Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} Lituma en los Andes by LITUMA EN LOS ANDES VARGAS LLOSA PDF. In an isolated community in the Peruvian Andes, a series of mysterious disappearances has occurred. Army corporal Lituma and his deputy Tom s believe the. Vargas Llosa’s most recurrent character, Lituma, appears in seven fictional works landscape?the jungle, the coast and the Andes?as well as connecting. The blunt racism of Lituma en los Andes is all the more significant because it is Vargas Llosas first sustained literary engagement with the Andes and indigenous . Author: Grojind Dujar Country: Cyprus Language: English (Spanish) Genre: Medical Published (Last): 26 October 2018 Pages: 456 PDF File Size: 11.96 Mb ePub File Size: 12.90 Mb ISBN: 719-4-48323-913-2 Downloads: 78331 Price: Free* [ *Free Regsitration Required ] Uploader: Tojalar. At least that’s what I thought, Corporal. Books by Mario Vargas Llosa. For her, he amdes killed a gang boss called only The Hog for whipping her. How sad is that? Non conosciamo la loro versione. film; Published by Faber and Faber first published Works by Mario Vargas Llosa. While they investigate the disappearance of 3 liruma a terroristic organization operates in the area. In fact, I am tempted to give the novel five stars this time! In Vargas Llosa’s work, the real and the unreal are sometimes interspersed, as when we see two of the missing men “come back” and relive their disappearance in front of Lituma’s eyes. I found the varrgas portrayed sinister yet fascinating. Some of the local details that give the novel its authentic flavour e kept me interested in the plot: Despair and gloom seem to resonate throughout the story. But in fact it still lives, mixed in with Christian ritual. Death in the Andes. Llosa to higher standards after including ands sprawling, philosophical War Of The End of The World on my favorites list. Death in the Andes is a wonderful insight into the culture and superstition of Peru especially during the terrorist campaigns of the Shining Path militia. To ask other readers questions about Death in the Andesplease sign up. Between the terror of the Shining Path guerrillas, the beliefs of another lituja of the Indians and the total misery imposed on the civil guard, the affair looks complicated. I can only imagine how beautiful this novel is in Spanish: We can’t know if it is a true story, but it doesn’t really matter because whether or not it happened to the mute, it happened to somebody somewhere. The police station is a hovel and its occupants live there like monks, with the only derivative of their confidences of past love stories. Kituma, I had just within the past year visited South America for the first time, hiking the Inca trail and falling in love with the people and culture of Peru in a more intense and passionate way than I ever have with a locale previously during zndes travels–the fact that Vargas Llosa is Peruvian and that this novel takes place in the most beautiful, mysterious, tranquil and surreal setting I have ever experienced clinched the decision to try and move beyond my current phase of shallow feel-good mysteries. I ,losa looking forward to a Vargas Llosa binge for the next few months, or however long it takes me to get through the rest of his novels: Which brings me to the most interesting aspect of the book for lloa The differences are wiped away and we become as spirits. Two Peruvian police officers, both outsiders, are stationed in a remote post in the Andes. This riveting novel is filled with unforgettable characters, among them disenfranchised Indians, eccentric local folk, and a couple performing strange cannibalistic sacrifices. E allora che libro voleva scrivere Vargas Llosa? And then I got totally absorbed. Death in the Anes is both a fascinating detective novel and an insightful political allegory. I am ashamed to admit that I only recently in my early 30s “discovered” Vargas Llosa, and only read my first work by him in April The best prose relates to them: Was it the terrucos of the Maoist Shining Path or something even more terrible that caused these lutuma He did some hard drinking, he played litumx charango or the quena or the harp or the tijeras or whatever instrument he knew, and he danced, stamping his heels and singing, day and night, until he drove out sorrow, until he could forget and not feel anything and give his life willingly and without fear. Death in the Andes follows three stories for a while. Is this significant in itself as somehow undesirables were targeted or is it a coincidence that can potentially distract from the real motive? Death in the Andes by Mario Vargas Llosa. I’ve never been so miserable in my life as I was here. Mar 27, Algernon rated it liked it Shelves: Or