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The Story of Our Lighthouses and Lightships
E-STORy-OF-OUR HTHOUSES'i AMLIGHTSHIPS BY. W DAMS BH THE STORY OF OUR LIGHTHOUSES LIGHTSHIPS Descriptive and Historical W. II. DAVENPORT ADAMS THOMAS NELSON AND SONS London, Edinburgh, and Nnv York I/K Contents. I. LIGHTHOUSES OF ANTIQUITY, ... ... ... ... 9 II. LIGHTHOUSE ADMINISTRATION, ... ... ... ... 31 III. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OP LIGHTHOUSES, ... ... 39 IV. THE ILLUMINATING APPARATUS OF LIGHTHOUSES, ... ... 46 V. LIGHTHOUSES OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND DESCRIBED, ... 73 VI. LIGHTHOUSES OF IRELAND DESCRIBED, ... ... ... 255 VII. SOME FRENCH LIGHTHOUSES, ... ... ... ... 288 VIII. LIGHTHOUSES OF THE UNITED STATES, ... ... ... 309 IX. LIGHTHOUSES IN OUR COLONIES AND DEPENDENCIES, ... 319 X. FLOATING LIGHTS, OR LIGHTSHIPS, ... ... ... 339 XI. LANDMARKS, BEACONS, BUOYS, AND FOG-SIGNALS, ... 355 XII. LIFE IN THE LIGHTHOUSE, ... ... ... 374 LIGHTHOUSES. CHAPTER I. LIGHTHOUSES OF ANTIQUITY. T)OPULARLY, the lighthouse seems to be looked A upon as a modern invention, and if we con- sider it in its present form, completeness, and efficiency, we shall be justified in limiting its history to the last centuries but as soon as men to down two ; began go to the sea in ships, they must also have begun to ex- perience the need of beacons to guide them into secure channels, and warn them from hidden dangers, and the pressure of this need would be stronger in the night even than in the day. So soon as a want is man's invention hastens to it and strongly felt, supply ; we may be sure, therefore, that in the very earliest ages of civilization lights of some kind or other were introduced for the benefit of the mariner. It may very well be that these, at first, would be nothing more than fires kindled on wave-washed promontories, 10 LIGHTHOUSES OF ANTIQUITY. -
History of Lighthouses Powerpoint
History of Lighthouses Who needs ‘em? 2 Costa Concordia, 2012 3 4 The main purpose of lighthouses is as an aid to navigation. 4 5 6 History of Lighthouses Light sources: an evolution of technologies. 7 Lighthouses started simply 8 Early Eddystone Light 9 Pan and Wick 10 11 Wick Lamps Incandescent Oil Vapor (IOV) Lamp 12 Auto-changers 13 DCB-224 Aero Beacon 14 Umpqua River 1895 15 Point Loma LED Installation: $4.60 a day to 0.48 per day to operate 16 History of Lighthouses Ancient Roman Medieval Modern Era United States California History of Lighthouses Ancient Times Before lighthouses • Hard for us to appreciate the night time darkness of Ancient Times • Beacon fires on hilltops or beaches - guided mariners and warned of dangers • Earliest references made in 8th Century BC in Homer’s Illiad and Oddyssey Phoenicians • Phoenicians traded around the Mediterranean and possibly as far as Great Britain • Routes marked with “lighthouses”- wood fires or torches • After 1st century: candles or oil lamps enclosed with glass or thin horn panes Colossus of Rhodes Ancient wonders: Colossus of Rhodes (Greece) • Bronze statue of Helios, Greek god of sun • In 292 BC the statue was completed • Took 12 years to build • 100 feet high on island in harbor of Rhodes • Reported to have fires inside the head visible through its eyes • Destroyed by earthquake in 244 BC Pharos • On the island of Pharos in Alexandria, Greece • Completed in 280 BC • Estimated height 400 feet • Three levels • Square level 236’ high and 100’ square • Octagonal story 115’ high • Cylindrical tier 85’ high • Brazier with fire on top • Spiral ramp to the top • Fine quality stone cemented together with melted lead • Ptolomy II, Macedonian ruler of Egypt and architect, Sostratus of Cnidus • Damaged in 641 AD when Alexandria fell to Islamic troops • Destroyed by earthquake in 1346 • Ruble used in Islamic fortress in 1477 • (Lighthouse in French is phare and faro in Spanish) History of Lighthouses Roman Times Roman Empire • Romans also used lighthouses as they expanded their empire. -
United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,967,090 Schlitt V 45 Date of Patent: Oct
United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,967,090 Schlitt V 45 Date of Patent: Oct. 30, 1990 (54 COSMETCTANNING LAMP AND SYSTEM Primary Examiner-Jack I. Berman HAVING ADJUSTABLE UVB PROPORTON Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Carlo S. Bessone (75) Inventor: Steven C. Schlitt, Merrimac, Mass. (57) ABSTRACT (73) Assignee: GTE Products Corporation, Danvers, A fluorescent lamp and system for providing cosmetic Mass. tanning. The lamp includes a first ultraviolet-emitting phosphor disposed on a portion of the circumference of (21) Appl. No.: 520,320 the interior of an ultraviolet-transmitting glass enve 22 Filed: May 7, 1990 lope. A second ultraviolet-emitting phosphor is dis posed on the remaining portion the lamp envelope. The Related U.S. Application Data lamp further includes bases having electrical contacts (63. Continuation of Ser. No. 35,647, Feb. 27, 1989. extending therefrom and lying in a plane which passes through the demarcation lines formed between the first (51) Int. Cli.............................................. H01J 61/48 and second ultraviolet-emitting phosphors. In one em (52) U.S. C. ................................ 