danish Healthcare System.

Supervisor: Anne Katrine Gelting, Associate Professor – Design School Kolding

Project Supervisor: Anne Louise Bang, Lecturer, PhD - Design School Kolding

Resume To contribute to the state of constructive design research i.e. research-through-design (Bang et al. 2012) this PhD project will explore state of the art textiles to innovate welfare technology. A line of design experiments based on an empathic approach will mediate new knowledge to the academic design professions, improving the life quality of neuro-rehabilitation users, and create mutual understanding among the specialized fields of textile research, empathic design and welfare technology.

Introduction Modern welfare technology seems to be lacking the element of an emotional engagement: a tactile user-experience. To enable a positive user-experience, hence the relationship to be of a normal character, tactility as a mode of perception is at once a mutual and intimate relation of contact (Barker, 2009). In this project, tactility is explored with textile thinking, to innovate future state of welfare technology in the Danish healthcare system - a proposal that reaches the potential to globally change the neuro-rehabilitation healthcare context. Definitions: Welfare technology1 is “A way to provide public services that meet the specific needs of the recipients, often by enabling a much higher degree of empowerment and self-determination – for instance (…) rehabilitation courses in their own home via teleconference or gaming technology.” 2 Tactility is responsiveness to stimulation of the sense of touch. 3 Neuro-rehabilitation aims to aid recovery from a nervous system injury and to minimize and/or compensate for any functional alterations resulting from it. 4

Research Aim The ambition of the project is to create new tactile user interfaces. To contribute to the state of constructive design research i.e. research-through-design (Bang et al. 2012), the project aims to systematically and critically gathers insight in state of the art textiles to combine it with current welfare technology development5. Hypothesis: The usage of an experimental and sensory design approach adds sensuous value to contribute to the development of more user-friendly and humanizing 6 technology.

Research Question: How can constructive design research be useful in establishing tactile design solutions for design practitioners and managers of future state welfare technology?

1 Welfare Technology is related to the English term Ambient Assisted Living Technology. 2 http://www.ffvt.dk/da/Om-fonden/English 3 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tactility 4 www.neural.org 5 The development of future welfare technology is also on the agenda for the Design Camp 2014 at Design School Kolding, to consider design-thinking opportunities. Participating in the Design Camp will also function as relevant preparation of the project. 6 The hypothesis is based on knowledge gathered from my Masters project in Design Health and Wellbeing “Tactile Emotions -Hand Tools for Hemiplegia” and Masters Thesis in Design Management "Designing Rehabilitation Aids for Post Stroke Hemiplegic Patients - Identifying the Managerial Issues of Practicing Design with an Empathic Approach”. 2 Research Design and Methodology To test the research question and fulfill a theory and practice-based knowledge of designing future welfare technology, empirical and constructive design research will consist along a theoretical frame of references:

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

1st semester 2nd semester 3rd semester 4th semester 5th semester 6th semester

CHANGE OF CHANGE OF RESEARCH RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT 1 2

CONSTRUCTIVE EMPIRICAL RESEARCH DESIGN DISSERTATION PROCESS RESEARCH PRESENTATION CASE DESIGN DESIGN DESIGN DESIGN SYNTHESIS STUDY EXPERIMENTS EXPERIMENTS EXPERIMENTS EXPERIMENTS

Observation Participant Observation Participant Observation 3rd Iteration 4th Iteration 5th Iteration User Interviews Expert Interviews Expert Interviews Literature review Data Analysis Data Analysis 1st Iteration 2nd Iteration Theory Analysis Literature Review Evaluation

METHODS

EXAMPLES:

Qualitative Methods in Sustainability, Innovation and Experiments in Constructive Design Research Design Studies (5 ECTS) (5 ECTS) Aalborg University Aarhus School of Architecture The Role of Hypothesis Evaluation in Research Through Design (5 ECTS) (5 ECTS) Design School Kolding Design School Kolding PhD COURSES

