DOCSLIB.ORG

Molecular Epidemiology of Echinococcus and Taenia Species In

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Molecular Epidemiology of Echinococcus and Taenia Species In UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ECHINOCOCCUS AND TAENIA SPECIES IN DOGS FROM CYSTIC ECHINOCOCCOSIS ENDEMIC AREAS IN KENYA ERASTUS MULINGE KAKUNDI (B.Sc., M.Sc.) I80/92641/2013 A thesis submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for Award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Parasitology of the University of Nairobi School of Biological Sciences 2020 i DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is my original work and has not been submitted elsewhere for examination or award of a degree. Where other people’s work has been used, this has been properly acknowledged and referenced in accordance with the University of Nairobi’s requirements Signature: ……………………………………………………….. Date: …………………………….… Erastus Mulinge Kakundi I80/92641/2013 School of Biological Sciences University of Nairobi This thesis is submitted for examination with our approval as research supervisors Signature Date 1. Dr. David Odongo …………………… …………………… School of Biological Sciences University of Nairobi Nairobi, Kenya 2. Prof. Japhet Magambo ………………….... …………………… Meru University of Science & Technology Meru, Kenya 3. Dr. Thomas Romig …………………… ……………………. University of Hohenheim Parasitology unit Stuttgart, Germany 4. Prof. Sammy Njenga …………………….. ………………….. Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi, Kenya ii ABSTRACT Dogs are reservoirs and hosts for several parasites which cause zoonoses of public health significance worldwide. All four hookworm species of canines are zoonotic and cause infections ranging from transient skin irritations to prolonged ‘creeping eruptions’, eosinophilic enteritis and patent intestinal infections. Cestodes belonging to the Taeniidae family are of medical and veterinary importance in resource poor communities and cause cystic echinococcosis (CE), cysticercosis and coenurosis in livestock and humans. There is scanty data on the prevalence of intestinal parasites of dogs and their impact on public health in Kenya. Furthermore, the role of domestic dogs in maintaining the transmission cycles and environmental contamination with infective stages of these parasites remains unknown in Kenya. This study aimed at establishing the prevalence and distribution of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s. l.), Taenia spp. and other zoonotic intestinal parasites in dogs from CE endemic areas of Kenya. Dog faecal samples were collected from the environment in Turkana, Meru, Isiolo and Narok (Maasai Mara) counties and microscopically examined for the detection of intestinal parasites using McMaster and zinc chloride flotation-sieving technique. Genotyping of hookworms, Echinococcus and Taenia spp. was performed by polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and or DNA sequencing. Echinococcus and Taenia spp. haplotypes were determined by sequencing and analysis of cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) genes respectively. Of the 1,621 faecal samples, 701 (43.24%) contained at least one parasite. Eleven parasites genera/families were identified namely hookworms, Taeniidae, Spirometra spp., Coccidia, Toxocara spp., Trichuris spp., Toxascaris leonina, Dipylidium caninum, Anoplocephala spp., Mesostephanus spp. and Uncinaria stenocephala (in order of frequency). Hookworms were the most common parasites detected followed by taeniids. Microscopy detected hookworm eggs in 490/1621 (30.23%, 95% CI 27.99–32.53) faecal samples. The prevalence of hookworms was high in counties receiving higher rainfall (Narok 46.80%, Meru 44.88%) and low in those with a more arid climate (Isiolo 19.73%, Turkana 11.83%). In a subset of 70 hookworm eggs positive faecal samples Ancylostoma caninum (n = 59), A. braziliense (n = 10) and A. cf. duodenale (n = 1) were identified. Eleven percent (178/1,621) of faecal samples had taeniid eggs, among them 4.4% (71/1,621) were Echinococcus spp. eggs. Area-wise, the faecal prevalence of Echinococcus spp. was 9.2% (48/524) in Turkana, 4.0% (20/500) in Maasai Mara, 0.7% (2/294) in Isiolo and 0.3% iii (1/303) in Meru. Four Echinococcus spp. were identified with E. granulosus sensu stricto (s. s.) being the dominant Echinococcus taxon, followed by E. canadensis (G6/7) that was detected in 51 and 23 faecal samples, respectively. E. ortleppi and E. felidis were rare and only detected in 5 and 2 faecal samples respectively. Overall 79/1621 (4.9%) faecal samples contained eggs of Taenia or Hydatigera (8.0% in Turkana, 4.8% in Isiolo, 3.8% in