SSRG International Journal of Economics and Management Studies (SSRG-IJEMS) – volume1 issue4 Nov 2014 State of Secondary Education in

Om Prakash Dubey1, Adhir Chandra Trigunait2, Rajiv Kumar Dwivedi3 1Dept. of Mathematics, Bengal College of Engineering & Technology, Durgapur, West Bengal-713212 (). 2 Dept. of Mathematics, Markham College of Commerce, Hazaribag, Jharkhand – 825301 (INDIA). 3Dept. of Mathematics, Vinoba Bhave University, Hazaribag, Jharkhand – 825301 (INDIA).

ABSTRACT : The Secondary education is a d. His faith in education as an instrument of gateway to the opportunities and benefit of social, economic, Political, moral and Economic and social development. Secondary spiritual regeneration of India. Education serves as bridge between primary and higher education. It prepares young persons Gandhi believed in integrated education. between the age group 14-18 years to enter the He believed that the child had several innate world of work or pursue higher education as per potentialities which should be facilitated to their attitude, will, knowledge and desire. This is blossom through the educational process. Physical, the era of globalization which increasingly mental, social, emotional and spiritual development demands educated skilled persons as manpower. should be attempted through education. As he put it India has enough uneducated semi skilled “Education is drawing out of the best in child and manpower. Thus the increasing demand for more man-body, mind and spirit”. Education of the head, sophisticated labor force, combined with growth of the heart and the hand should be pursued knowledge based economics gives a sense of simultaneously. The British system created only to urgency to the heightened demand for secondary the intellectual aspect – the head. Gandhi believed education. In the present paper the state of that education should transmit the cultural heritage secondary education in (Coal and refine and enrich it for the benefit of Capital of Jharkhand State) has been discussed. prosperity. However, education has to be life itself and through life [1, 4]. Keywords - Educational Administration, Minister of Education, Secondary Education . An understanding of Aurobindo‟s educational ideas can be obtained from two basic INTRODUCTION sources „On Education‟ and „A system of national Education‟. His educational system can be summed A uniform structure of school education viz. 10+2 up in two words - “Integral Education”. It has two system has been adopted by all the states and union functions as: territories of India. The secondary stage consists of a. It gives an integrated view of the Universe to classes of IX - X in 19 states. The High school pupil. A student of science should also look stage comprises classes VIII - X in 13 states. at life, society and the universe around, not only from a scientific perspective but also In all the states the examinations are from those of humanities, fine arts and social conducted at the end of class X by the respective science. Similar perspectives are required by state Boards of Secondary Education. The others also. A Synthetic understanding, a minimum age for the secondary school holistic view of the Universe and life around examination varies from 14+ to 16+ years. In is required. Mizoram, the minimum age for secondary school b. Education attempts at an all-round, examination is 13+ years. The number of working balanced, harmonious and integrated days of school education in a year is generally development of the individual. Development more than 200 days in all the states. should not be piece-meal, isolated and pigeon holed. The physical, social, Before going through the secondary emotional, intellectual and spiritual life and education being imparted in Dhanbad (Coal Capital powers of child should be tapped and of Jharkhand State), we would like to go through unfolded in an integrated way. the philosophies of education by some well known Aurobindo meant Education as self- philosophers like Mahatma Gandhi, Dr. Aurobindo realization. His concept of self realization is based and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan in short. on the teaching of the Upanishads. The Taittiriya Upanishad has described the self as surrounded by Gandhi‟s education theory has four bases:- five layers (Constituted of five Sheaths) the a. His Educational experiments. Panchakoss. Aurobindo believed in the validity of b. His general Philosophy of life. this Upanisadic teaching and when he speaks of an c. His Dissatisfaction with British legacy in education of the self, he means an education education, and relating to all these five layers when alone he say education becomes an integral education. As