were the men “sacrificed”–willingly or not–to the lltuma of the mountains, to appease them for the llisa changes ravaging local communities? Chi ad essi non si piega e non accetta di pagar dazio a questa irrazionale ed inspiegabile forza, se ne deve andare. View all 8 comments. Death in the Andes is an exercise in language. The apus decide life and death in these regions. To ad Awesome book. The Cubs litumz Other Stories Also frustrating to reread all the horrifically racist descriptions of the serranos. The second is a string of short stories wherein characters peripheral to Lituma’s investigation are shown interacting in some way or other with the Sendero Luminoso. The numerous flashbacks got on my nerves in English they seemed clumsily handledand at times even manipulative, thus draining important scenes of their impact. Lituma begins to believe the stories of natives of the pishtacos and huaycos and things that scare the men of Em, a remote mining andfs. In our case, Dionisyio the barman is a clear reference to Bachus, and his witchy consort Dona Adriana is a maenad – one of the god’s followers, achieving ecstasy through drink, dance and debauchery: It is told through stories, through storytelling, and this makes all the stories of Peru, even those beyond the confines of the page, one story. The conflict was between the Shining Path maoist guerrillas and the Peruvian armed forces and anti-maoist peasant groups. Lituma en los Andes by Mario Vargas Llosa. Completing the CAPTCHA proves you are a human and gives you temporary access to the web property. What can I do to prevent this in the future? If you are on a personal connection, like at home, you can run an anti-virus scan on your device to make sure it is not infected with malware. If you are at an office or shared network, you can ask the network administrator to run a scan across the network looking for misconfigured or infected devices. Cloudflare Ray ID: 660d7ec5dad74e55 • Your IP : 116.202.236.252 • Performance & security by Cloudflare. El mito del pishtaco en Lituma en los Andes de Mario Vargas Llosa. AFFERGAN, Francis; Borutti, Silvana; Calame, Claude; Fabietti, Ugo; Kilani, Mondher; Remotti, Francesco (2005), Figure dell’umano. Le rappresentazioni dell’antropologia. Roma, Meltemi. ANSIÓN, Juan (ed.) (1989), Pishtacos de verdugos a sacaojos. Tarea, Lima. BELLIER, Irène; Hocquenghem, Anne Marie (1991), “De los Andes a la Amazonía, una representación evolutiva del ‘otro’”, Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Études Andines, Tomo 20(1), pp. 41-59. BORTOLUZZI, Manfredi (2005), “Riscrivere il mondo. La teoria della letteratura di Mario Vargas Llosa tra poiesi e antropo-poiesi”, en Allegoria. Per uno studio materialistico della letteratura, n. 50-51, pp. 125-148. ― (2006-2008), “Il ñak’aq: sindrome culturale o ermeneutica indigena?”, en AM. Rivista della Società Italiana di Antropologia Medica, n. 21-26, pp. 209-231. ― (2009), “La struttura del desiderio. Note su antropologia e letteratura”, (con)textos. Revista d’antropologia i investigació social, n. 3, pp. 19- 38. ― (2010), “Crisis social y orden narrativo. La figura del ‘degollador’ en Perú, Bolivia y México”, en BORTOLUZZI, Manfredi; Jacorzynski, Witold (eds.), El Hombre es el fluir de un cuento: antropología de las narrativas. México, Publicaciones de la Casa Chata/CIESAS, pp. 75-98. BORTOLUZZI, Manfredi; Martínez Armijo, Isabel (2010-2011), “La muerte es el mensaje. La doble comunicación de la capacocha inca entre don y sacrificio”, en Thule. Rivista italiana di studi americanistici, n. 30/31, pp. 208-228. BRUNER, Jerome (2002), La fabbrica delle storie. Diritto, letteratura, vita. Bari, Laterza. DEGREGORI, Carlos Iván (1989), “Entre los fuegos de Sendero y el Ejército: regreso de los ‘pishtacos’”, en ANSIÓN, Juan (ed.), Pishtacos de verdugos a sacaojos. Tarea, Lima, pp. 109-114. KILANI, Mondher (2005), “Cannibalismo e antropopoiesi o del buon uso della metáfora”, en AFFERGAN, Francis; Borutti, Silvana; Calame, Claude; Fabietti, Ugo; Kilani, Mondher; Remotti, Francesco, Figure dell’umano. Le rappresentazioni dell’antropologia. Roma, Meltemi, pp. 261- 306. MOROTE BEST, Efraín (1988), Aldeas sumergidas: cultura popular y sociedad en los Andes. Cusco, Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos “Bartolomé de Las Casas”. MUCHARAZ ROSSI, Ana (1996), “El mito de Dioniso y Ariadana en Lituma en los Andes”. Boletín de Alumnos de Doctorado, Departamento de Filología Española III Facultad de Ciencias de Información, U.C.M., n. 2. Consultado en (abril de 2013) VALERA, Blas (1945), Las costumbres antiguas del Perú y la historia de los Incas. Lima, Los pequeños grandes libros de la historia americana, serie I, tomo VIII. VARGAS LLOSA, Mario (1975), La orgía perpetua. Flaubert