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Monitoring Zu Den Folgen Von Lokalen Klimaveränderungen Auf Die Schutzgüter Der Eisfreien Gebiete Der Maxwell Bay (King George Island, Antarktis) Endbericht

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Monitoring Zu Den Folgen Von Lokalen Klimaveränderungen Auf Die Schutzgüter Der Eisfreien Gebiete Der Maxwell Bay (King George Island, Antarktis) Endbericht TEXTE 25 /2017 Monitoring zu den Folgen von lokalen Klimaveränderungen auf die Schutzgüter der eisfreien Gebiete der Maxwell Bay (King George Island, Antarktis) Endbericht TEXTE 25/2017 Umweltforschungsplan des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit Forschungskennzahl 3712 87 100 UBA-FB 002366 Monitoring zu den Folgen von lokalen Klimaveränderungen auf die Schutzgüter der eisfreien Gebiete der Maxwell Bay (King George Island, Antarktis) von Christina Braun, Jan Esefeld, Dr. Hans-Ulrich Peter AG Polar- & Ornitho-Ökologie, Institut für Ökologie, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena Im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes Impressum Herausgeber: Umweltbundesamt Wörlitzer Platz 1 06844 Dessau-Roßlau Tel: +49 340-2103-0 Fax: +49 340-2103-2285 [email protected] Internet: www.umweltbundesamt.de /umweltbundesamt.de /umweltbundesamt Durchführung der Studie: Institut für Ökologie, AG Polar- & Ornitho-Ökologie Friedrich Schiller-Universität Jena Dornburger Straße 159 07743 Jena Abschlussdatum: Dezember 2016 Redaktion: Fachgebiet II 2.8 Schutz der Arktis und Antarktis Fritz Hertel Publikationen als pdf: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen ISSN 1862-4359 Dessau-Roßlau, März 2017 Das diesem Bericht zu Grunde liegende Vorhaben wurde mit Mitteln des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit unter der Forschungskennzahl 3712 87 100 gefördert. Die Verantwortung für den Inhalt dieser Veröffentlichung liegt bei den Autorinnen und Autoren. Kurzbeschreibung Die Fildes-Region (King George Island, South Shetland Islands), bestehend aus der Fildes Peninsula, der angrenzenden Ardley Island sowie allen größeren benachbarten Inseln, gehört zu den größten eisfreien Gebieten im Bereich der maritimen Antarktis und weist eine vergleichsweise hohe Biodiversität auf. Gleichzeitig repräsentiert diese Region mit sechs ansässigen Stationen, zahlreichen Feldhütten sowie einer Landebahn das logistische Zentrum im Bereich der Antarktischen Halbinsel, woraus häufig Interessenkonflikte zwischen den verschiedenen Nutzergruppen resultieren. Aufgrund der hohen Bedeutung langfristiger Monitoringprogramme, insbesondere in Gebieten rasanter klimatischer Veränderungen und mit einem hohen Gefährdungsrisiko für die Schutzgüter der Region, wurde die in den 1980er Jahren begonnene Bestandsaufnahme der lokalen Brutvogel- und Robbengemeinschaft in der Fildes-Region während der Sommermonate (Dezember bis Februar) der Saisons 2012/13 bis 2014/15 fortgesetzt. Daneben erfolgte eine Brutvogelerfassung in allen größeren eisfreien Bereichen der an die Fildes-Region angrenzenden Maxwell Bay. Diese umfassten die Gebiete Barton, Weaver und Potter Peninsula, am Green Point (alle King George Island) sowie für Stansbury Peninsula, Martin und Duthoit Point (alle Nelson Island). Für die Analyse von Langzeittrends der Vogel- sowie der Robbenbestände wurden zusätzlich zu eigenen Erfassungen umfangreiche Daten aus zahlreichen, bislang unveröffentlichten Expeditionsberichten deutscher Wissenschaftler aus den 1980er Jahren sowie sämtlicher verfügbarer Literatur herangezogen. Die Ergebnisse dieser beiden Monitoringschwerpunkte werden in dem vorliegenden Forschungsbericht präsentiert. Deutlich wird hierbei, dass die Mehrzahl der Seevogelarten hinsichtlich ihrer Brutpaarzahlen vornehmlich von natürlichen Umweltfaktoren abhängen, andere dagegen stärker auf anthropogene Einflüsse reagieren. Zusätzlich wurden anhand von Luft- und Satellitenaufnahmen teilweise erhebliche Gletscherrückzugsgebiete ausgewählter Bereiche der Maxwell Bay in Bezug auf die regionale klimatische Entwicklung dokumentiert. Abstract The Fildes Region (King George Island, South Shetland Islands), consisting of the Fildes Peninsula, the neighbouring Ardley Island and all larger, nearby islands, is one of the largest ice-free regions in maritime Antarctica and has a relatively high level of biodiversity. This area also represents the logistical centre of the Antarctic Peninsula with its six permanent stations, numerous field huts and an airstrip, which often leads to conflict of interests between the different user groups. Given the great importance of long-term monitoring programmes, especially in regions with natural resources at high risk and in areas of rapid climatic change, the survey of local breeding birds and seal communities started in the 1980s in the Fildes Region was continued in the summer months (December to February) of the 2012/13 to 2014/15 seasons. Besides, a monitoring of breeding birds in all large ice-free areas of Maxwell Bay, which borders the Fildes Region. These included the Barton, Weaver and Potter Peninsulas, Green Point (all on King George Island) and for the Stansbury Peninsula, Martin and Duthoit Points (all on Nelson Island). To analyse long-term trends in the bird and seal populations, extensive data from numerous, still unpublished expedition reports of German scientists from the 1980s and all available literature were added to recent observations. The results of both monitoring focus areas are presented in this research report. It could be shown, that regarding their breeding pair numbers most seabird species depend primarily on environmental factors, whereas others are more affected by anthropogenic impacts. 