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Lichens Mentioned by Pedanios Dioscorides

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© Kamla-Raj 2012 Ethno Med, 6(2): 103-109 (2012) Lichens Mentioned by Pedanios Dioscorides Mustafa Yavuz Isiklar Air Force High School, Department of Science, 16039, Teleferik, Bursa, Turkey E-mail: [email protected] KEYWORDS Parmelia sp. Materia Medica. Ethnobotany. Lichenized Fungi ABSTRACT Lichens are included in the classification system of fungi and have been used in medicine, pharmacy and industry from antiquity to present day in the treatment of various diseases. In this study, Peri Hyles Iatrikes of Dioscorides has been investigated and evaluated from lichenological point of view. It is found that, Dioscorides mentions about medical properties and uses of probable Parmelia species such as P. saxatilis (L.) Ach or P. sulcata Taylor. I. INTRODUCTION Library of Austria), Wiener Dioskurides, Med. Gr. 1 (Baytop 1997, 2000). Dioscorides and His Materia Medica De Materia Medica consists of five books, divided by subjects; 1st Book: aromatics, oils, Pedanius Dioscorides probably lived between oinments, trees, liquors, gum and fruits; 2nd 40 - 90 AD, in the time of the Roman Emperors Book: animals, cereals, milk and milk products, Nero and Vespasian. He was born in Anazarbos herbs, spices, grains, resins, oils, ointments, (Anazarba or Anavarza near Dilekkaya Village, trees and fruits; 3rd Book: roots, weeds, herbs, Kozan, Adana, Turkey) as a Cilician Greek juices, seeds; 4th Book: roots, weeds, herbs; 5th within the Roman Empire. He was a botanist or Book: drinks, vines, wines and inorganic mate- a physician in the army and saw service with rials (Baytop 2000; Osbaldeston 2000). the Roman legions in Greece, France, Italy and De Materia Medica was translated from Turkey. This military service provided him many Greek to Assyrian and from Assyrian to Arabic opportunities to study diseases, collect and iden- no later than IX. century (Baytop 1984). In first tify medicinal plants, and discover some other half of IX. century, it was translated from Greek healing materials. to Assyrian by “Cebrail bin Buhtiyeshu” (Gabriel He was a contemporary of Gaius Plinius bin Bochtishô) and soon, from Greek and Assy- Secundus. However, there is no evidence if they rian to Arabic by “Istefan bin Basil” (Etienne ever met or they have read each other’s book. Stephanos). This translation was revised by Dioscorides probably wrote his great herbal be- “Hunayn Ibn Ishaq” (also known as Joannitus). tween 65 – 75 AD, and was regarded as the ul- A codex of this translation is still kept at Paris timate authority on plants and medicine for a Bibliothèque Nationale Suppl. No: 1067 while long time. the others are at Istanbul Süleymaniye Library, The descriptions of plants in his book were Collection Ayasofya (Ünver 1941). The text con- often adequate for identification, including cerned to this paper is in Book 4, under Chap- methods of preparation, medicinal uses, and ter IV. 54 which begins in Greek as “Lichens dosages. His herbal which is originally named growing on rocks”, in Arabic as “Tetter of rocks” as “Peri Hyles Iatrikes” meaning “Regarding and in Latin as Lichen des roches, Lichen Medical Matters”, translated as “Kitab-al petræus latifolium (Wessely 1906; Basmadjian Hashaish” in Arabic will be mentioned as “De 1938). Materia Medica” hereby as it is in Latin. The Other translations in Latin and Spanish in- oldest codex of this book is “Codex Constant- cluding many comments were made by “Andres inopolitanus” devoted to Juliana Anicia, the de Laguna”; in Latin and Italian by “Pietro Byzantine Princess and daughter of Anicius Andrea Matthioli” during the end of XV. and Olybrius, the Emperor. This codex was written beginning of XVI. centuries. Matthioli’s Latin in Constantinapolis (Istanbul) at Prodromos translations were translated in Ottoman Turk- Petra Monastery, later was sold to Austria by ish by “Osman bin Abdurrahman” of Beograd son of Musa bin Hamon, Royal Doctor of Kanuni in 1777. However, this book has not been tran- Sultan Süleyman and is still preserved at scribed in modern Turkish yet (Laguna 1555; Österreichische National Bibliothek (National Matthioli 1568; Baytop 2000). 104 MUSTAFA YAVUZ In the XVI. century, Latin translations in- and refers to use of lichens in treating skin dis- cluding the Greek text of De Materia Medica eases due to their peeling-skin appearance were published by Du Ruel (1549) and Iani (Malhotra et al. 2008). Antoni Saraceni (1598). In 1655 John Goodyer made an English II. METHODOLOGY translation from an early printed Latin version, and Robert T. Gunther (1933) edited this trans- In this study, a number of documents, books lation. Today, there is a comprehensive English and digital resources of De Materia Media and translation by Tess Anne Osbaldeston (2000). its translations are examined by means of An earlier German translation by Julius lichenology. The text about lichens from vari- Berendes from 1902 and an anonymous Span- ous translations of De Materia Medica are in- ish translation are available on some web re- vestigated and translated to English and