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Dietary Palmitic Acid and Its Metabolism Regulation of Intestinal Regulation of Intestinal IgA Responses by Dietary Palmitic Acid and Its Metabolism Jun Kunisawa, Eri Hashimoto, Asuka Inoue, Risa Nagasawa, Yuji Suzuki, Izumi Ishikawa, Shiori Shikata, Makoto Arita, This information is current as Junken Aoki and Hiroshi Kiyono of September 29, 2021. J Immunol 2014; 193:1666-1671; Prepublished online 16 July 2014; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302944 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/193/4/1666 Downloaded from Supplementary http://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2014/07/16/jimmunol.130294 Material 4.DCSupplemental http://www.jimmunol.org/ References This article cites 42 articles, 17 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/193/4/1666.full#ref-list-1 Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision by guest on September 29, 2021 • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2014 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology Regulation of Intestinal IgA Responses by Dietary Palmitic Acid and Its Metabolism Jun Kunisawa,*,†,‡,x,{ Eri Hashimoto,*,† Asuka Inoue,‡,‖ Risa Nagasawa,*,† Yuji Suzuki,† Izumi Ishikawa,† Shiori Shikata,*,† Makoto Arita,#,**,1 Junken Aoki,‖,†† and Hiroshi Kiyono†,‡,††,‡‡,xx Enhancement of intestinal IgA responses is a primary strategy in the development of oral vaccine. Dietary fatty acids are known to regulate host immune responses. In this study, we show that dietary palmitic acid (PA) and its metabolites enhance intestinal IgA responses. Intestinal IgA production was increased in mice maintained on a PA-enriched diet. These mice also showed increased intestinal IgA responses against orally immunized Ag, without any effect on serum Ab responses. We found that PA directly stim- ulates plasma cells to produce Ab. In addition, mice receiving a PA-enriched diet had increased numbers of IgA-producing plasma cells in the large intestine; this effect was abolished when serine palmitoyltransferase was inhibited. These findings suggest that Downloaded from dietary PA regulates intestinal IgA responses and has the potential to be a diet-derived mucosal adjuvant. The Journal of Immunology, 2014, 193: 1666–1671. igh levels of IgA are present in the intestine, where they immunosurveillance in the intestine, the primary goal of effective oral protect the host against pathogenic microorganisms by vaccines is the efficient induction of Ag-specific IgA responses (3). H preventing their attachment to and entrance into epithelial An efficient intestinal IgA response requires host-derived factors, http://www.jimmunol.org/ cells, as well as by neutralizing their toxins (1). Some patients with including cytokines (e.g., IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-15, APRIL, BAFF) IgA deficiency show increased susceptibility to infectious pathogens, and chemokines (e.g., CCL25/CCR9) (4, 5), as well as immunologic including Giardia lamblia, Campylobacter, Clostridium, Salmonella, cross-talk with environmental factors (e.g., commensal bacteria and and rotavirus (2). Given the immunologic importance of IgA in dietary materials) (6). Indeed, germ-free mice have decreased in- testinal IgA responses because of the immature structure of Peyer’s patches (PPs) and isolated lymphoid follicles (7, 8). We recently *Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, identified a unique subset of intestinal IgA-producing plasma cells Osaka 567-0085, Japan; †Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiol- ogy and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo (PCs) in the murine intestine; these cells expressed CD11b, re- by guest on September 29, 2021 108-8639, Japan; ‡International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vac- quired microbial stimulation and mature PP structure, proliferated cines, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; xDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Kobe University School of Med- vigorously, and produced high amounts of IgA (9). icine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; {Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and In addition to commensal bacteria, nutritional molecules, such ‖ Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Labo- as vitamins, are essential for the development, maintenance, and ratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceu- tical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; #Department of regulation of intestinal immune responses (6, 10, 11). Therefore, Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of nutritional deficiencies and inappropriate dietary intake increase Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; **Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, the risk for infectious, allergic, and inflammatory diseases (12, Japan; ††Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science 13). Among various dietary factors, oils are known to influence host ‡‡ and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Department of Medical Ge- immune function and inflammatory responses (14–16). Overnutri- nome Science, Graduate School of Frontier Science, University of Tokyo, Chiba 277- 8561, Japan; and xxGraduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113- tion due to a high-fat diet leads to the development of inflammation 0033, Japan in adipose tissue, which is frequently associated with obesity and 1Current address: Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Med- atherosclerosis (17). Recent findings suggest that, in addition to the ical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. quantity of oil ingested, the fatty acid (FA) composition of the oil is Received for publication November 1, 2013. Accepted for publication June 11, 2014. an important factor in various immunologic and inflammatory This work was supported by grants from the Science and Technology Research conditions (14–16). Dietary oil is generally composed of long-chain Promotion Program for Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries, and Food Industry (to J.K.); the Program for Promotion of Basic and Applied Research for Innovations in Bio- saturated FAs (e.g., C16:0 palmitic acid [PA] and C18:0 stearic oriented Industry (to J.K.); the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and acid) and mono- or polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs; e.g., C18:1 oleic Technology of Japan (to J.K., M.A., J.A., and H.K.); the Ministry of Health and a a Welfare of Japan (to J.K. and H.K.); the Yakult Bio-Science Foundation (to J.K.); the acid, C18:2 linoleic acid, and C18:3 -linolenic acid). -Linolenic Ono Medical Research Foundation (to J.K.); the Japan Science and Technology acid and linoleic acid are precursors of v3 and v6 PUFAs, re- Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (to J.A. and H.K.); spectively; v3 FAs are metabolized into anti-inflammatory mol- and Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (to M.A.). ecules, whereas v6 FAs are converted into proinflammatory lipid Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Jun Kunisawa, Laboratory of a Vaccine Materials, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-9-8 Asagi Saito, mediators (16, 18). Therefore, the ratio of -linolenic acid/linoleic Osaka 567-0085, Japan. E-mail address: [email protected] acid in dietary oils is thought to determine the onset of various The online version of this article contains supplemental material. immunologic conditions. In addition to modulating the v3–v6PUFA Abbreviations used in this article: CT, cholera toxin; FA, fatty acid; iLP, intestinal balance, saturated FAs, such as PA, stimulate host immune responses lamina propria; PA, palmitic acid; PC, plasma cell; PP, Peyer’s patch; PUFA, poly- by promoting the production of proinflammatory cytokines, in- unsaturated fatty acid; S1P, sphingosine 1 phosphate; SPT, serine palmitoyltransferase. cluding IL-6 and TNF-a (19, 20). Although these proinflammatory Copyright Ó 2014 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. 0022-1767/14/$16.00 cytokines are prerequisite factors for the efficient induction of IgA www.jimmunol.org/cgi/doi/10.4049/jimmunol.1302944 The Journal of Immunology 1667 responses (5), the immunologic function of dietary PA in the control fluorescent Abs specific for B220, IgG1, IgA (all from BD Biosciences), of IgA production remained to be investigated. In this study, we CD19, and CD138 (BioLegend, San Diego, CA). Forward scatter–height show that PA-enriched diets enhance intestinal IgA responses both and forward scatter–area discrimination was used to exclude doublet cells, and Via-Probe Cell Viability Solution (BD Biosciences) was used to dis- directly and through their metabolic pathways. criminate between dead and living cells. For the BrdU-uptake assay, mice received 1 mg BrdU i.p., and the BrdU signal was detected according to Materials and Methods the manufacturer’s
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