y “Madame Bovary”. Barcelona, Seix Barral. LITUMA EN LOS ANDES VARGAS LLOSA PDF. In an isolated community in the Peruvian Andes, a series of mysterious disappearances has occurred. Army corporal Lituma and his deputy Tom s believe the. Vargas Llosa’s most recurrent character, Lituma, appears in seven fictional works landscape?the jungle, the coast and the Andes?as well as connecting. The blunt racism of Lituma en los Andes is all the more significant because it is Vargas Llosas first sustained literary engagement with the Andes and indigenous . Author: Daikree Shara Country: Saint Lucia Language: English (Spanish) Genre: Health and Food Published (Last): 15 May 2008 Pages: 438 PDF File Size: 4.48 Mb ePub File Size: 1.27 Mb ISBN: 193-3-96768-307-7 Downloads: 30636 Price: Free* [ *Free Regsitration Required ] Uploader: Faelmaran. Thematically rich, with tragedy piled atop tragedy, the narrative flow is invigorating, forcing the reader to forget all about air So now I am really getting a feel for the Peruvian maestro have had the pleasure to read five of his like 20 or so books. He took drag after drag on his cigarette, and his mood changed from anger to demoralized gloom. Everything worked out too perfectly for both protagonists, they both got what they wanted: It is difficult to place these tales in time, even more difficult to place them in space, but none of that is really important because Llosa isn’t trying to deliver a plot or even a character study; he is trying to express the reality of brutality, and its omnipresence in Peru — now as ever. I started reading this book before I went to Peru, and I was connecting with it. An episode can begin while another is in progress. May 06, Ioana rated it it was amazing Shelves: View all 9 comments. Death in the Andes – Wikipedia. But seeing how scared I am now, I guess I don’t want to die after all. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. And all of that is reflected in Llosa’s structure and prose. He is also a widely read and respected essayist, writing everything vargae newspaper opinion pieces to critical works on other writers, including on Flaubert. A sergeant Lituma and an Adjutant Carreno try to unravel the mystery surrounding three missing persons: Vargas Llosa’s brilliant aesthetic and incredible ability to poignantly depict the ambiguous and vrgas nature of humanity. It is the early s, during the rural terrorism of the Sen As I prepare for an eventual visit to Peru — perhaps next year sometime — I find myself entranced by the novels of Mario Vargas Llosa. Llosa chooses to finish this plot line in an unconventional way, but I felt it was appropriate in underlining how the key to the story may be neither with Lituma’s cynical atitude nor with Dionisio’s escape into drink, but with the young adjutant’s naive belief in a better world. Trivia About Death in the Andes. This good prose is sandwiched in with anecdotes and side stories such that at md-point the book seems to be about life in the Peruvian Andes. The comparison feels appropriate, due to the prevailing downbeat mood, the permanent danger and the soul crushing climate and isolation. As we learn about their identities and backstories through flashbacks, the only apparent connections are the fact that they were all strangers for the local population, and they all had suffered grievously at the em of the serruchos: I have seen a review on the net calling the book a Latin American version of Heart of Darknesswhere instead of horizontal movement along lloss equatorial river, we get a vertical movement into the high Cordillera Richard Eder. They are investigating a series of disappearances in a road construction camp and amongst the comuneros, Indians from the traditional community where there is a discouraging lack of evidence or support. To ask other readers questions about Death in the Andesplease sign up. This riveting novel is filled with unforgettable characters, among them disenf In an isolated community in the Peruvian Andes, a series of mysterious disappearances has occurred. Three years later, I am reading it in English, planning to teach it in a freshman seminar, and trying to read it through the eyes litkma an year-old. Stretto tra lo spettacolo deprimente della dura vita dei minatori da una parte, e dalla minaccia della sanguinosa violenza senderista dall’altra, sulle prime al sottufficiale questa sembra una via di mezzo tra un ergastolo ed una condanna a morte. Death in the Andes. Second, I had just llos the past year visited South America for the first time, hiking the Inca trail and falling in love with the people and culture of Peru in a more intense and passionate way than I ever have with a locale previously during my travels–the fact that Vargas Llosa is Peruvian