University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 1-1-2006 Muscle contributions to knee joint stability: Effects of ACL injury and knee brace use. Aaron Derouin University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Derouin, Aaron, "Muscle contributions to knee joint stability: Effects of ACL injury and knee brace use." (2006). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 6943. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/6943 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). 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ABSTRACT MUSCLE CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNEE JOINT STABILITY: EFFECTS OF ACL INJURY AND KNEE BRACE USE Aaron Joseph Derouin University of Windsor, 2006 The purpose of this study was to develop an EMG-based biomechanical model of the lower extremity for the purpose of evaluating the rotational joint stiffness of ACL- deficient (n=9) and reconstructed (n=8) knees, with and without a functional knee brace. Kinematic, EMG, and kinetic data were measured, while subjects performed stable and unstable quasi-static squats, and were incorporated into biomechanical and anatomical models. Individual and total muscle contributions to knee joint rotational stiffness were calculated about the flexion-extension axis, using the method developed by Potvin and Brown (2005) for four independent variables: Squat task; Leg condition (uninjured, unbraced, braced); Knee angle (5-10°, 20-25°, 40-45°); Injury Status. Subjects had significantly higher (p<0.05) total knee joint stiffness values while wearing the brace compared to the control leg. The difference in knee joint stiffness values in the unstable trials compared to stable trials was significantly greater at 5-10° versus 20-25° and 40- 45°. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this project would not have been possible without the valuable contributions and input from several significant individuals. I would like to first acknowledge God, for blessing me with the opportunity and curiosity to undertake such a complex study and the ability, determination, and perseverance to finish. Jim, I would first of all like to thank you for taking me on as a student. You allowed me to take on a project that I thought was a little different from the research you typically do and allowed me to satisfy some of my curiosities about stability, knee injury and knee braces. I have gained practical and hands on experience to compliment the excellent theoretical knowledge I learned from your graduate course in instrumentation and modelling. Most of all, I am truly thankful for the all the opportunities you have provided to me, your generosity and your friendship. Next, I would like to thank my committee members Dr. Andrews and Dr. Altenhof for your involvement in this project. Your constructive feedback has improved my critical thinking skills and ultimately improved the quality of this document. I would also like to acknowledge Dr.G. Jasey and Dave Stoute for their assistance in recruiting subjects. Additionally, Joel Cort, Christy Calder and Don Clark have provided valuable assistance in the areas of programming, data collection, circuit control and electronics. Derek Kozier of Clinical Orthotic Consultants of Windsor, also, provided equipment and materials to complete the data collection portion of the study. Innovation Sports graciously donated eight FLEX functional knee braces to fit on the subjects in this study. I would particularly like to thank Brett Guerin, the Marketing Director for his support and assistance. Finally, I would like to thank my mother and John for your continued support and encouragement as I continue to fulfill my dreams. Mom, thanks so much for your listening ear and insight. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. “What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny matters compared to what lies within us.” Ralph Waldo Emerson I Love This Game!!! 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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT...................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.....................................................................................iv LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................ xv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.............................................................................1 1.1 Background........................................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Purpose ............................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Hypotheses.........................................................................................................................................................9 1.3.1a Overall Knee Joint Rotational Stiffness .................................................................................................9 1.3.1b Overall Knee Joint Rotational Stiffness ................................................................................................9 1.3.2 Individual Muscle Contributions to Knee Joint Rotational Stiffness .............................................. 10 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE.......................................................... 12 2.1 Anatomy of the Knee.....................................................................................................................................12 2.1.1 Passive Tissues.........................................................................................................................................12 2.1.2 Neuroanatomy and Mechanoreceptors of the ACL and other joint structures ..................................22 2.1.3 Muscles of the Knee ................................................................................................................................24