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Aurobindo writes “Education to be complete must and directs its execution. Minister of MHRD is have principal aspects relating to the five primary responsible for formulation, control and execution activities of human being the physical, the vital, the of the educational policies through the state mental, the psychic and the spiritual”. Usually Department of Education which is divided into two these phase of education succeed each other in a sections for administrative purposes- Secretariat chronological order following the growth of the and Directorate. individual. This however does not mean that one 1) Secretariat: - Directly concerned with the should replace another but that all must continue Minister and Deputy Minister. The secretariat completing each other till the end of life [2, 7]. gives shape to the ideas of the Minister in the form of legislation, press notes etc. regarding Among the well recognized schools of various aspects of education. The State thought, Radhakrishnan‟s Philosophy is classified Government‟s policy is given concrete shape under idealism. Though Idealism advocates ideals by the Secretariat. Assisted by one or more in life, the etymology of the phrase has nothing to Deputy Secretary, Under Secretary, Assistant do with ideals. It is from the assertion that ideas are Secretary and few assistants. The Education real; the ultimate reality is a great and grand idea, Secretary holds the key position in the the human being an expression of this great idea. secretariat, keeps liaison between directorate All human beings, irrespective of their race, of Education and government. He frames religion, class, cast, language, nationality, sex, policies regarding the various aspects of ethnicity, etc are sparks of the divine. Hence education. service to humanity is service to God. In fact by 2) Directorate: - The directorate is the executive self realization, which is the goal of almost all the body which executes the policy of the scholars of Indian philosophy, Radhakrishnan Government framed in the Secretariat. The mean the social self. As he wrote “Moral conduct is Executive head of the department called self realized conduct if by the self me mean not the director of Education is responsible for empirical self, with all its weakness and vulgarity, offering technical guidance to the Minister in selfishness and smallness, but the deeper nature of all educational matters. He carries out the man, free from all fetters of selfish individuality policy of the department. He provides [5]. This is his Philosophy and message wherein he information to the Govt. regarding the looked at sea of humanity in an integral and holistic educational need and progress of education in perspective. His philosophy has been termed as the states, people‟s reaction to the Government “Integral Humanism”. Radhakrishnan had declared policy on education, awards, grants etc. He that the “purpose of education is to give an integral submits his proposals for the reorganization view of the Universe” in the opening pages of the and expansion of education to the Ministers Report of University Education Commission. through the Secretary.

I. EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION AT There are also, all over the country the district THE CENTRE AND IN THE STATE education authorities, each in charge of an Educational Administration for schools in India is a education district which most often is co-terminus democratic administration. The aim of proper with a revenue district of the state. The head of an administration in education is the progressive education in district is generally called a District development of human life. Educational Education Officers [DEO]. administration in this country is centralized but it has decentralized units at village level [3, 6]. II. SECONDARY EDUCATION IN JHARKHAND Prior to the birth of Jharkhand the Secondary In a democratic country, the state and the education perceived as desirable in this region. The private enterprises work together to fulfill the needs secondary education did not get the requisite for secondary education of the citizens. In India the attention in the erst while Bihar. The nascent state state is responsible for the education of its citizens. has now given top priority to education. The It is an essential duty of welfare state to provide all Strengthening of Secondary educations have been types of facilities to its citizens for learning. A free initiated to improve the quality of education in the society cannot be prospering, if the administration state. does not have proper approach to the problem of secondary education. The state Educational The state has nearly 1235 secondary departments are the principal agency to prepare and schools including 26 government boys/girls high implement educational plans. The administration schools, 223 project boys/girls high schools, 12- plays an important role at the stage of execution of non Government Sanskrit high schools 135 non plans and policies in education. Government recognized minority schools and 180 non Government recognized madarsas. One high The Education Department at the state school covers 6165 sq. k.m. geographical area and level is under the control of Minister of Education population of 17,687. Due to high population renamed as MHRD controls the educational policy growth, adequate number of high school has been

