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SPECIES COMPOSITION and POLLINATOR EFFICIENCY of Ocimum Kilimandscharicum FLOWER VISITORS ALONG KAKAMEGA FOREST ECOSYSTEM
SPECIES COMPOSITION AND POLLINATOR EFFICIENCY OF Ocimum Kilimandscharicum FLOWER VISITORS ALONG KAKAMEGA FOREST ECOSYSTEM BY HELLEN MANDELA KUTWA A Research Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Masters of Science in Environmental Biology, School of Biological and Physical Sciences MOI UNIVERSITY ELDORET 2017 2 ECLARATION 3 DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my parents who have supported me throughout, Dr Amos Kutwa and Mrs. Phillisters Kutwa. To my siblings Alice, Erastus and Fred I hope this serves as a source of inspiration and reassurance that hard work and persistence pays out. My grandparents Alice, Hellen and Silvanas for their prayers and encouragement. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am grateful to Professor Mugatsia Tsingalia for having accepted to be my University supervisor and providing me with high quality assistance and guidance. You have been a source of motivation from the beginning and I truly appreciate your patience especially when I had no sense of direction and you guided me and molded me into a better researcher. I am thankful as you have always been that academic lighthouse for me. I also recognize the Moi University fraternity especially School of Biological and Physical science for seeing potential in me and accepting my postgraduate application. I am also greatly indebted to Professor Mary Gikungu. You have always been encouraging from the beginning setting a fine example for me as a strong independent woman. You helped instill in me the importance of being resilient and humble no matter what you have achieved. You encouraged me even when I was about to give up, taking your time to go through my drafts and giving critical and up building comments. -
ORIGINAL ARTICLE a Novel Intracellular Mutualistic Bacterium in the Invasive Ant Cardiocondyla Obscurior
The ISME Journal (2016) 10, 376–388 © 2016 International Society for Microbial Ecology All rights reserved 1751-7362/16 www.nature.com/ismej ORIGINAL ARTICLE A novel intracellular mutualistic bacterium in the invasive ant Cardiocondyla obscurior Antonia Klein1,8, Lukas Schrader1,8, Rosario Gil2, Alejandro Manzano-Marín2, Laura Flórez3, David Wheeler5, John H Werren6, Amparo Latorre2,7, Jürgen Heinze1, Martin Kaltenpoth3,4, Andrés Moya2 and Jan Oettler1 1Institut für Zoologie, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; 2Institut Canvanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva (ICBiBE), Parc Cientific de la Universitat de Valencia, Paterna (Valencia), Spain; 3Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany; 4Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute for Zoology, Department for Evolutionary Ecology, Mainz, Germany; 5Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; 6Department of Biology, University Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA and 7Área de Genómica y Salud de la Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO)–Salud Pública, Valencia, Spain The evolution of eukaryotic organisms is often strongly influenced by microbial symbionts that confer novel traits to their hosts. Here we describe the intracellular Enterobacteriaceae symbiont of theinvasiveantCardiocondyla obscurior, ‘Candidatus Westeberhardia cardiocondylae’. Upon metamorphosis, Westeberhardia is found in gut-associated bacteriomes that deteriorate following eclosion. Only queens maintain Westeberhardia in the ovarian nurse cells from where the symbionts are transmitted to late-stage oocytes during nurse cell depletion. Functional analyses of the streamlined genome of Westeberhardia (533 kb, 23.41% GC content) indicate that neither vitamins nor essential amino acids are provided for the host. However, the genome encodes for an almost complete shikimate pathway leading to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, which could be converted into tyrosine by the host. -
Classification of the Apidae (Hymenoptera)
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU Mi Bee Lab 9-21-1990 Classification of the Apidae (Hymenoptera) Charles D. Michener University of Kansas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/bee_lab_mi Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Michener, Charles D., "Classification of the Apidae (Hymenoptera)" (1990). Mi. Paper 153. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/bee_lab_mi/153 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Bee Lab at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mi by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 4 WWvyvlrWryrXvW-WvWrW^^ I • • •_ ••^«_«).•>.• •.*.« THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS SCIENC5;^ULLETIN LIBRARY Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 75-164 Sept. 21,1990 OCT 23 1990 HARVARD Classification of the Apidae^ (Hymenoptera) BY Charles D. Michener'^ Appendix: Trigona genalis Friese, a Hitherto Unplaced New Guinea Species BY Charles D. Michener and Shoichi F. Sakagami'^ CONTENTS Abstract 76 Introduction 76 Terminology and Materials 77 Analysis of Relationships among Apid Subfamilies 79 Key to the Subfamilies of Apidae 84 Subfamily Meliponinae 84 Description, 84; Larva, 85; Nest, 85; Social Behavior, 85; Distribution, 85 Relationships among Meliponine Genera 85 History, 85; Analysis, 86; Biogeography, 96; Behavior, 97; Labial palpi, 99; Wing venation, 99; Male genitalia, 102; Poison glands, 103; Chromosome numbers, 103; Convergence, 104; Classificatory questions, 104 Fossil Meliponinae 105 Meliponorytes, -