com- sources (WEB01, WEB02). paratively studied with the original Greek one. Chemical data on some lichen species and me- Lichens in General tabolites are given in order to clarify and refine their uses under medicinal purposes. Lichens are symbiotic associations of a fun- gus with a photosynthetic partner either a mem- III. RESULTS ber of chlorophyta or cyanobacteria. Some li- chens have a shape of leaves (foliose lichens), Dioscorides in Oriental Translations others cover the substrates like a crust (crustose lichens) or they seem such as shrub or a fibril Arabic translation of De Materia Medica, (fruticose lichens). According to the substrata, named as: “Kitâb el-Hashaish li Dîskurîdus el- where they grow on, lichens are considered in Anazarbî (Book of Spices from Dioscorides of three divisions as Saxicolous*, Terricolous** and Anazarba)” is in Istanbul Süleymaniye Library, Epiphytic.*** Currently, lichens are included in Collection Ayasofya, with the numbers 3702, the classification system of fungi under Asco- mycota (Nash 2008). 3703 and 3704 (Cobanoglu and Yavuz 2003). Lichens have been used in medicine, phar- The volume indicated as Ayasofya 3703 was macy and industry from antiquity to present day probably written in 1224, and on page 49 (folio in the treatment of various diseases like alope- 25 recto), there is a chapter about lichens: Hazaz cia, arthritis, constipation, infection, kidney dis- el-Sahr, Lîhen kutrun (Fig. 1). In volume of eases, leprosy, pharyngitis rabies, worm and Ayasofya 3702, lichens are mentioned on page infestation (Richardson 1991; Malhotra et al. 167 (folio 84 verso) under the chapter Lîhen 2008). Medicinal uses of some lichens in folk kutrun. An English translation of these chap- and traditional medicine are given in the stud- ters is given below: ies of Cobanoglu and Yavuz (2003), Malhotra About Lichen on Rocks: It is Hazaz el-Sahr, et al. (2008) and Yavuz and Cobanoglu (2010). grows over rocks. When smeared over flowing Lichens produce a wide range of bioactive sec- blood, it stops bleeding; heals the inflamma- ondary metabolites, referred to as “Lichen Sub- tions. If mixed with honey, it is useful against stances” (Huneck and Yoshimura 1996). jaundice and heals inflammations of the tongue. Lichen metabolites exert a wide variety of The Andalucian Herbalist, Abu Muhammed biological actions including analgesic, antibi- bin Abdallah bin Ahmed al Maliki (1190 – otic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antimy- 1248), shortly known as “Ibn-i Baytar” in ori- cobacterial, antiproliferative, antipyretic, anti- ental, and as “Ibn al Baithar” in occidental stud- tumor, antiviral, cytotoxic and immunomo- ies; mentioned works of ancient physicians and dulator effects. Even though these manifold ac- herbalists such as Dioscorides, Galenus, and tivities of lichen metabolites have now been rec- lately Ibn-i Sina (Avicenna) in his great work: ognized, their therapeutic potential has not yet “Kitab al Jami fi’l Adviyyat al Mufradat ve’l been fully explored and thus remains pharma- Aghdiyyat,” A Comprehensive Book on Simple ceutically unexploited (Müller 2002; Malhotra Drugs and Foods, well- known as “Mufradat of et al. 2008). Ibn al Baithar”. His book consists of four parts Interestingly enough, the word “Lichen” is including many plants, animals and some min- derived from Greek word “Leikhen - Leprous” erals given in alpha-numerical order of Arabic LICHENS MENTIONED BY PEDANIOS DIOSCORIDES 105 with honey and gargled, is useful for jaundice and soothes swollen tongues even if it is put on palate”. Dioscorides in Occidental Translations The Ancient Greek texts in translations of Du Ruel and Saraceni, are transcribed in Latin alphabet (!) with an English translation below: Peri Leikhinos: Leikhen o epi ton petron, oi Bryon kalousi, Bryon esti prosekhomenon tais endrosois petrais. Touto kataplasthen aimorragias istesi kai phlegmonas paraiteitai kai leikhenas therapeuei. Ophelei de kai ikterikous meta melitos diakhriomeuon. Stomatos de kai tes glottes reumatismous paraiteitai. About Lichens: Lichen, which grows on stones, some (people) name it moss (bryon), which adheres to dry rocks. It stops bleeding when put upon, drives inflammations away and heals impetigo. It helps the jaundiced when smeared with honey and also drives away the Fig. 1. Lîhen kutrun from Codex Ayasofya 3703 (© By courtesy of Süleymaniye Library, Ýstanbul) mouth and tongue rheumatism. The text in Greek is same in both Du Ruel’s and Saraceni’s works; however there are some Alphabet. This book was published in four vol- differences between the text in Latin: umes in Cairo in 1874; translated to German by Lichen Cap LIII: Lichen, qui saxis est J. V. Sontheimer in 1840 and to French by familiaris, aliquibus bryon appellatur: Lucien Lerclerc as “Traité des Simples par Ibn asperginosis petris adhæret, vt muscus. Is illitus al Beïthar” in 1877. There are also various Turk- sanguinis profluuia sistit, inflammationes arcet, ish translations from XIV. - XVII. centuries impetigini medetur. Iuuat regio morbo (Yildirim 2003). correptos, cum melle illitus: oris et linguæ Today, in Istanbul Süleymaniye Library, Col- defluxiones inhibet.