Maasai Mara and 1.3% in Meru). Taenia hydatigena and T. multiceps were the most frequent, found in 36 and 15 samples, respectively. Other eggs detected in the faecal samples belonged to T. serialis (sensu lato), T. madoquae (the first record in domestic dogs), T. ovis, T. saginata and Hydatigera taeniaeformis. Polymorphism of nad1 sequences revealed 22 and 8 haplotypes of T. hydatigena and T. multiceps, respectively, but only a few haplotypes showed wide geographical distribution for both species. This study identified zoonotic parasites in dogs that pose potential public health risk to humans. Canine hookworm species and genetic variability of T. hydatigena and T. multiceps are reported for the first time in Kenya. The data confirms differences in diversity and abundance of Echinococcus and Taenia spp. between regions of Kenya and demonstrates that domestic dogs play a role in linking the domestic and sylvatic cycles of Echinococcus and Taenia spp. The unusual detection of A. cf. duodenale, T. saginata and E. felidis in dog faeces indicates coprophagy as a common behaviour of dogs. These findings emphasize the need for control measures such as enforcing laws for restraining stray dogs, dog population management, regular deworming of dogs, proper disposal of slaughter offal and dog faeces and public health educational awareness programmes. iv DEDICATION I wish to dedicate this thesis to my late father Rev. Canon Julius Kakundi Kiilu, who has been my inspiration through-out all my education levels. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I wish to thank the almighty God for His everlasting love, care, protection and good health during the study period. I wish to sincerely thank all my supervisors for their tirelessly effort, encouragement, guidance and mentoring they offered me throughout the period of study. I wish to appreciate Prof. Japhet Magambo for the support he offered to me specifically during field sampling, always providing a car and funds required for field work. I sincerely thank Prof. Sammy Njenga, for providing laboratory space and occasionally materials from his laboratory. I wish to appreciate Dr. David Odongo for the academic guidance, encouragement and finding time to visit in the laboratory at KEMRI. To Dr. Thomas Romig thank you for first of all entrusting me with the work on echinococcosis in dogs and also for providing the support I needed for this work, for offering me the opportunity to spend two months of laboratory work at the parasitology unit, University of Hohenheim, as well as providing funds for sequencing all the samples analysed in this study. I wish to thank Prof. Peter Kern for sponsoring my tuition fees at the University of Nairobi and funding the all the activities of this study including cost of attending World Congress of Echinococcosis in 2011, 2013 and 2017. I also wish to acknowledge most sincerely the kind support offered by Mr. Eberhard Zeyhle, who always was involved in all the field work I conducted for three years together with my fellow PhD student Dorothy Kagendo. I wish to appreciate the wealth of experience in parasitology, specifically in cystic echinococcosis which I learnt from Mr. Eberhard Zeyhle. I also sincerely thank my colleague at KEMRI, Dr. Cecilia Mbae for entrusting me with all the laboratory work for Cystic Echinococcosis sub-Saharan Africa Research initiative (CESSARi) Kenya, her constant support and encouragement during the whole period of study, and for ensuring that all laboratory materials and consumables needed for this project were procured in good time. I wish to appreciate the support I got from the current and former Centre for vi Microbiology Research (CMR) directors; Dr. Willie Sang and Prof. Sam Kariuki respectively. To all my other colleagues in CMR-headquarters unit Tabitha, Joyce, Bridget, Agnes, Mike and the entire fraternity of CMR, KEMRI. More specifically thank Zilla Wakio for assisting in organizing the questionnaire data and Collins Okoyo for helping in data analysis. I sincerely acknowledge the cooperation of KEMRI colleagues at ESACIPAC Henry Kanyi, Bernard Chieng and Sylvie Araka for making it easier for me to access the molecular biology laboratory. I wish to say thank you to CESSARi consortium members including Dr. Marion Wassermann, Dr. Francis Addy, and Dr. Dennis Ebi for the time they afforded me and guidance in many aspects of this study. I sincerely thank Prof. Rebecca Traub for her guidance and providing positive control for canine hookworm study. I appreciate the guidance and support I received from Prof. Samuel Githigia and Mr. Richard Otieno during laboratory analysis at the department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Pathology, University of Nairobi. I also wish to acknowledge Timothy Mutuma and all other undergraduate students attached at the CMR – KEMRI, parasitology laboratory, who offered technical support. I am greatly indebted to the people of Turkana, Meru, Isiolo and Maasai Mara where this study was carried and for