4 Additionally, considerable glacial retreat in selected regions of the Maxwell Bay with reference to the regional climate changes were documented on the basis of aerial and satellite images. 5 Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis ............................................................................................................................ 8 Tabellenverzeichnis ...............................................................................................................................14 Abkürzungen .........................................................................................................................................18 Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................................................19 Summary ................................................................................................................................................27 1 Einleitung.......................................................................................................................................35 2 Monitoring der Brutvögel und Robben in der Fildes-Region ..................................................38 2.1 Methodik .................................................................................................................................38 2.2 Pinguine (Pygoscelis spec.) ...................................................................................................42 2.2.1 Ardley Island .....................................................................................................................43 2.2.2 Pinguinkolonien an der Westküste der Fildes Peninsula ............................................56 2.3 Südlicher Riesensturmvogel (Macronectes giganteus) ......................................................56 2.4 Kapsturmvogel (Daption capense) .......................................................................................65 2.5 Rußalbatros (Phoebetria palpebrata)...................................................................................68 2.6 Weißgesichtscheidenschnabel (Chionis alba) ....................................................................69 2.7 Skuas (Catharacta spec.) ........................................................................................................70 2.8 Dominikanermöwe (Larus dominicanus)............................................................................74 2.9 Antarktisseeschwalbe (Sterna vittata) ..................................................................................77 2.10 Potentielle Brutvögel , Durchzügler und Irrgäste .............................................................79 2.11 Robben ....................................................................................................................................82 2.11.1 Südlicher Seeelefant (Mirounga leonina) ......................................................................83 2.11.2 Weddellrobbe (Leptonychotes weddelli) .......................................................................87 2.11.3 Antarktischer Seebär (Arctocephalus gazella)...............................................................88 2.11.4 Robbenwurfplätze in der Fildes-Region.........................................................................91 2.12 Aktuelle Gefährdungen von Vögeln und Robben in der Fildes-Region .........................95 2.13 Schlussfolgerungen ................................................................................................................96 3 Brutvogelmonitoring in den eisfreien Gebieten der Maxwell Bay .........................................98 3.1 Einleitung ...............................................................................................................................98 3.2 Barton Peninsula ....................................................................................................................99 3.3 Weaver Peninsula ............................................................................................................... 106 3.4 Green Point.......................................................................................................................... 109 3.5 Potter Peninsula .................................................................................................................
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