The Symbols and Their Interpretation
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3.1 the CIVILIZATION of SUMER Fertile Crescent & Mesopotamia
11/16/2016 1 3.1 THE CIVILIZATION OF SUMER 2 Fertile Crescent & Mesopotamia uFertile Crescent, Mesopotamia (Defs) uMesopotamia- present day Iraq, lies between Tigris & Euphrates rivers means- “land between the rivers” Where the 1 st civilization began to form. Sumer 3 Agriculture in Mesopotamia uFertile Crescent- rich soil, some of the most productive land in the region. Allowed farmers to grow many grains and veggies, Farmers also raised sheep, goats and cattle. 4 Geography of Mesopotamia uNorthern M- foothills of Taurus and Zagros mountains uSouthern M- Hot/dry soil irrigated by Tigris and Euphrates uHeavy spring flooding could ruin crops/houses 5 Farming the Land uThey dug irrigation canals to feed water to the crops. uUsed a plow pulled by Oxen to cut trenches where the farmers dropped seeds. 6 Oxen with Plow 7 Sumerian Religion uGods controlled every aspect of life; rain, wind, crops, etc. uIf gods were not happy… war, floods, poor harvest, disease, death uPriests- communicated with gods uVocab… Polytheism, ziggurats 8 Sumerian Writing uNeeded a system to keep track of goods. First just pics, then transformed into symbols uCuneiform- new system of writing. 1000’s of symbols uGilgamesh- ancient poem written on 12 tablets. Proof writing more than records. u 9 Sumerian Government u1st leaders were Priests, not kings. Priests picked leaders, military leaders often later became kings. uKings needed support of priests, so they were respected, in turn priests said gods had sent king to rule the city (partnership) uKing- chief lawmaker and judge. 10 Sumerian Government Cont. uLaws needed to control the people, laws about slavery, marriage, harming others, etc. -
Moons Phases and Tides
Moon’s Phases and Tides Moon Phases Half of the Moon is always lit up by the sun. As the Moon orbits the Earth, we see different parts of the lighted area. From Earth, the lit portion we see of the moon waxes (grows) and wanes (shrinks). The revolution of the Moon around the Earth makes the Moon look as if it is changing shape in the sky The Moon passes through four major shapes during a cycle that repeats itself every 29.5 days. The phases always follow one another in the same order: New moon Waxing Crescent First quarter Waxing Gibbous Full moon Waning Gibbous Third (last) Quarter Waning Crescent • IF LIT FROM THE RIGHT, IT IS WAXING OR GROWING • IF DARKENING FROM THE RIGHT, IT IS WANING (SHRINKING) Tides • The Moon's gravitational pull on the Earth cause the seas and oceans to rise and fall in an endless cycle of low and high tides. • Much of the Earth's shoreline life depends on the tides. – Crabs, starfish, mussels, barnacles, etc. – Tides caused by the Moon • The Earth's tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon. • The Earth bulges slightly both toward and away from the Moon. -As the Earth rotates daily, the bulges move across the Earth. • The moon pulls strongly on the water on the side of Earth closest to the moon, causing the water to bulge. • It also pulls less strongly on Earth and on the water on the far side of Earth, which results in tides. What causes tides? • Tides are the rise and fall of ocean water. -
Arsu and ‘Azizu a Study of the West Semitic "Dioscuri" and the Cods of Dawn and Dusk by Finn Ove Hvidberg-Hansen
’Arsu and ‘Azizu A Study of the West Semitic "Dioscuri" and the Cods of Dawn and Dusk By Finn Ove Hvidberg-Hansen Historiske-filosofiske Meddelelser 97 Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters DET KONGELIGE DANSKE VIDENSKABERNES SELSKAB udgiver følgende publikationsrækker: THE ROYAL DANISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND LETTERS issues the following series of publications: Authorized Abbreviations Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser, 8° Hist.Fil.Medd.Dan.Vid.Selsk. (printed area 1 75 x 104 mm, 2700 units) Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter, 4° Hist.Filos.Skr.Dan.Vid.Selsk. (History, Philosophy, Philology, (printed area 2 columns, Archaeology, Art History) each 199 x 77 mm, 2100 units) Matematisk-fysiske Meddelelser, 8° Mat.Fys.Medd.Dan.Vid.Selsk. (Mathematics, Physics, (printed area 180 x 126 mm, 3360 units) Chemistry, Astronomy, Geology) Biologiske Skrifter, 4° Biol.Skr. Dan. Vid.Selsk. (Botany, Zoology, Palaeontology, (printed area 2 columns, General Biology) each 199 x 77 mm, 2100 units) Oversigt, Annual Report, 8° Overs. Dan.Vid.Selsk. General guidelines The Academy invites original papers that contribute significantly to research carried on in Denmark. Foreign contributions are accepted from temporary residents in Den mark, participants in a joint project involving Danish researchers, or those in discussion with Danish contributors. Instructions to authors Manuscripts from contributors who are not members of the Academy will be refereed by two members of the Academy. Authors of papers accepted for publication will re ceive galley proofs and page proofs; these should be returned promptly to the editor. Corrections other than of printer's errors will be charged to the author(s) insofar as the costs exceed 15% of the cost of typesetting. -