and that this novel takes place in the most beautiful, mysterious, tranquil and surreal setting I have ever experienced clinched the varhas to try and move beyond my current phase of shallow feel-good mysteries. With its twisting style, Mario Vargas Llosa is a joking tourist guide and truculent to train us on the stony paths of the Andes, countries of extremes and beliefs of lost civilizations. The story begins after the third disappearance of a miner, as the guards are varggas answers to the possible fates of the oituma men Were they killed by the Shining Path? I am ashamed to admit that I only recently in my early 30s “discovered” Vargas Llosa, and only read my litmua work by him in April And when we finally discover what did happen to the mute it is even more brutal than we dn have expected. How did he do it? Lituma begins to believe the stories of natives of the pishtacos and huaycos and things that scare the men of Nacco, a remote mining outpost. To add to the atmosphere is the cantina owner Dionysio and his witch wife Senora Adriana. Death in the Andes by Mario Vargas Llosa. Il buon capitano si trova per le mani un mistero: But I was much more attentive to the misogynistic and racist language characteristic of Vargas Llosa’s works. The author also introduces us to Andean Indian culture, superstitions and harsh life as the background to three losa that Lituma diligently tries to investigate. Both sides were accused of terrible atrocities. The setting is Naccos, a semi abandoned, dirt-poor high altitude village consisting of a highway labour camp, a police post and a cantina for getting drunk after work. When asked about the apusa Danish professor replies: I agree wholeheartedly with both appraisals: I love everything he writes above all, I love a well-told story but I hate the blatant racism, elitism, misogyny, etc. Vargas Llosa was directly invo Death in the Andes Spanish title: The landscapes of Peru were brought to life, and the mystery sucked me in! My choice of “Death in the Andes” was twofold: The love story and its a great love story emerges from the young guard Tomas who tells Corporal Lituma as he has investigates three mysterious disappearances of local ols including the mute young man he befriended. For them, there were no natural catastrophes. Llosa experimental technique with dialogue, where he mixes up past and plosa from one line to another is not helping things along very much. Did they run off to join this group? My love-hate relationship with him continues: Vargas Llosa Returns to His Peaks. In Latin America, where Rubén Darío, Gabriela Mistral, Miguel Angel Asturias, Pablo Neruda, Octavio Paz, Alejo Carpentier, and Carlos Fuentes have served as diplomats, and where the poet Ernesto Cardenal was the Nicaraguan Minister of Culture under the Sandinistas, a compelling metaphor is not always the limit of a writer's power. In 1990 Mario Vargas Llosa, the only contemporary Peruvian with an international literary reputation, ran for President of his country. He garnered a plurality of 29 percent in the first round of balloting but lost the runoff to an obscure agronomist named Alberto Fujimori, who received 57 percent of the final vote. In , the memoir that Vargas Llosa published in Spanish in 1993, he recalled the arguments with which Paz tried to dissuade him from entering politics: "incompatibility with intellectual work, loss of independence, being manipulated by professional politicians, and, in the long run, frustration and the feeling of years of one's life wasted." Nevertheless "the decadence, the impoverishment, the terrorism, and the multiple crises of Peruvian society," as Vargas Llosa explained it, drew him to the challenge of seeking "the most dangerous job in the world." The author of ten novels, including (1968), Conversation in The Cathedral (1975), Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter (1982), The War of the End of the World (1984), and In Praise of the Stepmother (1990), by running for President of his poor, embattled nation, pursued the grandiose illusion "of writing the great novel in real life." Living now in London, Vargas Llosa is again trying to write the great novel through more conventional means. At the age of fifty he outlined a five- year plan for fresh projects that would include "a novel, something between a detective story and a fictional fantasy, about cataclysms, human sacrifices, and political crimes in a village in the Andes." Death in the Andes is that novel. Originally published in 1993 in Barcelona, as Lituma en los Andes , the new book is Vargas Llosa's first work of fiction since his political adventure. It is the work of a man who, even in exile from the nation that repudiated him and in retirement from the public life he