Empirical Research: To reflect on the hypothesis that the use of an experimental and sensory design approach adds sensuous value and contribute to the development of more user-friendly and humanizing technology, I will firstly enter the level of the user:

1. A case study research examining current welfare technology by observation studies and data analysis of neuro-rehabilitation user-experiences regarding tactility and general functioning of

implemented solutions. 2. Two exchanges of research environment will explore the different cultures by:

a. Participant observation studies of the contributors of state of the art textiles and future welfare technology. b. Expert Interviews with relevant specialists in the field of textile research, empathic design, and welfare technology.

To understand the existing design and usage of embedded welfare technology in the homes of neuro- rehabilitation users in the Southern Region of Denmark, a single case study is prepared. Observation is used as a method to collect qualitative data of the neuro-rehabilitation user-experiences. The method of observation secures a sensing viewer role, and the existing solutions will furthermore be tested and tried out by the observer to force an engaging relation. The collected data will be analyzed in association with the LAB for Social Inclusion at Design School Kolding (DSKD) in agreement 3 with Head of Development Mette Mikkelsen. The collaboration will function as a partnership in the research community at DSKD including Professor of Welfare Design Andrea Corradini and the Hospitals of Southern Region Denmark to foster ideas, sparring and knowledge sharing. Expert Interviews: Conducting expert interviews with some of the grandeurs of the research fields: Textiles, empathic design and welfare technology gives the opportunity to intermediate and foster experimental design combinations. The interviews will produce qualitative data for examining the hypothesis of the project. Change of Research Environment 1 - Technology: To explore the field of human-machine research understood by emotions and technology, I will collect data via participant observation of the research group Design Fictions at Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Media Lab. The studies will give reflection-in-action of the culture, language, mind-sets, methods and approaches of designers and engineers working in state of the art technology development. The information will be collected to question the work of the current design method and foster new idea development. Change of Research Environment 2 - Tactility: To define state of the art in textiles, I will do participant observations of designers at the Masters Course Future Materials at Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design in London. Exploring the possibilities and current discourse regarding textile research leads to the front-runners of methods and approaches in textile and material experimentation. The findings will be collected for inspiring and re-thinking existing welfare technology solutions by observing textile techniques, to be of useful insight in the design experiments. Synthesis: Analyzing data from the case study and the two exchanges of research environment systemize and organize cross-cultural design innovation in making, developing and testing.

Constructive Design Research: Along the empirical research, the findings iterate into design experiments created and evaluated in collaboration with neuro-rehabilitation users, stakeholders and students. The idea is to define tangible evidence to try out the results in testing facilities in the LAB for Social Inclusion at DSKD.

Literature Review: Demonstrating a theoretical framework, maps the fields in which the constructive design research is supported: Social science, textile research, interaction design, empathic design, experience design, welfare technology and industrial design.

Constructive Design Research Textile Research Empathic Design Welfare Technoogy Koskinen, Zimmerman, Vibeke Riisberg and Katja Batterbee, Anne K. Gelting and Binder, Redstöm and Anne Louise Bang Ilpo Koskinen and Tuuli Inger K. Jordansen Wensveen Mattelmäki

Social Science Interaction Design Experience Design Industrial Design Christena Nippert-Eng Anthony Dunne, Marion Buchenau and Carolien E. Postma, Elly Wiliam Verplank and Jane Fulton-Suri Zwartkruis-Pelgrim, Dag Svanæs Elke Daemen and Jia Du

Koskinen, Zimmerman, Binder, Redström and Wensveen (2011) examines the term constructive