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    Holmes, W.C. and H.J. Blizzard. 2010. The derivation of the name Datisca (Datiscaceae). Phytoneuron 2010-6: 1–2. (10 March) THE DERIVATION OF THE NAME DATISCA (DATISCACEAE) WALTER C. H OLMES AND HEATHER J. B LIZZARD Department of Biology Baylor University Waco, Texas 76798-7388 U.S.A. [email protected] ABSTRACT The name Datisca is attributed to Dioscorides in de Materia Medica , where it was cited as a Roman common name for species of Catananche (Asteraceae). Linnaeus apparently appropriated the name from Dioscorides but used it for species of a different genus and family. The derivation of the original name remains unknown. KEY WORDS : Datisca , Datiscaceae, Dioscorides, de Materia Medica . The Datiscaceae, as it will be treated in the Flora of North America, consists of a single genus of perennial herbs, Datisca , composed of two species. These are D. cannabina L. of southwest Asia from the eastern Mediterranean to the Himalayas and D. glomerata (C. Presl) Baillon of California, extreme western Nevada (near Lake Tahoe) of the southwest United States, and Baja California Norte, Mexico. Interest in the derivation of the name Datisca originated with the preparation of a treatment of Datisca glomerata for the Flora of North America North of Mexico project. The etymology of generic names is a required entry in the generic descriptions. The present manuscript is intended to supplement the brief statement on the derivation that will be presented there. Few references were found on this topic, possibly a reflection of the small size and lack of economic importance of the family. Stone (1993), in a treatment of Datisca glomerata for The Jepson Manual , merely stated “derivation unknown.” In a treatment of Datisca cannabina L.
  • Medieval Materia Medica According to the Cairo Genizah

    Medieval Materia Medica According to the Cairo Genizah

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by PubMed Central Medical History, 2007, 51: 507–526 Practice versus Theory: Medieval Materia Medica according to the Cairo Genizah EFRAIM LEV and ZOHAR AMAR* Introduction Much information on medicine and the use of materia medica in the medieval period exists, but it is mainly based on the vast medical literature of that period both in the East and the West. Such books composed in the Arab world cover various subjects: medical theories and doctrines, the maintenance of good health (regimen sanitatis)1 or preventive medicine, different diseases and ailments, and qualities of medicinal substances,2 pharmacopoeias listing remedies and how to make them,3 and materia medica—medicinal substances, their different names and medical uses.4 Most of these books were written by qualified and learned physicians and pharmacists, are well organized, and were meant for teaching as well as references for theory and # Efraim Lev and Zohar Amar 2007 1 Moshe Ben Maimon (Maimonides), Regimen sanitatis, ed. Sussmann€ Muntner, Jerusalem, Mossad * Efraim Lev, PhD, Department of Eretz Israel Studies Harav Kook, 1957; see also edition published in Basel and School of Public Health, University of Haifa, and New York by S Karger, Haifa, Israel. 1966; Ibn Rushd (Averroes), Kitab al-Kullıyat , Zohar Amar, PhD, Department of Land of Israel Madrid, Instituto General Franco, 1939 Studies and Archeology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat- (in Arabic). 2 Ibn Sına (Avicenna), Kitab al-Qan un fı al-tibb, Gan, Israel. _ Cairo, Bulaq, 1877 (in Arabic); Moshe Ben Maimon This article is dedicated to the late Dr Haskell D Isaacs, (Maimonides), The medical aphorisms of Moses a physician and scholar of the history of medicine, who Maimonides, trans.