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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter free, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Kgher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Infonnadon Company 300 Noith Zeeb Road, Ann Aibor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 THE KENNEDY CENTER ALLIANCE FOR ARTS EDUCATION NETWORK THE STORY OF A NATIONAL ARTS EDUCATION INITIATIVE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Donald J. Killeen, A.A., B.S., M.Ed. The Ohio State University 1997 Dissertation Committee: Dr. E. Louis Lankford, Advisor Approved by Dr. James Hutchens Dr. Susan Witten Advisor U Dr. Constance Bumgarner Gee Department of Art Education DMI Number: 9801722 Copyright 1997 by Killeen, Donald Joseph All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9801722 Copyright 1997, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 © Copyright by Donald Joseph Killeen 1997 ABSTRACT This study tells the story of a national initiative started in 1973 to promote arts education nationwide; The Alliance for Arts Education project. The Alliance though housed at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts has been a part of the United States Department of Education's efforts for the past 24 years to promote arts education nationally and has received funding through the USDOE and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 starting with its reauthorization in 1973. In spite of the Alliance's congressional mandate to promote arts education nationwide, virtually nothing is known about its evolution, contributions, and impact on national arts education policy and programming. This lack of information has hindered educational reformers and policy makers throughout the nation when addressing the pressing issues facing educational reform, especially with arts education. This study begins to fill in this information gap and provides a basis upon which to understand and determine the Alliance's place in the history and development of arts education nationally. The study utilizes both traditional historical and oral history inquiry methods to construct a story that broadly explores the development of this national arts education initiative by placing it in the political and historical contexts that influenced its evolution. The study also analyzes the Alliances development and evolution in light of the theory concerning public policy development, implementation, and evaluation. Ill DEDICATED To the memory of my mother, Catherine A. Killeen, whose love and guidance are deeply missed and to my companion, Terry J. Malinowski, whose love and support are deeply cherished IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my advisor, E. Louis Lankford, for his support and guidance throughoufmy doctoral program. He is one of the finest teachers that I have encountered. I also wish to thank my dissertation committee members: James Hutchens, Susan Witten, and Constance Gee. I am grateful to the many people who assisted me with the enormous task of locating the archival materials for this study, especially Rita MacAyeal at the National Archives and Charlotte Woolard, Kathi Levin, and Abby Nelson Ross at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. I am also deeply indebted to all the people who so graciously gave of their time to be interviewed for this study. I want to extend a special thanks to Wayne Lawson at the Ohio Arts Council, who assisted me at a critical time with this study allowing the research to stay on track. I also wish to thank Lawrence and Isabel Bamett for their generous financial support during the first two years of my doctoral studies. Without this support, 1 would not have been able leave my career and return to school. Finally, and most importantly, I wish to thank my companion of 18 years, Terry J. Malinowski, for his unending support and belief in me. I cannot imagine life without him. VITA EDUCATION The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH Ph. D. in Art Education/Policy Development and Administration, -1 9 9 7 University of Florida, Gainesville, FL M.Ed. - Adult/Community Education and Administration - 1977 Trenton State College, Trenton, NJ B.S. - Elementary Education -1 9 7 3 Middlesex County College, Edison, NJ A .A - Liberal Arts/Business -1 9 7 1 AWARDS AND The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi, The Ohio State University RECOGNITIONS Graduate Student Alumni Research Award, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 1995 Fellow, Bamett Fellowship in Arts Policy and Administration, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 1993 to 1995 Fellow, Kellogg National Leadership Program, Kellogg Foundation, Battle Creek, Ml, 1989 to 1992 Fellow, American Association of Community Colleges, Washington, DC, 1992 Fellow, Arts Administration Program, National Endowment for the Arts, Washington, DC, 1991 Research Fellow, Pacific Islands Development Program, East- West Center, Honolulu, HI, 1979 to 1980 VI PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATE , The Ohio Partnership for the Visual Arts, EXPERIENCE Department of Art Education, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 1995 to 1997 ASSISTANT DEAN OF INSTRUCTION. Windward Community College, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, HI 96744, 1987 to 1993 COORDINATOR. At-Risk Student Program, Windward Community College, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, HI 96744, 1985 to 1987 ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR. Language Arts, Windward Community College, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, HI 96744, 1981 to 1993 FACULTY. English as a Second Language, American Samoa Community College, Pago Pago, American Samoa, 1977 to 1979 PEACE CORPS VOLUNTEER (Elementary School Teacher Trainer). Chuk Teacher Training Center, Chuk Islands (formerly Truk Islands), Federated States of Mcronesia, 1973 to 1975 ADDITIONAL • Strategic Planning Consultant PROFESSIONAL • Volunteer organizational developer, team-builder, and EXPERIENCES leadership developer tor non-profit organizations. ADDITIONAL Public Relations, Marketing, Voice, Musical Theater EDUCATION FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Art Education Specializations: Policy Development, Implementation and Evaluation; Historical Research of policies, programs, and institutions; Program Development and Evaluation VII TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract............................................................................................................. ii Dedication ......................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments............................................................................................ v Vita ..................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures.................................................................................................... xi Chapters: 1. Introduction.............................................................................................. 1 1.1 The Purpose of the Study......................................................... 3 1.2 The Need for the Study.............................................................. 5 1.3 The Doing of History.................................................................. 7 1.3.1 From Positivism to Postmodernism............................ 7 1.3.2 Historical Sources......................................................... 17 1.3.3 Application of Methodology to This Study................. 34 1.3.4 Personal Issues Facing Historians............................. 37 1.4 The Outline for this Study........................................................... 41 2. Review of the Literature.......................................................................... 43 2.1 Educational Reform in America ................................................. 45 2.1.1 Pre-1970's.................................................................... 47 2.1.2 The1970’s.................................................................... 57 VIII 2.1.3 The-1980's..................................................................... 63 2.1.4 The 1990's.................................................................... 68 2.1.5 Educational Reform in the Postmodern World 73 2.2 Arts Education Since the