Pollination of Cultivated Plants in the Tropics 111 Rrun.-Co Lcfcnow!Cdgmencle
ISSN 1010-1365 0 AGRICULTURAL Pollination of SERVICES cultivated plants BUL IN in the tropics 118 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO 6-lina AGRICULTUTZ4U. ionof SERNES cultivated plans in tetropics Edited by David W. Roubik Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa, Panama Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations F'Ø Rome, 1995 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-11 ISBN 92-5-103659-4 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. FAO 1995 PlELi. uion are ted PlauAr David W. Roubilli (edita Footli-anal ISgt-iieulture Organization of the Untled Nations Contributors Marco Accorti Makhdzir Mardan Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria Universiti Pertanian Malaysia Cascine del Ricci° Malaysian Bee Research Development Team 50125 Firenze, Italy 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Stephen L. Buchmann John K. S. Mbaya United States Department of Agriculture National Beekeeping Station Carl Hayden Bee Research Center P. -
Zootaxa, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Dolichoderinae
Zootaxa 776: 1–10 (2004) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA 776 Copyright © 2004 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) A new species of the genus Bothriomyrmex Emery, 1869 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dolichoderinae) from Costa Rica DMITRY A. DUBOVIKOFF1 & JOHN T. LONGINO2 1 Department of Entomology, Faculty of Biology and Soil Sciences, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Uni- versiteskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia, [email protected] 2 The Evergreen State College, Olympia WA 98505 USA, [email protected] Abstract Bothriomyrmex paradoxus Dubovikov and Longino sp. nov. is described from Costa Rica, based on two collections from widely separated localities. These are the first collections of the genus Bothri- omyrmex in the Americas. The genus Bothriomyrmex can be divided into Palearctic species (Both- riomyrmex s.s.) and Oriental and Australian species, based on differences in palp formula and queen wing venation. Bothriomyrmex paradoxus shares palp and wing characters with the Palearc- tic species. It is probably native to Central America and long separated from its Old World relatives. Key words: Bothriomyrmex, Formicidae, Dolichoderinae, Costa Rica Introduction The subfamily Dolichoderinae is comprised of 22 genera, the majority of which are Old World (Shattuck 1992, Bolton 2003, Brandão et al. 1999). The dolichoderine genera with significant indigenous radiations in the New World are Azteca, Dolichoderus, Dory- myrmex, Forelius, Linepithema, Liometopum, and Tapinoma. Three additional genera have been reported as rare or introduced elements. Technomyrmex, a diverse genus in the Old World, is represented in the New World by one introduced tramp species and, paradoxi- cally, one native species from Panama and Costa Rica (Wheeler 1934, Longino pers. -
List of Indian Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Himender Bharti
List of Indian Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Himender Bharti Department of Zoology, Punjabi University, Patiala, India - 147002. (email: [email protected]/[email protected]) (www.antdiversityindia.com) Abstract Ants of India are enlisted herewith. This has been carried due to major changes in terms of synonymies, addition of new taxa, recent shufflings etc. Currently, Indian ants are represented by 652 valid species/subspecies falling under 87 genera grouped into 12 subfamilies. Keywords: Ants, India, Hymenoptera, Formicidae. Introduction The following 652 valid species/subspecies of myrmecology. This species list is based upon the ants are known to occur in India. Since Bingham’s effort of many ant collectors as well as Fauna of 1903, ant taxonomy has undergone major myrmecologists who have published on the taxonomy changes in terms of synonymies, discovery of new of Indian ants and from inputs provided by taxa, shuffling of taxa etc. This has lead to chaotic myrmecologists from other parts of world. However, state of affairs in Indian scenario, many lists appeared the other running/dynamic list continues to appear on web without looking into voluminous literature on http://www.antweb.org/india.jsp, which is which has surfaced in last many years and currently periodically updated and contains information about the pace at which new publications are appearing in new/unconfirmed taxa, still to be published or verified. Subfamily Genus Species and subspecies Aenictinae Aenictus 28 Amblyoponinae Amblyopone 3 Myopopone -
Redalyc.CLEPTOPARASITE BEES, with EMPHASIS on THE
