The Power of Language Rhetoric Rhetoric Is the Art of Speaking Or

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The Power of Language Rhetoric Rhetoric Is the Art of Speaking Or

The Power of Language The Power of Language The Greek philosopher Aristotle divided the Rhetoric methods of persuasion into three categories: Rhetoric is the art of speaking or writing effectively. It is the Ethos - It appeals to the idea that people tend to believe who they respect. art of persuasion. Pathos - It appeals to the reader's emotions. Logos - It appeals to logic and reasoning. Important/Often-Used Persuasive Techniques The Power of Language Think about these the next time you see an ad on tv or in a The Greek philosopher Aristotle divided the methods of persuasion into three magazine. categories: Ethos - It appeals to the idea that people tend to believe who they respect. Bandwagon Appeal - Taps into people's desire to belong; Pathos - It appeals to the reader's emotions. people "jump on the bandwagon" Logos - It appeals to logic and reasoning. Which methods were PATHOS used in these ads? Important/Often-Used Persuasive Techniques Important/Often-Used Persuasive Techniques Think about these the next time you see an ad on tv or in a Think about these the next time you see an ad on tv or in a magazine. magazine. Testimonial - Relies on the backing of a celebrity, an expert, or a Snob Appeal - Taps into people's need to feel superior to others satisfied customer ETHOS Important/Often-Used Persuasive Techniques Important/Often-Used Persuasive Techniques Think about these the next time you see an ad on tv or in a Think about these the next time you see an ad on tv or in a magazine. magazine. Transfer - Connects a product, a candidate, or a cause with a Ethical Appeal - Tries to gain moral support for a claim by positive image or idea linking the claim to a widely accepted value PATHOS ETHOS Important/Often-Used Persuasive Techniques Important/Often-Used Persuasive Techniques Think about these the next time you see an ad on tv or in a Think about these the next time you see an ad on tv or in a magazine. magazine. Appeal to Pity- Taps into people's compassion for others Appeal to Fear- Makes people feel as if their safety, security, or health is in danger LOGOS PATHOS Important/Often-Used Persuasive Techniques Authors can use these techniques to persuade you to agree with/ Here's a refresher of the types of rhetoric. adopt their claim/position on a topic. These are used in ads, but all three types can be found in speeches, writing, etc. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FeCz5fy02JE.

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What Is Rhetoric?
What is Rhetoric? Rhetoric – the art of persuading someone through your speech and writing. It is a discourse (form of communication) that aims to improve the capability of writers or speakers to inform, persuade, or motivate a particular audience in certain situations. Origin – ancient Greece became the birthplace of rhetoric (effective speech/writing) in the fifth century B.C. Even Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle were arms deep in theories on the most effective means of persuasion. Examples Martin Luther King, Jr. – “I Have a Dream” Abraham Lincoln – “Gettysburg Address” There are many more famous speakers who use rhetoric. Can you think of other examples? Why is rhetoric in writing so important? Writing more effectively saves time. Things to Consider Audience – Who are you writing to? Purpose – Why are you writing this? What’s the point? Adjust your voice, tone, and persona to accommodate your communication situation. For every writing project, you can best determine what you want to say and how you want to say it by analyzing your rhetorical situation (which is sometimes called your communication situation). Learning to think rhetorically is one of the most important benefits of education! Successful leaders and decision makers are capable of making good decisions because they have learned to examine problems from a rhetorical perspective. Successful writers have learned they can write a more effective document in less time by thinking rhetorically. By simply thinking rhetorically, someone can utilize many mental activities – such as focusing on identifying the needs of a particular audience or situation. Ask yourself: Who’s going to read this? In what way can I persuade my audience? .