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Nisan / The Levantine Review Volume 4 Number 2 (Winter 2015) Identity and Peoples in History Speculating on Ancient Mediterranean Mysteries Mordechai Nisan* We are familiar with a philo-Semitic disposition characterizing a number of communities, including Phoenicians/Lebanese, Kabyles/Berbers, and Ismailis/Druze, raising the question of a historical foundation binding them all together. The ethnic threads began in the Galilee and Mount Lebanon and later conceivably wound themselves back there in the persona of Al-Muwahiddun [Unitarian] Druze. While DNA testing is a fascinating methodology to verify the similarity or identity of a shared gene pool among ostensibly disparate peoples, we will primarily pursue our inquiry using conventional historical materials, without however—at the end—avoiding the clues offered by modern science. Our thesis seeks to substantiate an intuition, a reading of the contours of tales emanating from the eastern Mediterranean basin, the Levantine area, to Africa and Egypt, and returning to Israel and Lebanon. The story unfolds with ancient biblical tribes of Israel in the north of their country mixing with, or becoming Lebanese Phoenicians, travelling to North Africa—Tunisia, Algeria, and Libya in particular— assimilating among Kabyle Berbers, later fusing with Shi’a Ismailis in the Maghreb, who would then migrate to Egypt, and during the Fatimid period evolve as the Druze. The latter would later flee Egypt and return to Lebanon—the place where their (biological) ancestors had once dwelt. The original core group was composed of Hebrews/Jews, toward whom various communities evince affinity and identity today with the Jewish people and the state of Israel. -
From the Iranian Corridor to the Shia Crescent a Hoover, Fabrice Balanche
From the Iranian Corridor to the Shia Crescent A Hoover, Fabrice Balanche To cite this version: A Hoover, Fabrice Balanche. From the Iranian Corridor to the Shia Crescent: Demography and Geopolitics. 2021. halshs-03175780 HAL Id: halshs-03175780 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03175780 Submitted on 21 Mar 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License A HOOVER INSTITUTION ESSAY From the Iranian Corridor to the Shia Crescent DEMOGraPhy and GeoPOLitiCS BY FABRICE BALANCHE In December 2004, the king of Jordan asserted his fear of a Shia crescent forming in the Middle East from Iran to Lebanon, what we call the Iranian Corridor.1 Yet many observers and researchers were skeptical about King Abdullah’s assertion.2 On the one hand, the Shiite-Sunni clash was not viewed as a serious component in the dynamics of the Middle East. During the Iran-Iraq war (1980–88), Iraqi Shiites had remained loyal to the Sunni Saddam Hussein and analysts drew the conclusion that the religious divide was no longer relevant. In general, Western analysts are reluctant to see religion or tribalism as important for fear of being accused of “Orientalism,” an accusation popularized by Edward Said and Order International the and Islamism still stifling discussion about the region. -
The Mesopotamian Origins of Byzantine Symbolism and Early Christian Iconography
The Mesopotamian Origins of Byzantine Symbolism and Early Christian Iconography BY PAUL JOSEPH KRAUSE The eagle-god is a prominent iconographic symbol of ancient Mesopotamian religion which wielded tremendous power in the Mesopotamian imagination. The eagle-like gods of Mesopotamia eventually evolved into double-headed gods whose depictions became widespread in imperial and religious symbolism and iconography in Sumer and Akkad.1 These symbols now have common misapprehension as in the common public as being tied to Byzantine Empire of Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Rather, the Byzantines most likely inherited these Mesopotamian symbols and employed them in a similar manner as the Sumerians, Akkadians, and Hittites did. Likewise, the iconographic symbols of the moon god Nanna-Sin, who had the power to render the fate of humans,2 re-appeared in early Christian iconography depicting Christ in the Last Judgment. To best understand the iconographic practices and symbols used by the Byzantine Empire and emerging early Christian Church is to understand the foundational contexts by which these symbols first arose and the common religious practice of transferring and re-dedicating prior religious shrines to new deities. “Today the Byzantine eagle flutters proudly from the flags of nations from Albania to Montenegro, and though each state has its local version of the church, the heritage they all bear 1 C.N. Deedes, “The Double-Headed God,” Folklore 46, no. 3 (1935): 197-200. 2 See Samuel Noah Kramer, The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971), 132; Georges Roux, Ancient Iraq (New York: Penguin Books, 1992), 88. -