grew to despise, is as obsessed with his native land as was James Joyce, who physically abandoned Ireland but wrote about nothing else. "It's a country nobody can understand," says Paul Stormsson, a Danish professor in the new novel, trying to explain his prolonged fascination with Peru. "And for people from clear, transparent countries like mine, nothing is more attractive than an indecipherable mystery." D begins with a mystery: What happened to three men--a mute, an albino, and a construction foreman--who suddenly vanished from Naccos, a remote mining town in the Peruvian Andes? It concludes with an enigma: How slender is the boundary between civilization and tenebrous horror? The novel's indecipherable mystery is exquisitely attractive to the clear, transparent country that is a genial reader's mind. The protagonist, Lituma, is a native of Piura, in the northern coastal plain; to him, alpine Naccos is a madhouse where he is the only sane inmate. A corporal in the Civil Guard, posted to Naccos--with only one subordinate--to protect 200 workers who are trying to build a highway, Lituma is determined to solve the disappearances. Were the missing men victims of Sendero Luminoso, or Shining Path--guerrillas who are ruthlessly bent on eradicating all traces of urban industrial capitalism? Or has some atavistic savagery surfaced, a reversion to the ritual sacrifices and cannibalism practiced by the region's early Chanca and Huanca cultures? In Lituma, Vargas Llosa (who spent some of his childhood in Piura, which, he recalls fondly in A Fish in the Water , "is more immediately real in what I have written than anywhere else in the world") offers a surrogate for himself and for the civilized reader. Through the exasperated corporal we confront a murky, mountainous universe unamenable to the rule of reason. In founding and leading Libertad, a civic movement designed to cleanse Peruvian politics of its venality and violence, Vargas Llosa presented himself as a champion of enlightenment in a sad, benighted land. He explains in his memoir: "Although I was born in Peru ("through an accident of geography," as the head of the Peruvian Army, General Nicolás de Bari Hermoza, put it, thinking that he was insulting me), my vocation is that of a cosmopolitan and an expatriate who has always detested nationalism, which strikes me as one of the human aberrations that has made the most blood flow." In Vargas Llosa's account of his campaign for the presidency, the bloody, aberrant forces of fear, resentment, and obscurantism triumphed over urbane reason. Death in the Andes re-enacts that national and personal failure. The decent corporal, who represents authority, is isolated and helpless in Naccos. The novel offers vivid demonstrations of why Peru, which the nineteenth-century naturalist Antonio Raimondi called "a beggar sitting on a bench made of gold," has become an international symbol of self-destruction. Like the Cambodian Khmer Rouge, Sendero Luminoso--before President Fujimori displayed its legendary leader, Abimael Guzmán, captive in a cage--was world-renowned for savagery in the service of ideological zeal. In Death in the Andes terrorists stone to death two young French tourists who gaze in awe at the Peruvian landscape and whose only crime is ignorance of Spanish. They also execute Hortensia D'Harcourt, an elderly naturalist who naively believes that someone whose life has been spent studying and protecting the country's environmental and cultural resources will be spared by fanatics. "Our concern is nature, the environment, the animals and plants," she informs her accusers. "We don't work for the government; we work for Peru. All of Peru." But, categorizing her as "the intellectual who serves bourgeois power and the ruling class," the terrorists are deaf to her appeals to common ideals or common humanity. When they murder her, they are as impassive as when they slaughter a herd of vicuñas. However, Death in the Andes offers horrors even more harrowing than Shining Path. The serruchos --mountain people--believe that their rugged terrain is haunted by apus , tutelary spirits of the local summits who must periodically be propitiated with ritual slaughter and cannibalism. Pishtacos , demons who suck the fat out of living human bodies, are said to wander the mountainside. "In civilized places, nobody believes things like that anymore," Lituma says. But the corporal is not in Piura anymore, and many in Naccos believe that the huayco , the Andean avalanche that defeats the efforts to build a highway and nearly kills Lituma, has supernatural origins. Lituma interrogates Dionisio, the proprietor of the town's only cantina and the impresario of nightly Dionysian revelries. But neither he nor his wife, Adriana, a devotee