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Ockham's Razor and Chemistry
Ockham’s Razor and Chemistry * Roald Hoffmann, Vladimir I. Minkin, Barry K. Carpenter Abstract: We begin by presenting William of Ockham’s various formulations of his principle of parsimony, Ockham’s Razor. We then define a reaction mechanism and tell a personal story of how Ockham’s Razor entered the study of one such mechanism. A small history of methodologies related to Ock- ham’s Razor, least action and least motion, follows. This is all done in the context of the chemical (and scientific) community’s almost unthinking accep- tance of the principle as heuristically valuable. Which is not matched, to put it mildly, by current philosophical attitudes toward Ockham’s Razor. What ensues is a dialogue, pro and con. We first present a context for questioning, within chemistry, the fundamental assumption that underlies Ockham’s Ra- zor, namely that the world is simple. Then we argue that in more than one pragmatic way the Razor proves useful, without at all assuming a simple world. Ockham’s Razor is an instruction in an operating manual, not a world view. Continuing the argument, we look at the multiplicity and continuity of con- certed reaction mechanisms, and at principal component and Bayesian analysis (two ways in which Ockham’s Razor is embedded into modern statistics). The dangers to the chemical imagination from a rigid adherence to an Ockham’s Razor perspective, and the benefits of the use of this venerable and practical principle are given, we hope, their due. Keywords: Ockham’s Razor , reaction mechanism , principle of least action , prin- ciple of least motion , principal component analysis , Bayesian analysis .
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Enhancing the Students' Rhetoric Attainments in Teaching of College
Sino-US English Teaching, July 2019, Vol. 16, No. 7, 300-305 doi:10.17265/1539-8072/2019.07.003 D DAVID PUBLISHING Enhancing the Students’ Rhetoric Attainments in Teaching of College English Intensive Reading ZHANG Rong-gen Shanghai Publishing and Printing College, Shanghai, China Beginning with various definitions of rhetoric, the paper gives a survey of some common English rhetoric figures found in College English intensive reading, such as metaphor, simile, transferred epithet, allusion, hyperbole, personification, metonymy, antithesis, onomatopoeia, double negative, inversion, rhetoric question, parady, transferred negation, and the like. By elaborating the functions of those rhetoric figures, the paper attempts to enhance the students’ rhetoric attainments and arouse their interest in learning English. Keywords: rhetoric attainments, rhetoric figures, College English teaching Introduction Some students often complain that the teaching of College English intensive reading course is so monotonous. It is really the case. How can a tasteless person feel his delicious food? And a certain rhetoric attainment is the prerequisite for the student to enjoy this “delicious food” of College English intensive reading course. The category of rhetoric is quite broad, one of which definitions is given by Aristotle as the art of public speaking by means of persuasion (Aristotle, 1954, pp. 2-12); and Hartwell extends the definition of rhetoric as the art of using words in speaking or writing (Hartwell & Bentley, 1982, pp. 1-15). That is to say, rhetoric contains both the art of public speaking and the method of composition. According to Chen Wangdao, a modern Chinese rhetorician, rhetoric includes both active rhetoric and passive rhetoric.
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Occam's Razor in Science: a Case Study from Biogeography
Biology and Philosophy (2007) 22:193–215 Ó Springer 2006 DOI 10.1007/s10539-006-9027-9 Occam’s Razor in science: a case study from biogeography A. BAKER Department of Philosophy, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, 19081, USA (e-mail: [email protected]) Received 22 June 2004; accepted 16 March 2006 Introduction There is a widespread philosophical presumption – deep-rooted and often unarticulated – that a theory whose ontology exceeds that of its competitors is at a prima facie disadvantage. This presumption that ontologically more parsi- monious theories are preferable appears in many guises. Often it remains im- plicit. Sometimes it is invoked as a primitive, self-evident proposition that cannot be further justified or elaborated upon (for example at the beginning of Good- man and Quine’s 1947 paper,1 and in Quine’s remarks about his taste for ‘‘clear skies’’ and ‘‘desert landscapes’’). Other times it is elevated to the status of a ‘‘Principle’’ and labeled as such (for example, the ‘‘Principle of Parsimony’’). However, perhaps it is best known by the name ‘‘Occam’s (or Ockham’s) Razor.’’ The question I wish to address in this paper is whether Occam’s Razor is a methodological principle of science. In addition to being a signiﬁcant issue in its own right, I am also interested in potential connections between attitudes towards parsimony in science and in philosophy. Metaphysicians might once have aimed to justify the use of Occam’s Razor in science by appeal to aprioriphilosophical principles. The rise of scientific naturalism in the second half of the 20th Century has undercut this style of approach.