250/504 R; 313/487; bodiment, the proportions of UVB to UVA from the 128/396 same light source are about 1.6 percent and 4.2 percent. (58) Field of Search ........................ 250/504 R, 493.1; In another aspect of the invention, a suntanning system 313/487; 128/396 includes an external reflector positioned adjacent the 56 References Cited fluorescent lamp. The external reflector is effective in U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS maintaining approximately the same irradiance level in the UVA region independent of the rotational align 3,466,443 9/1969 Roesler .......................... -
Ancient Pharology from Google Earth, of a Beautiful Mystery to My Grown up Son and Daughter,Yed and Cristiana Su
Ancient Pharology from Google earth, of a Beautiful Mystery to my grown up son and daughter,Yed and Cristiana Su The emplacement of some of the most ancient lighthouses known, tentatively explained Beauty and lighthouses Lighthouses are beautiful, more often than not, and, undoubtedly, the seafront context in which we expect to find them is quite inspiring. Arts and literature linger since long time on them, some have become tourist resorts, people even tour dozens of distant lighthouses just to see them, or “collect” them, as notably radio-hams do. Italian radio ham diplomas. WAIL, “worked all Italian lighthouses” Fbook group- one sets up a station, many try to confirm a radio contact Lighthouses' society exist in the anglophone world in particular, often populated not just by passionates, but by former, and now ever more rare figures: present lighthouse wardens. Dr. Trethaway, one of the most noted pharologists, discovered he is the descendant of a lighthouse keeper family as he developed his skills and passion. I am indebted to his site for a number of illustrations here, as well as for a few critical concepts. Today, most lighthouses are unmanned. Chania lighthouse Crete, the base is Venetian, end of XVI century, the tower Egyptian, early XIX. Kjeungskjær lighthouse, Ørland, Norway. Torre de Hercules, Galicia, Spain. A splendid Roman Lighthouse Enoshima, Japan, recently renovated Peggy's Cove, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Types of Lighthouses and their emplacement A modern lighthouse equivalent uses radio waves rather than light, and is usually quite uncute. Cape Peloro navigational radio beacon, Sicily, Messina straits: ugly. -
LSI Germicidal Catalog 2013 10-14-2013
Germicidal Lamps Creating True Value and True Partnership World Wide Suppliers of Quality Germicidal Lamps Company Profile: Founded in 1983, LightSources Inc. has been offering superior products and processes for over 25 years to our OEM customers and is the leading manufacturer of quartz germicidal lamps in the world. In 1993, LightTech Lamp Technology Ltd. was started in Hungary in order to serve the growing demand for germicidal lamps and sleeves for both the European and Asian markets. The combination of our state of the art manufacturing facilities, technology and capability allow us to bring quality products to the market with reduced lead times and high performance. Both companies design and manufacture lamps for a wide variety of special lighting applications spanning multiple market segments within many industries and applications. While both companies core focus remains on germicidal, photochemical and skin tanning applications, we also manufacture specialty lamps for LCD backlighting and compact fluorescent applications. Both companies are recognized within their respective markets for excellence in product design and manufacture and in meeting our customers' unique requirements for performance, quality and reliability. As true global organizations, our sales staff is available to serve you in several languages. UV-Action: g LightSources & LightTech low-pressure, mercury-arc germicidal lamps are specially designed to produce the highest amounts of uv radiation - where 90% of energy is typically generated at 254nm. This radiation is very close LAMP OUPUT vs. EFFECTIVENESS 100 to the peak of the germicidal effectiveness curve of 90 Peak Output Line of 265nm, the most lethal wavelength to microorganisms. 80 Germicidal Lamp at 253.7nm (see graph). -
Lighthouse Bibliography.Pdf