Acta Biológica Colombiana ISSN: 0120-548X [email protected] Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Bogotá Colombia ALVES-DOS-SANTOS, ISABEL CLEPTOPARASITE BEES, WITH EMPHASIS ON THE OILBEES HOSTS Acta Biológica Colombiana, vol. 14, núm. 2, 2009, pp. 107-113 Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Bogotá Bogotá, Colombia Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=319027883009 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Acta biol. Colomb., Vol. 14 No. 2, 2009 107 - 114 CLEPTOPARASITE BEES, WITH EMPHASIS ON THE OILBEES HOSTS Abejas cleptoparásitas, con énfasis en las abejas hospederas coletoras de aceite ISABEL ALVES-DOS-SANTOS1, Ph. D. 1Departamento de Ecologia, IBUSP. Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 321, trav 14. São Paulo 05508-900 Brazil. [email protected] Presentado 1 de noviembre de 2008, aceptado 1 de febrero de 2009, correcciones 7 de julio de 2009. ABSTRACT Cleptoparasite bees lay their eggs inside nests constructed by other bee species and the larvae feed on pollen provided by the host, in this case, solitary bees. The cleptoparasite (adult and larvae) show many morphological and behavior adaptations to this life style. In this paper I present some data on the cleptoparasite bees whose hosts are bees specialized to collect floral oil. Key words: solitary bee, interspecific interaction, parasitic strategies, hospicidal larvae. RESUMEN Las abejas Cleptoparásitas depositan sus huevos en nidos construídos por otras especies de abejas y las larvas se alimentan del polen que proveen las hospederas, en este caso, abejas solitarias. -
The Functions and Evolution of Social Fluid Exchange in Ant Colonies (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Marie-Pierre Meurville & Adria C
ISSN 1997-3500 Myrmecological News myrmecologicalnews.org Myrmecol. News 31: 1-30 doi: 10.25849/myrmecol.news_031:001 13 January 2021 Review Article Trophallaxis: the functions and evolution of social fluid exchange in ant colonies (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Marie-Pierre Meurville & Adria C. LeBoeuf Abstract Trophallaxis is a complex social fluid exchange emblematic of social insects and of ants in particular. Trophallaxis behaviors are present in approximately half of all ant genera, distributed over 11 subfamilies. Across biological life, intra- and inter-species exchanged fluids tend to occur in only the most fitness-relevant behavioral contexts, typically transmitting endogenously produced molecules adapted to exert influence on the receiver’s physiology or behavior. Despite this, many aspects of trophallaxis remain poorly understood, such as the prevalence of the different forms of trophallaxis, the components transmitted, their roles in colony physiology and how these behaviors have evolved. With this review, we define the forms of trophallaxis observed in ants and bring together current knowledge on the mechanics of trophallaxis, the contents of the fluids transmitted, the contexts in which trophallaxis occurs and the roles these behaviors play in colony life. We identify six contexts where trophallaxis occurs: nourishment, short- and long-term decision making, immune defense, social maintenance, aggression, and inoculation and maintenance of the gut microbiota. Though many ideas have been put forth on the evolution of trophallaxis, our analyses support the idea that stomodeal trophallaxis has become a fixed aspect of colony life primarily in species that drink liquid food and, further, that the adoption of this behavior was key for some lineages in establishing ecological dominance. -
Borowiec Et Al-2020 Ants – Phylogeny and Classification
A Ants: Phylogeny and 1758 when the Swedish botanist Carl von Linné Classification published the tenth edition of his catalog of all plant and animal species known at the time. Marek L. Borowiec1, Corrie S. Moreau2 and Among the approximately 4,200 animals that he Christian Rabeling3 included were 17 species of ants. The succeeding 1University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA two and a half centuries have seen tremendous 2Departments of Entomology and Ecology & progress in the theory and practice of biological Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, classification. Here we provide a summary of the NY, USA current state of phylogenetic and systematic 3Social Insect Research Group, Arizona State research on the ants. University, Tempe, AZ, USA Ants Within the Hymenoptera Tree of Ants are the most ubiquitous and ecologically Life dominant insects on the face of our Earth. This is believed to be due in large part to the cooperation Ants belong to the order Hymenoptera, which also allowed by their sociality. At the time of writing, includes wasps and bees. ▶ Eusociality, or true about 13,500 ant species are described and sociality, evolved multiple times within the named, classified into 334 genera that make up order, with ants as by far the most widespread, 17 subfamilies (Fig. 1). This diversity makes the abundant, and species-rich lineage of eusocial ants the world’s by far the most speciose group of animals. Within the Hymenoptera, ants are part eusocial insects, but ants are not only diverse in of the ▶ Aculeata, the clade in which the ovipos- terms of numbers of species. -
