Cell Structure and Function

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Bacteria vs. Virus JUNE 8 – 12, 2020 Review: Biological Classification From general (most species) to specific (only one species) To remember the order you can use this saying: Did King Philip Come Over For Great Spaghetti Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Review: 3 Domains Bacteria (Kingdom Eubacteria) Have strong exterior cell walls DNA different from all other organisms Archaea (Kingdom Archaebacteria) Have cell walls but not as strong DNA is different from bacteria and similar to eukaryotes Eukarya (Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia) Eukaryotes Cells with nucleus and organelles Multicellular Sexual reproduction Review: Six Kingdoms Six Kingdoms of Life Organisms are grouped according to Cell type – prokaryotes or eukaryotes Cell walls – do organisms have cell walls Body type – unicellular or multicellular Reproduces – sexual or asexual Nutrition – make their own food (autotrophs) or get food from eating other organisms (heterotrophs) Six Kingdoms of Life Kingdom Cell Type Cell Wall Body Type Reproduction Nutrition Archaebacteria Prokaryote Yes, but no Unicellular Asexual Heterotroph Peptidoglycan Autotroph Eubacteria Prokaryote Yes, with Unicellular Asexual Usually Peptidoglycan Heterotroph Protista Eukaryote Most do Multicellular Sexual Heterotroph Unicellular Asexual Autotroph Fungi Eukaryote Yes with Multicellular Sexual Heterotroph Chitin Unicellular Asexual Plantae Eukaryote Yes with Multicellular Sexual Autotroph Cellulose Asexual Animalia Eukaryote No Multicellular Sexual Heterotroph Bacterial Organization Bacteria Eubacteria Archaebacteria Found Found in Everywhere harsh environments Live in Live in Cause Ancestors of soil human illnesses body Eukaryotic cells Bacteria Unicellular prokaryotes with cell walls Some are harmful Produce toxins that are harmful to the host called antigens Host produces proteins called antibodies to fight antigens Others are helpful Intestinal bacteria help with digestion Probiotics help immune system Active cultures in yogurt Bacteria Structure Ribosome Cell Cell Peptidoglycan wall membrane Flagellum DNA Pili Bacteria Reproduction Asexual One parent No sex necessary Binary Fission Produces identical offspring 2 steps DNA replication Cytokinesis Viruses Non-living, need a host cell to reproduce Contain either DNA or RNA Genetic material surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid Viruses are packages of Nucleic acids Proteins Basic Structure of Viruses Viral Reproduction Viruses are unable to reproduce without a host They take over the host and reprogram the host cell to make more viruses Therefore, the host becomes a virus factory They reproduce in two ways Lytic Cycle-where they kill the cell they are living in and make you sick right away Lysogenic Cycle-Where they live in the cell and don’t make you sick right away Bacteria vs. Virus Bacteria Virus Is it living? Yes No Does it need a host to No Yes reproduce? Is it a cell? Yes, single-celled No Does it contain genetic Yes Yes information?.

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P1 Bacteriophage and Tol System Mutants
P1 BACTERIOPHAGE AND TOL SYSTEM MUTANTS Cari L. Smerk A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE August 2007 Committee: Ray A. Larsen, Advisor Tami C. Steveson Paul A. Moore Lee A. Meserve ii ABSTRACT Dr. Ray A. Larsen, Advisor The integrity of the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria is dependent upon proteins of the Tol system, which transduce cytoplasmic-membrane derived energy to as yet unidentified outer membrane targets (Vianney et al., 1996). Mutations affecting the Tol system of Escherichia coli render the cells resistant to a bacteriophage called P1 by blocking the phage maturation process in some way. This does not involve outer membrane interactions, as a mutant in the energy transucer (TolA) retained wild type levels of phage sensitivity. Conversely, mutations affecting the energy harvesting complex component, TolQ, were resistant to lysis by bacteriophage P1. Further characterization of specific Tol system mutants suggested that phage maturation was not coupled to energy transduction, nor to infection of the cells by the phage. Quantification of the number of phage produced by strains lacking this protein also suggests that the maturation of P1 phage requires conditions influenced by TolQ. This study aims to identify the role that the TolQ protein plays in the phage maturation process. Strains of cells were inoculated with bacteriophage P1 and the resulting production by the phage of viable progeny were determined using one step growth curves (Ellis and Delbruck, 1938). Strains that were lacking the TolQ protein rendered P1 unable to produce the characteristic burst of progeny phage after a single generation of phage.
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Virus Replication Cycles
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