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An Overview on Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants Having Insulin Mimetic Property

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An Overview on Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants Having Insulin Mimetic Property Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine (2012)320-330 320 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine journal homepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/apjtb Document heading An overview on antidiabetic medicinal plants having insulin mimetic property Patel DK, Prasad SK, Kumar R, Hemalatha S* Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: ’ Diabetes mellitus is one of the common metabolic disorders acquiring around 2.8% of the world s R 17 O 2011 eceived ctober population and is anticipated to cross 5.4% by the year 2025. Since long back herbal medicines 5 2011 Received in revised form November have been the highly esteemed source of medicine therefore, they have become a growing part of A 25 N 2011 ccepted ovember modern, high-tech medicine. In view of the above aspects the present review provides profiles of A 28 A 2012 vailable online pril plants (65 species) with hypoglycaemic properties, available through literature source from various database with proper categorization according to the parts used, mode of reduction in blood Keywords: glucose (insulinomimetic or insulin secretagogues activity) and active phytoconstituents having Diabetes insulin mimetics activity. From the review it was suggested that, plant showing hypoglycemic Insulin secretagogues potential mainly belongs to the family Leguminoseae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, AlliumCucurbitaceae, sativum, Insulin mimetics GymnemaAsteraceae, sylvestre, Moraceae, Citrullus Rosaceae colocynthis, and Araliaceae. Trigonella The foenum most active greacum, plants Momordica are charantia Phytoconstituents Ficus bengalensis Pancrease and . The review describes some new bioactive drugs and isolated compounds 1 Blood glucose from plants such as roseoside, epigallocatechin gallate, beta-pyrazol- -ylalanine, cinchonain 3 3 Insulin Ib, leucocyandin -O-beta-d-galactosyl cellobioside, leucopelargonidin- - O-alpha-L Beta cell rhamnoside, glycyrrhetinic acid, dehydrotrametenolic acid, strictinin, isostrictinin, pedunculagin, Antidiabetic activity epicatechin and christinin-A showing significant insulinomimetic and antidiabetic activity Medicinal plant with more efficacy than conventional hypoglycaemic agents. Thus, from the review majorly, the Metabolic disorder antidiabetic activity of medicinal plants is attributed to the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, Herbal medicine terpenoids, coumarins and other constituents which show reduction in blood glucose levels. The Diabetes mellitus review also discusses the management aspect of diabetes mellitus using these plants and their Hypoglycaemic activity active principles. 1. Introduction have high blood glucose level[3]. Type 2 diabetes or non- insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, is the most common Diabetes mellitus, one of the most common endocrine form of the disease, accounting for 90%-95% of cases in metabolic disorders has caused significant morbidity and which the body does not produce enough insulin or properly mortality due to microvascular (retinopathy, neuropathy, use it[4]. According to World Health Organization the and nephropathy) and macrovascular (heart attack, stroke diabetic population is likely to increase up to 300 million and peripheral vascular disease) complications[1]. Human or more by the year 2025[5]. Currently available therapies bodies possess enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidative for diabetes include insulin and various oral antidiabetic mechanisms which minimize the generation of reactive agents such as sulfonylureas, biguanides and glinides. Many oxygen species, responsible for many degenerative diseases of them have a number of serious adverse effects; therefore, including diabetes[2]. The disease is rapidly increasing the search for more effective and safer hypoglycemic agents worldwide and affecting all parts of the world. Due to is one of the important areas of investigation[6]. Aldose deficiency of the insulin people suffering from diabetes reductases, a key enzyme in the polyol pathway catalyze the reduction of glucose to sorbitol. Accumulation of *Corresponding author: Hemalatha S, Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, sorbitol in the body causes various complications including [7] Varanasi-221005, India. cataract, neuropathy and nephropathy . The hypoglycemic Tel: +91 9415256481 effect of several plants used as antidiabetic remedies has E-mail: [email protected] Foundation Project: This work was financially supported by University Grants been confirmed, and the mechanisms of hypoglycemic Commission, New Delhi. activity of these