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Muscle Contributions to Knee Joint Stability: Effects of ACL Injury and Knee Brace Use

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Muscle Contributions to Knee Joint Stability: Effects of ACL Injury and Knee Brace Use University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 1-1-2006 Muscle contributions to knee joint stability: Effects of ACL injury and knee brace use. Aaron Derouin University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Derouin, Aaron, "Muscle contributions to knee joint stability: Effects of ACL injury and knee brace use." (2006). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 6943. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/6943 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. MUSCLE CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNEE JOINT STABILITY: EFFECTS OF ACL INJURY AND KNEE BRACE USE by Aaron Derouin A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research through Kinesiology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Human Kinetics at the University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario, Canada 2006 © 2006 Aaron Derouin Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-34902-1 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-34902-1 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. i * i Canada Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT MUSCLE CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNEE JOINT STABILITY: EFFECTS OF ACL INJURY AND KNEE BRACE USE Aaron Joseph Derouin University of Windsor, 2006 The purpose of this study was to develop an EMG-based biomechanical model of the lower extremity for the purpose of evaluating the rotational joint stiffness of ACL- deficient (n=9) and reconstructed (n=8) knees, with and without a functional knee brace. Kinematic, EMG, and kinetic data were measured, while subjects performed stable and unstable quasi-static squats, and were incorporated into biomechanical and anatomical models. Individual and total muscle contributions to knee joint rotational stiffness were calculated about the flexion-extension axis, using the method developed by Potvin and Brown (2005) for four independent variables: Squat task; Leg condition (uninjured, unbraced, braced); Knee angle (5-10°, 20-25°, 40-45°); Injury Status. Subjects had significantly higher (p<0.05) total knee joint stiffness values while wearing the brace compared to the control leg. The difference in knee joint stiffness values in the unstable trials compared to stable trials was significantly greater at 5-10° versus 20-25° and 40- 45°. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this project would not have been possible without the valuable contributions and input from several significant individuals. I would like to first acknowledge God, for blessing me with the opportunity and curiosity to undertake such a complex study and the ability, determination, and perseverance to finish. Jim, I would first of all like to thank you for taking me on as a student. You allowed me to take on a project that I thought was a little different from the research you typically do and allowed me to satisfy some of my curiosities about stability, knee injury and knee braces. I have gained practical and hands on experience to compliment the excellent theoretical knowledge I learned from your graduate course in instrumentation and modelling. Most of all, I am truly thankful for the all the opportunities you have provided to me, your generosity and your friendship. Next, I would like to thank my committee members Dr. Andrews and Dr. Altenhof for your involvement in this project. Your constructive feedback has improved my critical thinking skills and ultimately improved the quality of this document. I would also like to acknowledge Dr.G. Jasey and Dave Stoute for their assistance in recruiting subjects. Additionally, Joel Cort, Christy Calder and Don Clark have provided valuable assistance in the areas of programming, data collection, circuit control and electronics. Derek Kozier of Clinical Orthotic Consultants of Windsor, also, provided equipment and materials to complete the data collection portion of the study. Innovation Sports graciously donated eight FLEX functional knee braces to fit on the subjects in this study. I would particularly like to thank Brett Guerin, the Marketing Director for his support and assistance. Finally, I would like to thank my mother and John for your continued support and encouragement as I continue to fulfill my dreams. Mom, thanks so much for your listening ear and insight. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. “What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny matters compared to what lies within us.” Ralph Waldo Emerson I Love This Game!!! Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT...................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.....................................................................................iv LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................ xv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.............................................................................1 1.1 Background........................................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Purpose ............................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Hypotheses.........................................................................................................................................................9 1.3.1a Overall Knee Joint Rotational Stiffness .................................................................................................9 1.3.1b Overall Knee Joint Rotational Stiffness ................................................................................................9 1.3.2 Individual Muscle Contributions to Knee Joint Rotational Stiffness .............................................. 10 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE.......................................................... 12 2.1 Anatomy of the Knee.....................................................................................................................................12 2.1.1 Passive Tissues.........................................................................................................................................12 2.1.2 Neuroanatomy and Mechanoreceptors of the ACL and other joint structures ..................................22 2.1.3 Muscles of the Knee ................................................................................................................................24
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