4 design research to be useful in establishing design solutions that responds to both academic and practical issues in design processes. To explore how constructive design research interacts with empathic design methodology I will connect social theory with an empathic design approach; Nippert-Eng’s (2013) anthropological and ethnographic methods of social science disciplines motivate and prepare for the unseen. Driven by textile qualities to explore future possibilities in tactile neuro-rehabilitation experiences, the work of Riisberg (2006, 2011) contributes to knowledge of textiles and hygiene issues in healthcare environments. Anne Louise Bang’s (2011) capturing of perspectives in textiles within their context is reviewed to explore tactile emotional value creation. Examining Verplank and Svanæs (2002) visions the potentials of a new technology, as their suggestions start building examples of applications linking new tactile user interfaces. Looking at the project from an empathic perspective Postma, Zwartkruis-Pelgrim, Daemen and Du (2012) position industrial design challenges from research, practice, management and implementation. The empathic theories of Batterbee, Koskinen and Mattelmäki (2003) will reflect the current discourse of design thinking, which is learning by doing – to commit resources to experimentation and prototyping (Koskinen et al. 2011, Buchenau and Fulton-Suri 2000). The combined textile and welfare technology experiments will be evaluated along the findings and research of Gelting (2005) and Jordansen (2009) to base a multidisciplinary attitude throughout the project.

Research Relevance In 2005 Professor and Head of Interaction Design Anthony Dunne at The Royal College of Art London, predicted “The most difficult challenges for designers of electronic objects now lie not in the technical and semiotic functionality, (…) but in the realms of metaphysics, poetry and aesthetics, where little research has been carried out”. The research outcome of this PhD project reacts on design metaphysics in new product development of welfare technology for neuro-rehabilitation users - a critical point that will reinforce new design solutions. Identifying the cross-cultural design issues nurtures the constructive design research field. As a direct consequence of these challenges, research in the field is important, for locating what is essential and what is absent when designing future welfare technology. The PhD project’s research may furthermore improve the everyday context; that is, the user experience of future welfare technology should be joyful. The positive approach should engage a personal relation between the product and the user. A praxis perspective to fashion the real life and cultural environment of the user should define the aesthetics of the object. Researching textile value will not only benefit to mutual understanding of the specialized fields in design science, design practice, design management and experimental design work but also fuse a material link between mind and body. This embraces all stakeholders in the complex design processes from research, development and implementation of future welfare technology to secure a human relationship between the user and the product.

5 Background An increase in the ageing population presents challenges of reduced resources in practicing physiotherapy, occupational therapy, nursery and caretaking. A possible solution to that stated the implementation of welfare technology (Jordansen, 2009). Combining the complexity of welfare technology (machines) in a system designed for patients (humans) challenges the relationship between the user and the product and thereby affects the user-experience (Norman, 2004). First step in changing the neuro-rehabilitation experience is to include users and stakeholders in the design process (Sanders 2002, Kouprie and Visser 2009, Postma et al. 2012). Both statements predict the development of constructive design research introducing an empathic design discourse. The term empathic design is seen as a design research approach directed towards building creative understanding of users and their everyday lives for new product development (Postma et al. 2012a). An empathic approach versus a rational approach is therefore relevant in the combination of developing new products for the neuro-rehabilitation user-experience (Buchenau and Fulton-Suri, 2000). An experience that requires getting back to normal after e.g. a stroke. To embody an emotional and neurological engagement as in tactile experience of future welfare technology may begin in and on the surface of the object to involve the entire body, to register movements, component, tension, internal rhythms, and a full body engagement (Barker, 2009). Textile as a material can therefore give perceptible form to the elusive experiences (Batterbee and Koskinen,

2003).

Validity To validate the project I will make sub-conclusions regarding the problem statement on an ongoing basis (Harboe, 2013). A sub-conclusion could be a reasoning of the collected data based on the case study relating to the research question. Besides validation, taking on a critical design approach (Dunne, 2005) will precede the design experiments of the project. The outcome should be developed, presented and tested in the homes of neuro-rehabilitation users to make reliable data. Another valuable act in making validity of the project is to discuss with the interviewed expert respondents if they find relevance in and a need for the design solutions (Harboe, 2013).