plants are being studied. Natural products Patel DK et al./Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine (2012)320-330 321 having antidiabetic potential which acts through either about the experimental studies performed on hypoglycaemic insulinomimetic or secretagogues properties are reviewed activity of the plant material and the bioactive components here. This review also focuses on the role of traditional related to the seceration of insulin or its action. Here all therapeutic and natural medicines from traditional the plant materials which are listed were tested for their medicinal plants for diabetes. Traditional medicines from insulinomimeticin vivo in vitro or secretogogues activity in the different readily available medicinal plants offer great potential for or model systems and represented according the discovery of new antidiabetic drugs[8]. to alphabetical order. Moreover, phytoconstituents isolated Recently, some medicinal plants have been reported from different plants which have shown insulinomimetic to be useful in diabetes worldwide and have been used activty are also represented in the Table 3. empirically in antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic remedies. 3.1. Acacia arabica (Leguminosae) Antihyperglycemic activity of the plants is mainly due to their ability to restore the function of pancreatic tissues by Acacia arabica causing an increase in insulin output or inhibit the intestinal About 94% seed diet of showed hypoglycemic absorption of glucose or to the facilitation of metabolites in effect in ratsAcacia through arabica release of insulin. However, powdered insulin dependent processes. More than 400 plant species seeds of at 2, 3 and 4 g/kg, p.o. exerted a having hypoglycemic activity have been available in significant hypoglycemic effect in normal rabbits by literature, however, searching for new antidiabetic drugs initiating the release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells[12]. from natural plants is still attractive because they contain 3.2. Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae) substances which demonstrate alternative and safe effects on diabetes mellitus. Most of plants contain etc. glycosides, Aegle marmelos alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, carotenoids, , that are Aqueous leaf extract of showed frequently implicated as having antidiabetic effect[9]. antihyperglycemic activity in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats after 14 days treatment either by increasing 2. Medicinal plants used to treat diabetes utilization of glucose or by direct stimulation of glucose uptake through increased insulin secretion[13]. 3.3. Agrimony eupatoria (Rosaceae) Plants have always been a very good source of drugs and many of the currently available drugs have been derived Agrimony eupatoria directly or indirectly from them. The ethnobotanical Aqueous extract of evoked stimulation 800 11 information suggests that about plants mayMomordica possess of insulinin vitro secretion from the BRIN-BD pancreatic beta cell anti-diabetic potential, among all of them line . The effect of extract was found to be glucose- charantia Pterocarpus marsupium Trigonella foenum [11] greacum , , and independent . have been reported to be beneficial for treatment 3.4. Alangium salvifolium (Alangiaceae) of type 2 diabetes[3,8]. Several such herbs have shown anti- diabetic activity when evaluated using different type of Alangium salvifolium experimental techniques. Wide arrays of plant derived active Methanolic extract of leaves principles representing different type of biological activity, possesses antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects among these alkaloids, glycosides, galactomannan gun, in dexamethasone induced insulin resistance in rats, which polysaccharides, peptidoglycans, hypoglycans, guanidine, may be due to the antioxidant and insulinotropic effect of steroids, carbohydrates, glycopeptides, terpenoids, amino extract[14]. acids and inorganic ions have demonstrated activity 3.5. Allium sativum (Alliaceae) including treatment of diabetes[10]. List of the medicinal plants having antidiabetic potential acording to the different part used and mode of action were presented in Table 1 and Antihyperglycemic activity of ethyl ether extract at 2 0 25 Table . mg/kg, p.o. wasAllium reported sativum to be the most potent and active principle of (garlic) which was due [13] 3. Pharmacologically screened insulinomimetic or insulin to increased insulin like activity . OralAllium administration sativum secretagogues plant material and phytoconstituents of the ethanol extract, juice and oil of has remarkably blood sugar lowering effect in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats or a rabbit mediated The aim of this review is to collect the data available through stimulation of insulin secretion from parital cells on plants material having hypoglycaemic
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