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2. Contrastive Rhetoric Robert B
21 2. Contrastive Rhetoric Robert B. Kaplan This chapter begins by discussing the concept and origins of the term contrastive rhetoric. In a brief description of the writing process, the questions of appropriate topics, acceptable evidence and effective organization are discussed and culturally and linguistically specific ways of describing the world are described. A model for the writing process is presented, focussing on the impact of author, content, audience, purpose, time, place and genre of the writing situation. Finally, effective and ineffective examples of written English are presented and analyzed. Introduction hat is contrastive rhetoric? Partly based on Whorfian ideas of the relation ship between language and thought, it is an hypothesis claiming that (while mathematical logic may be universal) the logic expressed through the organization of written text is culture-specific; that is, it posits that speakers of two different languages will organize the same reality in different ways (Kaplan, 1988; 1987). That they should do so seems self-evident, because different languages provide different resources for organizing text. However, this filtering of text logic through language is largely unconscious; that is, learners of an L2: are not aware of the way in which their Ll influences the way they organize text logic, are not aware of the way in which an L2 organizes text logic, and are not aware that there is a difference. As Kellerman notes, "Coping with new ways of 'thinking for speaking [or writing an L2] ... ' means attending to features of context that are either not relevant or are defined differently in the native language ..
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Poetry and Rhetoric: Modernism and Beyond Peter Nicholls New York
Poetry and Rhetoric: Modernism and Beyond Peter Nicholls New York University In Melville’s chilly masterpiece “Bartleby the Scrivener”, the “pale plaster-of-paris” bust of Cicero that presides over the lawyer’s office is a pointed reminder of the final stage of rhetoric’s decline in the second half of the nineteenth century.1 The Ciceronian tradition is a mere shadow of its former self (the head alone and not the heart remains) and the legal practice overlooked by the bust is occupied not with feats of forensic artistry but with the purely mechanical business of textual transcription.2 The ancient rhetor surveys a scene in which the art of speaking does little more than support a deviously self-serving philanthropy, the lawyer pondering whether by befriending Bartleby he “might cheaply purchase a delicious self-approval”.3 At the time Melville writes, classical rhetoric is witnessing its final decline or “reduction”, as Gerard Genette calls it, a process begun in the Middle Ages as once crucial parts of the rhetorical curriculum gradually fell into disuse: “next [to be lost was] the balance between the ‘parts’ (inventio, dispositio, elocutio), because the rhetoric of the trivium, crushed between grammar and dialectic, soon came to be confined to the study of elocutio, the ornaments of discourse, colores rhetorici.”4 Bartleby, with his formulaic disengagement and his previous experience of the Dead Letter Office, is arguably the prophet of literature’s failure as an authentic public form and of its consequent reduction to empty repetition.5 Both he and Cicero are described as “pale” and fragile, and when the lawyer confronts him with questions about his past, Bartleby, says the lawyer, “kept his glance fixed upon my bust of Cicero”, an object no longer inspiring eloquence but now prompting instead an enigmatic reluctance to speak (“’At present I prefer to give no answer,’ he said”).
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Plato's Denunciation of Rhetoric in the "Phaedrus" Author(s): Brad McAdon Source: Rhetoric Review, Vol. 23, No. 1 (2004), pp. 21-39 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20176594 Accessed: 22/09/2010 21:38 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=taylorfrancis. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Rhetoric Review. http://www.jstor.org Brad McAdon University of Memphis Plato's Denunciation of Rhetoric in the Phaedrus Contrary to a prevailing view within rhetoric and composition circles thatfinds a positive view of rhetoric in the Phaedrus, / contend that Plato mockingly de nounces rhetoric in the Phaedrus.