Title Author Date 10 Lights: The Lighthouses of the Keweenaw Peninsula Keweenaw County Historical Society n.d. 100 Years of British Glass Making Chance Brothers 1924 137 Steps: The Story of St Mary's Lighthouse Whitley Bay North Tyneside Council 1999 1911 Report of the Commissioner of Lighthouses Department of Commerce 1911 1912 Report of the Commissioner of Lighthouses Department of Commerce 1912 1913 Report of the Commissioner of Lighthouses Department of Commerce 1913 1914 Report of the Commissioner of Lighthouses Department of Commerce 1914 1915 Report of the Commissioner of Lighthouses Department of Commerce 1915 1916 Report of the Commissioner of Lighthouses Department of Commerce 1916 1917 Report of the Commissioner of Lighthouses Department of Commerce 1917 1918 Report of the Commissioner of Lighthouses Department of Commerce 1918 1919 Report of the Commissioner of Lighthouses Department of Commerce 1919 1920 Report of the Commissioner of Lighthouses Department of Commerce 1920 1921 Report of the Commissioner of Lighthouses Department of Commerce 1921 1922 Report of the Commissioner of Lighthouses Department of Commerce 1922 1923 Report of the Commissioner of Lighthouses Department of Commerce 1923 1924 Report of the Commissioner of Lighthouses Department of Commerce 1924 1925 Report of the Commissioner of Lighthouses Department of Commerce 1925 1926 Report of the Commissioner of Lighthouses Department of Commerce 1926 1927 Report of the Commissioner of Lighthouses Department of Commerce 1927 1928 Report of the Commissioner of -
Electronics for Dummies.Pdf
Electronics FOR DUMmIES‰ by Gordon McComb and Earl Boysen TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine ! Electronics For Dummies® Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 Copyright © 2005 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permit- ted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317) 572-3447, fax (317) 572-4355, e-mail: [email protected]. Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies.com, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Stock photos from Hemera Technologies, Inc. -
HONG KONG's LIGHTHOUSES and the MEN WHO MANNED THEM LOUIS HA and DAN WATERS
281 HONG KONG'S LIGHTHOUSES AND THE MEN WHO MANNED THEM LOUIS HA and DAN WATERS [Complementary HKBRAS lectures were delivered by Fr. Louis Ha (Part One) and Dr. Dan Waters (Part Two) on 3rd May 2002. The following day, courtesy the Director, Government Marine Department, 93 HKBRAS members and guests visited Waglan Lighthouse. The above two lectures were based on the following text. All photographs accompanying these complementary papers were taken on the visit by long-time RAS member Charles Slater.] PART ONE Lighthouses on the coast, "sentinels of the sea, " are without doubt romantic and interesting to the ordinary person. Their loneliness and isolation, the mental picture of waves dashing vainly at their feet while the light shines overhead, far and wide over darkness and angry waters, the drama of shipwreck and rescue, and of successful passage through storm and stress, combine to give them a special appeal to the hearts and minds of all men.' This is one of the beautiful descriptions of lighthouses written by the Deputy Commissioner of Customs of China, T. Roger Banister, in 1932.1 Practical aids In reality, lighthouses exist for much more practical purposes; as aids to navigation in avoiding shipwrecks or grounding of ships. Traditional navigation aids include Light Vessels, Light Buoys, Beacons and Fog Signals such as bells, gongs, reed horns and explosives. These aids have been developed out of necessity over the ages. Pharos One of the oldest lighthouses was the Pharos at Alexandria, in 282 Egypt, which was built in the 3rd century B.C. - one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, It was an eight-sided tower on top of which was a cylinder that extended up to an open cupola where the fire that provided the light burned. -
San Juan Del Sur Day School Grade 4 Science Learning Outcomes And
San Juan del Sur Day School Grade 4 Science Learning Outcomes and Unit Guide Learning Outcomes ✓ Performance Indicators Unit Physical Science: Light and Electrical Devices (LI) Differentiate between natural (e.g., fire, sun, star, lightning, aurorae, fireflies, and bioluminescent fungi) and artificial (e.g., light bulb, street light, glow stick, LED, tanning lamp, and laser) sources of light in the environment. Examine relationships between the light energy and heat energy emitted from light sources. Investigate the Investigate the characteristics of light beams in air and water, including determining that light travels in straight lines, that light characteristics and travels away from a source in all directions, and that light beams may change direction upon entering or leaving water. physical properties of Distinguish, through observation, between objects that emit their own light (e.g., sun, glow stick, match, star, and light bulb) and natural and artificial those that reflect light from another source (e.g., moon, mirror, paper, clothing, and roadways). sources of light in the Identify positive (e.g., increased vitamin D production, happiness, and increased productivity) and negative (e.g., sunburn, skin environment. cancer, and light pollution) consequences of exposure to natural and artificial sources of light. Predict changes in a shadow’s location, shape, and relative size when an object is placed in different positions and orientations relative to a light source and surface (e.g., flashlight and puppet, and overhead projector and screen). Collaboratively plan and carry out a procedure to determine changes in a shadow’s location, shape, and relative size when an object is placed in different positions and orientations relative to a light source and screen. -