Dissemination of knowledge I will enter the realms of teaching by implementing students from the Textile, Industrial and Interaction Design courses involved in projects at the LAB for Social Inclusion at DSKD. In facilitating experimental design processes the students as well as participants from the empirical research will gain knowledge from contributing to the design experiments. Communicating the issues of practicing and managing design with an empathic approach also fits the multidisciplinary project courses at the Masters course Design Management in collaboration with Southern University of Denmark and DSKD. 6 References

Bang, A. L., Krogh, P. G., Ludvigsen, M. and Markussen, T. 2012. “The Role of Hypothesis in Constructive Design Research”, The Art of Research Conference, 28-29 November 2012 at Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture Helsinki, Finland

Bang, A. L. 2011, “Emotional Value of Applied Textiles – Dialogue-oriented and participatory approached to textile design. PhD Thesis, Gabriel A/S, Design School Kolding, Aarhus School of Architecture.

Barker, J. 2009, “The tactile eye”, University of California Press.

Batterbee, K., Mattelmäki, T. and Koskinen, I. 2003, “Empathic Design – User Experience in Product Design”. IT Press.

Brown, T. 2009. “Change by Design: How Design Thinking Transforms Organizations and Inspires Innovation”. Harper-Business.

Buchenau, M. and Fulton-Suri, J. 2000 “Experience Prototyping” (Online) Available at: http://ideodesign.com.au/images/uploads/news/pdfs/FultonSuriBuchenau- Experience_PrototypingACM_8-00.pdf

Dunne, A. 2005. “Hertzian Tales”. MIT Press. Frascara, J. 2002. Ed. “Design and the Social Sciences: Making Connections”. Taylor & Francis.

Fulton Suri, J. 2003. “Empathic Design: Informed and Inspired by other People’s Experience”. In Batterbee, K., Mattelmäki, T. and Koskinen, I. Eds. “Empathic Design – User Experience in Product Design”. IT Press, pp. 51-57.

Gelting, A.K.G. 2005. “Elektroniske møbler og digitale amuletter: En kortlægning af teknologiske, sociokulturelle, fysiske, symbolske og evolutionære design parametre vedrørende elektroniske produkter”, PhD Thesis, The Royal Academy of Architecture, Copenhagen Denmark.

Harboe, T. 2013. “Method and Project Writing- an Introduction”, Samfundslitteratur.

Jordansen, I. K. 2009. “Velfærdsteknologi - selvhjulpen med ny teknologi”. Hjælpemiddelinstituttet.

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Koskinen, I., Zimmerman, J., Binder, T., Redström, J. and Wensveen, S., 2011, “Design Research Through Practice – From the lab, field and showroom”. Morgan Kaufmann, Elsevier.

Kouprie, M. and Visser S. F. 2009. “A framework for empathy in design; stepping into and out of the user’s life”. Journal of Engineering Design, Vol. 20, No. 5, pp. 437-448.

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Norman, D. 2004. “Emotional Design: Why We Love (or Hate) Everyday Things”. Basic Books.

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Riisberg, V. 2006. “Design and Production of Printed Textiles – from analogue to digital process”, PhD Thesis, Aarhus School of Architecture and Design School Kolding.

Riisberg, V. 2011 “User driven innovation and communication of textile qualities” – working papers, (Online) Available at: http://intranet.dskd.dk/fileadmin/PDF/Forskning/Textile_qualities_and_the_hospitals/Arbejdsnotat_h

8 ygiejne16_10_11.pdf http://intranet.dskd.dk/fileadmin/PDF/Forskning/Textile_qualities_and_the_hospitals/Arbejdsnotat_R esearch_Workshop_Final_17_10_11.pdf

Sanders, E. B. -N. 2002. “From User-Centered to Participatory Design Approaches”. In Franscara, J. Ed. “Design and the Social Sciences”, Taylor and Francis Books Limited. pp. 1-9.

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