of witchcraft, can satisfy a civilized man seeking a lucid explanation for the mysterious disappearances in Naccos. Neither can the lonely corporal find sexual satisfaction. Lituma's only companion is his adjutant, Tomás Carreño, a young Civil Guardsman assigned to this forlorn post as penance for a violent infraction. Every night, as they prepare for sleep on their Spartan cots, Tomás recounts an installment of his own love story, and Vargas Llosa's text cuts deftly from the bleak stint in Naccos to a droll romantic fantasy of passion, murder, courage, and devotion. An Andean Scheherazade, Tomás keeps his listener awake long into the night with a tale that arouses Lituma's curiosity and his frustrated lust. Assigned to serve as a bodyguard to a gangster called Hog, Tomás killed Hog after he observed him bedding and beating a pretty prostitute. A twenty-three-year-old virgin, Tomás fell desperately in love with the prostitute, Mercedes Trelles, who was indifferent and even hostile to her presumed benefactor. In fact by murdering Hog, Tomás endangered them both. (The vanity of benefaction is something the lovestruck young bodyguard shares with his quixotic politician-author.) Tomás and Mercedes flee across Peru, and amid a series of outlandish escapades Tomás loses his virginity and $4,000. When, at the end of the novel, the beautiful Mercedes materializes in Naccos, Vargas Llosa confounds two realms, along with the skeptical reader who would not credit the power of love. IN the Andean fastness of Vargas Llosa's new book passion is as indecipherable a mystery as violence. Both defy and defeat the logical mind. One intoxicating evening Lituma listens to a couple of mining engineers tell chilling stories about the pre-Columbian peoples who inhabited Peru: "Sacrificing children, men, women to the river they were going to divert, the road they were going to open, the temple or fortress they were building--that's not what we call civilized." Corporal Lituma is a civilized man who has strayed into the heart of darkness, and the hypothesis of atavism seems the only rational response to the horror--the horror of humanity. "Two cultures, one Western and modern, the other aboriginal and archaic, badly coexist, separated from each other because of the exploitation and discrimination that the former exercises over the latter," Vargas Llosa wrote about The Green House . But he might just as well have been describing the figure in the carpet of his entire career, including his failed presidential bid. Lituma meets a mining engineer who wonders "if what's going on in Peru isn't a resurrection of all that buried violence. As if it had been hidden somewhere, and suddenly, for some reason, it all surfaced again." The traumas of a political campaign marked by irrationality, violence, and disappointment surface again in Death in the Andes . A vocal critic of President Fujimori, who subdued the terrorists but also arrogated to himself extra-constitutional powers, Vargas Llosa apparently considers it imprudent to return to Peru. Yet even after spurning him at the polls, Peruvians remain proud of their most famous novelist. A visitor to Lima is often taken to the affluent suburb of Barranco to gaze at the house that Vargas Llosa left behind. In Death in the Andes the author returns to his most successful medium, in an account of cosmic failure that explains why he abandoned politics but cannot leave home. In a lecture on his own fiction, delivered at Syracuse University in 1988, Vargas Llosa identified The War of the End of the World as his favorite, "because I think it is the most ambitious project I have ever undertaken." At a mere 271 pages, Death in the Andes lacks the heft of that 568-page tome, a complex account of a mid-1890s rebellion in the Bahia region of Brazil. But it is the author's most immediately and thoroughly engaging book since Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter . In his five-year plan for literary production Vargas Llosa outlined ideas for other Peruvian fictions: "a play about a little old Quixote-like man who, in the Lima of the 1950s, embarks on a crusade to save the city's colonial-era balconies threatened with demolition" and "a historical novel inspired by Flora Tristan, the Franco-Peruvian revolutionary, ideologist, and feminist, who lived in the first third of the nineteenth century." " I dont hate it! I dont hate it! " Faulkner's Quentin Compson, in remote Massachusetts, insists about his native South. A ghostly exercise in personal exorcism, Death in the Andes enables its exiled author to return to his natural calling and to the native landscapes of a fertile imagination. The Atlantic Monthly; March 1996; Vargas Llosa Returns to His Peaks; Volume 277, No. 3; pages 122-124.