Pros and Cons Controversy on Molecular Imaging and Dynamic
Open Access Archives of Biotechnology and Biomedicine Research Article Pros and Cons Controversy on Molecular Imaging and Dynamics of Double- ISSN Standard DNA/RNA of Human Preserving 2639-6777 Stem Cells-Binding Nano Molecules with Androgens/Anabolic Steroids (AAS) or Testosterone Derivatives through Tracking of Helium-4 Nucleus (Alpha Particle) Using Synchrotron Radiation Alireza Heidari* Faculty of Chemistry, California South University, 14731 Comet St. Irvine, CA 92604, USA *Address for Correspondence: Dr. Alireza Abstract Heidari, Faculty of Chemistry, California South University, 14731 Comet St. Irvine, CA 92604, In the current study, we have investigated pros and cons controversy on molecular imaging and dynamics USA, Email: of double-standard DNA/RNA of human preserving stem cells-binding Nano molecules with Androgens/ [email protected]; Anabolic Steroids (AAS) or Testosterone derivatives through tracking of Helium-4 nucleus (Alpha particle) using [email protected] synchrotron radiation. In this regard, the enzymatic oxidation of double-standard DNA/RNA of human preserving Submitted: 31 October 2017 stem cells-binding Nano molecules by haem peroxidases (or heme peroxidases) such as Horseradish Peroxidase Approved: 13 November 2017 (HPR), Chloroperoxidase (CPO), Lactoperoxidase (LPO) and Lignin Peroxidase (LiP) is an important process from Published: 15 November 2017 both the synthetic and mechanistic point of view. Copyright: 2017 Heidari A. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative -
Chapter 2 Incandescent Light Bulb
Lamp Contents 1 Lamp (electrical component) 1 1.1 Types ................................................. 1 1.2 Uses other than illumination ...................................... 2 1.3 Lamp circuit symbols ......................................... 2 1.4 See also ................................................ 2 1.5 References ............................................... 2 2 Incandescent light bulb 3 2.1 History ................................................. 3 2.1.1 Early pre-commercial research ................................ 4 2.1.2 Commercialization ...................................... 5 2.2 Tungsten bulbs ............................................. 6 2.3 Efficacy, efficiency, and environmental impact ............................ 8 2.3.1 Cost of lighting ........................................ 9 2.3.2 Measures to ban use ...................................... 9 2.3.3 Efforts to improve efficiency ................................. 9 2.4 Construction .............................................. 10 2.4.1 Gas fill ............................................ 10 2.5 Manufacturing ............................................. 11 2.6 Filament ................................................ 12 2.6.1 Coiled coil filament ...................................... 12 2.6.2 Reducing filament evaporation ................................ 12 2.6.3 Bulb blackening ........................................ 13 2.6.4 Halogen lamps ........................................ 13 2.6.5 Incandescent arc lamps .................................... 14 2.7 Electrical -
Commercial Spaces
COMMERCIAL SPACES 38 SOUTH AFRICAN PROPERTY REVIEW COMMERCIAL SPACES “LET THERE BE LIGHT” AN ILLUMINATING HISTORY The speed of light is nothing compared to the speed at which lighting trends are evolving, as new technologies drop costs and energy consumption, and open new horizons in design. By: Candace King and Tammy Sutherns The Alice Towers in Sandton. Increasingly, lighting is being used to beautify and add impact to building exteriors and outdoor spaces. SOUTH AFRICAN PROPERTY REVIEW 39 COMMERCIAL SPACES TOP AND BELOW: Moses Mabhida Stadium incorporates the latest in hi-tech and sustainable lighting. The arch overhead is made up of 1.8m LED strip lights, which are 70% more efficient than fluorescent alternatives. he history of light and light sources in towns and cities across the globe, for an Murdoch first lit his house with gas in has come a long way: from cavemen extra measure of security and guidance at Redruth, Cornwall in 1792, followed by experimenting with fire and ancient night. In 1128 in Venice, under the Doge the main building of the Soho Foundry civilisations using natural light Domenico Michiel, a few small lamps were steam engine works in 1798. Throughout sources,T to gas lighting and the electric lamp. placed on the walls of the houses to burn all the 1800s and into the 1900s gas lighting One of the greatest human discoveries night and “give courage” to wayfarers. became commonplace, and it was the was the use of fire as a source of heat and To this day, many cultures and religions German inventor Frederick Albert Winsor light, an estimated 400 000 to 1.9 million around the world including Judaism, (originally Friedrich Albrecht Winzer) who years ago.