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Aristotle-Rhetoric.Pdf
Rhetoric Aristotle (Translated by W. Rhys Roberts) Book I 1 Rhetoric is the counterpart of Dialectic. Both alike are con- cerned with such things as come, more or less, within the general ken of all men and belong to no deﬁnite science. Accordingly all men make use, more or less, of both; for to a certain extent all men attempt to discuss statements and to maintain them, to defend themselves and to attack others. Ordinary people do this either at random or through practice and from acquired habit. Both ways being possible, the subject can plainly be handled systematically, for it is possible to inquire the reason why some speakers succeed through practice and others spontaneously; and every one will at once agree that such an inquiry is the function of an art. Now, the framers of the current treatises on rhetoric have cons- tructed but a small portion of that art. The modes of persuasion are the only true constituents of the art: everything else is me- rely accessory. These writers, however, say nothing about en- thymemes, which are the substance of rhetorical persuasion, but deal mainly with non-essentials. The arousing of prejudice, pity, anger, and similar emotions has nothing to do with the essential facts, but is merely a personal appeal to the man who is judging the case. Consequently if the rules for trials which are now laid down some states-especially in well-governed states-were applied everywhere, such people would have nothing to say. All men, no doubt, think that the laws should prescribe such rules, but some, as in the court of Areopagus, give practical effect to their thoughts 4 Aristotle and forbid talk about non-essentials.
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Occam's Razor Vol. 9 - Full (2019)
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Rhetorical Pragmatics Article Info
Journal of Advanced Social Research Vol.5 No.5, May 2015, 19-38 Rhetorical Pragmatics Article Info Hussain Hameed Mayuuf University of Babylon College of Education For Human Sciences Received:05.03.2015 Accepted:22.04.2015 Department of English Published online:01.05.2015 [email protected] ISSN: 2231-8275 ABSTRACT This study tackles Rhetorical Pragmatics. It starts with a brief idea about Rhetoric; its relationship with Dialectics, Communication, and pragmatics. The study adopts Leech's model of communication which entails explaining the Interpersonal Rhetoric with its components: the cooperative , politeness, irony and Banter principles. An idea concerning the textual Rhetoric is also presented in section four giving some significant points on its principles. The paper also deals with Rhetorical Pragmatic Strategies, types of arguments, figures of speech and Tropes. The paper ends with a brief idea about Strategic Maneuvering in argumentation. Keywords: Rhetoric, Pragmatics, argument, argumentation, cooperative principle, tropes and strategic maneuvering. 1. Rhetoric 1.1 Historical Background Rhetoric has its roots in the culture of Greece and Rome as a system of persuasive techniques. Rhetoric is defined as "the ability to see, in any given case, the available means of persuasion". Rhetoric is the persuasive use of language. This discipline flourished by the appearance of Aristotle's Rhetoric in the 4th century (BC.) by the work of the famous Roman teachers of rhetoric such as Cicero and Quintilian. Aristotle made a distinction between three main modes of persuasion: (a) Appeal by reason (b) Appeal by ethics (c) Emotional (aesthetical) appeal. This distinction is mirrored in the three-fold division of styles: 1- Logos: persuasion through reasoning.
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Questionable Classification of Figures of Speech As Fundamental to the Need for Powerful Rhetoric in Governance -- /
Alternative view of segmented documents via Kairos 8 August 2016 | Draft Questionable Classification of Figures of Speech as fundamental to the need for powerful rhetoric in governance -- / -- Introduction Dysfunctionally disparate classifications? Categorization of figures of speech in non-western cultures References Introduction As fundamental to persuasive rhetoric, it is curious, but potentially significant, that the variety of styles of speech is so notably framed by the term figures of speech. As a term which has both aesthetic and geometrical connotations, how are such "figures" to be understood -- especially in relation to imagining the great game of Castalia? This is discussed separately in a paper of which this is effectively an annex Evoking Castalia as Envisaged, Entoned and Embodied (2016). The implications of the following are discussed there in terms of metapoetics and musical-rhetorical figure theory (Musica poetica). Figures of speech are of course fundamental to discourse -- and to the public discourse central to governance, the processes of persuasion through argument, and to confidence building. The phrase "talking things up" is noteworthy in this respect. For Stephen Adams (Poetic Designs: an introduction to meters, verse forms, and figures of speech, 1997): Far from being artificial distortions of language, the figures have developed from patterns that naturally appear when language is used with great emotion and energy. As such they provide one means for identitying patterns that emerge in free verse and help give it formal organization... (p 108) Especially pertinent, at a time when arguments presented in English are challenged by those presented, in Arabic is the reflection on figures of speech by Hussein Abdul-Raof (Arabic Rhetoric: a pragmatic analysis, 2006): The traditional meaning of "figurative" has always involved a contrast with the "proper" meaning of a given word, its supposed meaning, the idea which comes to mind when the word is employed.
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