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necessitated particularly in rural areas. The state student ratio is not satisfactory in the district. The Government has proposed to set up two model infrastructures in the most of the schools are schools in each district of Jharkhand. The inadequate. The state Government as well as the Government has also decided to aid and improve district administration are keen to improve all the the infrastructure of secondary schools in facilities to student and are doing so. But the speed Jharkhand. To make secondary education more of providing infrastructure to the schools is very effective the Government has decided to provide slow. grant- in- aid to non government recognized schools. It has been also resolved to support the This is the age of computer education. renowned public school of the country to open their Every secondary school student must be a branches in some urban areas within the state. computer trained. Jharkhand Government has recently allotted a handsome fund for every school Thus it can be said that secondary for computer education. But it will take a longer education in Jharkhand is trying to pace up with the time to allot funds for each school due to education department of other state of India. Till Government machinery. Government should make recently the department of secondary education some necessary arrangement so that these decisions was under developed in Jharkhand, but due to may be implemented in a faster manner. endeavor of the Government of Jharkhand, Government as well as District administration Department of secondary education is soaring in should also make necessary arrangement to provide newer heights. trained teachers to each school so that the students may be guided properly.

III. SECONDARY EDUCATION IN DHANBAD IV. CONCLUSION Dhanbad (Coal Capital of Jharkhand State), the Institutional planning is a complex idea to be coal field, is a land of black diamond, primarily worked out scientifically. Government should known as DHANBAID. Later “i” was dropped by modify the grant-in-aid rules. Each institution must the Government notification. The district has only have adequate freedom to pursue its own course of one subdivision called Dhanbad Sadar. Presently development and encouragement/reward must be there are 8 blocks viz Jharia, Baghmara, Dhanbad, given for achieving excellence. Good schools Nirsa, Govindpur, Balipur, Tundi and Topchanchi. should get all the encouragement/privilege to As per 2001 census the total population of experiment with new ideas. Hence education is Dhanbad district is 23,94,434. It is the 2nd most required to form a complete man. populous district of Jharkhand. It has the highest density of population in the state. Dhanbad district V. Acknowledgements has a good network of Government and private Authors acknowledge to District Education Officer secondary schools, although the standard of (D.E.O.) of Dhanbad district of Jharkhand state for teaching varies from school to school. Most of the his valuable information. Authors are also highly Government run schools in Dhanbad district are indebted to unknown reviewers of this paper. And affiliated to Jharkhand Education Examination special thanks to publisher for provide opportunity Board whereas most of the private schools are as well as a platform on which it is possible to affiliated to ICSE or CBSE boards. A number of publish the paper. secondary schools are run by convents or by the missionaries by minorities. The secondary REFERENCES education in the district is being administrated by 1. Arnstine, Donald, Philosophy of education: learning and schooling, Mishawaka, Harper and Row, U.S.A, 1967. the District Education Officer (D.E.O). 2. Aurobindo, On Education, 1927, 5-56. Dhanbad district stands 2nd position in the field of literacy in all over Jharkhand. Average 3. Chandra, S. S. & A. K. Chakroborty, School Administration literacy rate of Dhanbad District in 2011 were Organization & Management, R.L.Book Deport, Meerut, 75.71 compared to 67.00 in 2001. Male and female 2008. literacy were 85.68 and 64.70 respectively. The 4. Dewey, John, Democracy and Education: An Introduction to gender gap is high in each block. Education has the Philosophy of Education, G. P. Putnam‟s Sons, New been found positive due to increasing number of York, 1939. Government schools and massive enrolment of

children in these schools under Government 5. Radhakrishnan, S., Indian Philosophy, 0l, 210-220, 1940. policies. 6. Mochlman, Arthur B., School Administration, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 63-68, 1951. There are 92 Government high schools in Dhanbad district. Among them 37 are Rajkiyakrit 7. Radhakrishnan S. & Moore C. A., A source book in Indian secondary schools. These schools are run by state Philosophy, “refer to a special chapter on Aurobindo‟s philosophy”, 1960. govt. The syllabus, curriculum, and teachers are ………………………. decided and appointed by the state. The teacher

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