Bald-Faced Hornets
Pest Profile Photo credit: By PiccoloNamek (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html), CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/) from Wikimedia Commons Common Name: Bald Faced Hornet Scientific Name: Dolichovespula maculata Order and Family: Hymenoptera: Vespidae Size and Appearance: Bald faced hornets range in size from about 15 to over 20 mm in length with queens being up to 25% larger. They receive their common name from the unique white pattern present on the black face of the adults. The females also feature 2 stripes on the thorax and on the last 3 abdominal segments as well. The rest of the body tends to be a dull grey in color. Length (mm) Appearance Egg 1 mm 1 egg is laid per gallery cell. Larval and pupal stages take place entirely in gallery. Nests are aerial and usually contain 2,000 cells. Larva/Nymph 10-22 in length depending on White, cylindrical. Remain in instar and species cells in paper nests through pupation. Adult 15-20+ mm long Gray to black in overall coloration with white markings on face. Females have white stripes on thorax and abdominal segments. Pupa (if applicable) 10-25 mm long Light colored, made of final larval skin. Formed inside of gallery cell. Type of feeder (Chewing, sucking, etc.): Chewing Host /s: Dolichovespula maculata consume various arthropods, many of which are pests. They are considered beneficial for this reason. Description of Damage (larvae and adults): Though they do a positive service by consuming pest species, if a nest is nearby a home, their aggressive nature leads to stings for humans and pets. -
Baldfaced Hornet & Aerial Yellowjacket
Colorado Insect of Interest Baldfaced Hornet & Aerial Yellowjacket Scientific Names: Dolichovespula maculata (L.) (baldfaced hornet), D. arenaria (Fabricius) (aerial yellowjacket) Figure 1. Baldfaced hornet collecting honeydew from oak galls. Order: Hymenoptera (Bees, Wasps, Ants, Sawflies and Relatives) Family: Vespidae Identification and Descriptive Features: Adults are prominently marked with either black and white (baldfaced hornet) or black and yellow (aerial yellowjacket) markings. The general body form is elongate with the hind end terminating in a blunt point (with stinger) and they are only sparsely hairy, unlike bees. The baldfaced hornet is the larger species, typically over 15 mm in length. Size range within a colony varies with workers being smaller, usually within the range of 10-14 mm. Adults of the aerial yellowjacket are quite similar Figure 2. Aerial yellowjacket chewing on to the western yellowjacket, Vespula pensylvanica weathered wood. (Saussure), in both size and general coloration. The pattern of markings on the abdomen can be used to separate these insects (Figures 6-9). Distribution in Colorado: Both the baldfaced hornet and aerial yellowjacket normally nests in trees or large shrubs and are native to forested areas. However, with landscaping provided around residential areas these wasps may now commonly be found in most towns and cities, with the exception of some in the eastern plain communities. The aerial yellowjacket, in particular, has also adapted to nest on buildings. Life History and Habits: The baldfaced hornet and aerial yellowjacket, the two primary representatives of the genus Dolichovespula in Colorado, make large above ground carton nests of a papery material. These nests are produced annually, initiated in spring by a single overwintered queen and abandoned at the end of the season. -
The Very Handy Bee Manual
The Very Handy Manual: How to Catch and Identify Bees and Manage a Collection A Collective and Ongoing Effort by Those Who Love to Study Bees in North America Last Revised: October, 2010 This manual is a compilation of the wisdom and experience of many individuals, some of whom are directly acknowledged here and others not. We thank all of you. The bulk of the text was compiled by Sam Droege at the USGS Native Bee Inventory and Monitoring Lab over several years from 2004-2008. We regularly update the manual with new information, so, if you have a new technique, some additional ideas for sections, corrections or additions, we would like to hear from you. Please email those to Sam Droege ([email protected]). You can also email Sam if you are interested in joining the group’s discussion group on bee monitoring and identification. Many thanks to Dave and Janice Green, Tracy Zarrillo, and Liz Sellers for their many hours of editing this manual. "They've got this steamroller going, and they won't stop until there's nobody fishing. What are they going to do then, save some bees?" - Mike Russo (Massachusetts fisherman who has fished cod for 18 years, on environmentalists)-Provided by Matthew Shepherd Contents Where to Find Bees ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Nets ............................................................................................................................................................. 2 Netting Technique ......................................................................................................................................