Lithium Abundance and Rotation of Seismic Solar Analogues P
Lithium abundance and rotation of seismic solar analogues P. G. Beck, J.-D. Do Nascimento, T. Duarte, D. Salabert, A. Tkachenko, S. Mathis, S. Mathur, R. A. García, M. Castro, P. L. Pallé, et al. To cite this version: P. G. Beck, J.-D. Do Nascimento, T. Duarte, D. Salabert, A. Tkachenko, et al.. Lithium abun- dance and rotation of seismic solar analogues: Solar and stellar connection from Kepler and Hermes observations. Astronomy and Astrophysics - A&A, EDP Sciences, 2017, 602, pp.A63. 10.1051/0004- 6361/201629820. cea-02988985 HAL Id: cea-02988985 https://hal-cea.archives-ouvertes.fr/cea-02988985 Submitted on 5 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. A&A 602, A63 (2017) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201629820 & c ESO 2017 Astrophysics Lithium abundance and rotation of seismic solar analogues Solar and stellar connection from Kepler and Hermes observations? P.G. Beck1, J.-D. do Nascimento Jr.2; 3, T. Duarte2, D. Salabert1, A. Tkachenko4, S. Mathis1, S. Mathur5, R. A. García1, M. Castro2, P.L. Pallé6; 7, R. Egeland8; 9, D. Montes10, O. Creevey11, M. -
The Detrimental Influence of the Canaanite Religion on the Israelite
COPYRIGHT AND CITATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR THIS THESIS/ DISSERTATION o Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. o NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. o ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. How to cite this thesis Surname, Initial(s). (2012) Title of the thesis or dissertation. PhD. (Chemistry)/ M.Sc. (Physics)/ M.A. (Philosophy)/M.Com. (Finance) etc. [Unpublished]: University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from: https://ujdigispace.uj.ac.za (Accessed: Date). THE DETRIMENTAL INFLUENCE OF THE CANAANITE RELIGION ON THE ISRAELITE RELIGION WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO SACRIFICE by LORRAINE ELIZABETH HALLETT Mini -dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARTS in BIBLICAL STUDIES in FACULTY OF ARTS at the RAND AFRIKAANS UNIVERSITY SUPERVISOR PROF JH COETZEE NOVEMBER 1995 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the mini -dissertation submitted for the Masters degree to the Rand Afrikaans University, apart from the help recognised, is my own work and has not been formerly submitted to another university for a degree. L E HALLETT (i) ABSTRACT Condemnation (by various biblical writers) of certain practices found amongst the Israelites which led ultimately to the Exile have often been viewed from two opposite views. The believer in the Bible simply accepted the condemnation at face value, and without question, whereas the scholar sought to explain it in terms of extra-biblical knowledge of the history of other civilisations which often threw doubt on the accuracy and veracity of the biblical record. -
Ancient Egyptians Believed in an Afterlife
Note To the Teacher This kit is designed to help your students learn more about Ancient Egypt by viewing images from the Walters Art Museum collection. The scope ranges from the Middle Kingdom (Dynasties ca. 2061-1640 BCE) through the Ptolemaic Period (332-30 BCE). You will find ten images of objects from Ancient Egypt. In addition to the images, there is a timeline, essays about the museum objects; lesson plans for elementary, middle grades and high school, and bibliographies with resources to assist you in your class presentation. Resources include: a vocabulary list, books for you and your students, websites, videos and other art tools. TRK Borrowing Policy Please… 1. Return this kit in person or by mail on or by its due date. A valid credit card number is required to borrow Teacher Resource Kits. A $25.00 fee will be charged for kits that are returned up to one month late. Borrowers will be assessed the pur- chase cost of kits borrowed if materials are returned more than one month late. The box the TRK was sent in can be reused for its return. 2. Keep your TRK intact and in working order. You are responsible for the contents of this kit while it is in your possession. If any item is miss- ing or damaged, please contact the Department of School Programs at 410.547.9000, ext. 298, as soon as possible. 3. Fill out the TRK Evaluation so that kits can be improved with your input and student feedback. Please return the Teacher Resource Kit to: Department of School Programs Division of Education and Public Programs The Walters Art Museum 600 North Charles Street Baltimore, MD 21201-5185 Copyright Statement Materials contained in this Education kit are not to be reproduced or transmitted in any format, other than for educational use, without specific advance written permission from the Walters Art Museum. -
ANTI U ITA T IS
Q ANTI uITATIS S E R jOURNAL OF ANCIENT HISTORY CCentroentro ddee HHistóriaistória dede AAlém-Marlém-Mar VOLUME 2 2011 Universidade Nova de Lisboa Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia FFaculdadeaculdade ddee CCiênciasiências SSociaisociais e HHumanasumanas MINISTÉRIO DA CIÊNCIA, TECNOLOGIA E ENSINO SUPERIOR UUniversidadeniversidade ddosos AAçoresçores 2 ISSN 1647-5852 2011 Journal of Ancient history Volume 2 Res Antiquitatis. Journal of Ancient History Volume 2 / 2011 Price: € 12 Published by Centro de História de Além-Mar Universidade Nova de Lisboa / Universidade dos Açores [email protected] +351 21 790 8300 (ext. 1551) Sponsored by ISSN 1647-5852 Legal ref. code 308682/10 Copies: 250 Printed in Portugal by Papiro-Relevo, Lda. R. Bartolomeu Dias, n.º 5 R/C 2855-416 VALE DE MILHAÇOS Cover design: Marcel L. Paiva do Monte Editor Advisory Board Francisco Caramelo – Universidade Nova Jean-Claude Margueron – École Pratique de Lisboa des Hautes Études José Augusto Ramos – Universidade de Lisboa Assistant Editor Luís Filipe Thomaz – Universidade Católica Marcel L. Paiva Monte – Universidade Nova Portuguesa de Lisboa Maria Helena Trindade Lopes – Universidade Nova de Lisboa Editorial Board José Ribeiro Ferreira – Universidade de Coimbra António Ramos dos Santos – Universidade Francolino Gonçalves – École Biblique de Lisboa et Archéologique Française de Jérusalem José das Candeias Sales – Universidade Aberta Jack Sasson – Vanderbilt University Zoltán Biedermann – University of London Michel Hulin – Université Paris Sorbonne Juan Luis Montero -
Excavations at Carthage Lawrence E
oi.uchicago.edu Excavations at Carthage Lawrence E. Stager The Punic Project operates under an accord between the Tunisian Institut d'Archeologie et d'Art and the American Schools of Oriental Research. It is sponsored by the Harvard Semitic Museum and the Oriental Institute, University of Chicago, and funded by a generous grant from the Smithsonian Institution. Further financial support for the 1977 season came from the Uni versity of Missouri-St. Louis and private donors—the "Friends of Carthage." Frank M. Cross, Harvard University, is Principal Inves tigator; Lawrence E. Stager, University of Chicago, is Director. When the Romans conquered Carthage in 146 B.C., two ad joining harbors—a military and a commercial one—served the Carthaginians. Appian gave this brief, but accurate, account of them in his Roman History. 34 oi.uchicago.edu The harbors had communication with each other, and a common entrance from the sea seventy feet wide, which could be closed with iron chains. The first port was for merchant vessels, and here were collected all kinds of ships' tackle. Within the second port was an island, and great quays were set at intervals round both the harbor and the island. These embankments were full of shipyards which had capacity for 220 vessels (Book VIII, 96). Two lagoons, now shallow and silted, proved to be relics of these ancient harbors. On the "island" in the northern lagoon British archeologists have discovered sloping ramps between rows of ashlar sandstone blocks. These undoubtedly formed the founda tions for shipsheds used to drydock the naval fleet. Near the western edge of the southern lagoon our expedition has traced the line of an impressive quay wall also built with ashlar sandstone blocks. -
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A&A 602, A63 (2017) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201629820 & c ESO 2017 Astrophysics Lithium abundance and rotation of seismic solar analogues Solar and stellar connection from Kepler and Hermes observations? P.G. Beck1, J.-D. do Nascimento Jr.2; 3, T. Duarte2, D. Salabert1, A. Tkachenko4, S. Mathis1, S. Mathur5, R. A. García1, M. Castro2, P.L. Pallé6; 7, R. Egeland8; 9, D. Montes10, O. Creevey11, M. F. Andersen12, D. Kamath4, and H. van Winckel4 1 Laboratoire AIM, CEA/DRF – CNRS – Univ. Paris Diderot – IRFU/SAp, Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France e-mail: [email protected] 2 Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil 3 Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 4 Instituut voor Sterrenkunde, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium 5 Space Science Institute, 4750 Walnut street Suite 205, Boulder, CO 80301, USA 6 Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain 7 Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain 8 High Altitude Observatory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, PO Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307-3000, USA 9 Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3840, USA 10 Dpto. Astrofísica, Facultad de CC. Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain 11 Laboratoire Lagrange, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, UMR 7293, CNRS, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, Nice, France 12 Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark Received 30 September 2016 / Accepted 2 February 2017 ABSTRACT Context.