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Functional Parasitic Worm Secretome: Mapping the Place of Onchocerca Volvulus Excretory Secretory Products
    pathogens Review The Functional Parasitic Worm Secretome: Mapping the Place of Onchocerca volvulus Excretory Secretory Products Luc Vanhamme 1,*, Jacob Souopgui 1 , Stephen Ghogomu 2 and Ferdinand Ngale Njume 1,2 1 Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; [email protected] (J.S.); [email protected] (F.N.N.) 2 Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, Buea P.O Box 63, Cameroon; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 October 2020; Accepted: 18 November 2020; Published: 23 November 2020 Abstract: Nematodes constitute a very successful phylum, especially in terms of parasitism. Inside their mammalian hosts, parasitic nematodes mainly dwell in the digestive tract (geohelminths) or in the vascular system (filariae). One of their main characteristics is their long sojourn inside the body where they are accessible to the immune system. Several strategies are used by parasites in order to counteract the immune attacks. One of them is the expression of molecules interfering with the function of the immune system. Excretory-secretory products (ESPs) pertain to this category. This is, however, not their only biological function, as they seem also involved in other mechanisms such as pathogenicity or parasitic cycle (molting, for example). Wewill mainly focus on filariae ESPs with an emphasis on data available regarding Onchocerca volvulus, but we will also refer to a few relevant/illustrative examples related to other worm categories when necessary (geohelminth nematodes, trematodes or cestodes).
    [Show full text]
  • Specific Status of Echinococcus Canadensis (Cestoda: Taeniidae) Inferred from Nuclear and Mitochondrial Gene Sequences
    Accepted Manuscript Specific status of Echinococcus canadensis (Cestoda: Taeniidae) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences Tetsuya Yanagida, Antti Lavikainen, Eric P. Hoberg, Sergey Konyaev, Akira Ito, Marcello Otake Sato, Vladimir A. Zaikov, Kimberlee Beckmen, Minoru Nakao PII: S0020-7519(17)30212-6 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.07.001 Reference: PARA 3980 To appear in: International Journal for Parasitology Received Date: 20 January 2017 Revised Date: 27 June 2017 Accepted Date: 3 July 2017 Please cite this article as: Yanagida, T., Lavikainen, A., Hoberg, E.P., Konyaev, S., Ito, A., Otake Sato, M., Zaikov, V.A., Beckmen, K., Nakao, M., Specific status of Echinococcus canadensis (Cestoda: Taeniidae) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences, International Journal for Parasitology (2017), doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.07.001 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Specific status of Echinococcus canadensis (Cestoda: Taeniidae) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences Tetsuya Yanagidaa,*, Antti Lavikainenb, Eric P. Hobergc, Sergey Konyaevd, Akira
    [Show full text]
  • BIO 475 - Parasitology Spring 2009 Stephen M
    BIO 475 - Parasitology Spring 2009 Stephen M. Shuster Northern Arizona University http://www4.nau.edu/isopod Lecture 12 Platyhelminth Systematics-New Euplatyhelminthes Superclass Acoelomorpha a. Simple pharynx, no gut. b. Usually free-living in marine sands. 3. Also parasitic/commensal on echinoderms. 1 Euplatyhelminthes 2. Superclass Rhabditophora - with rhabdites Euplatyhelminthes 2. Superclass Rhabditophora - with rhabdites a. Class Rhabdocoela 1. Rod shaped gut (hence the name) 2. Often endosymbiotic with Crustacea or other invertebrates. Euplatyhelminthes 3. Example: Syndesmis a. Lives in gut of sea urchins, entirely on protozoa. 2 Euplatyhelminthes Class Temnocephalida a. Temnocephala 1. Ectoparasitic on crayfish 5. Class Tricladida a. like planarians b. Bdelloura 1. live in gills of Limulus Class Temnocephalida 4. Life cycles are poorly known. a. Seem to have slightly increased reproductive capacity. b. Retain many morphological characters that permit free-living existence. Euplatyhelminth Systematics 3 Parasitic Platyhelminthes Old Scheme Characters: 1. Tegumental cell extensions 2. Prohaptor 3. Opisthaptor Superclass Neodermata a. Loss of characters associated with free-living existence. 1. Ciliated larval epidermis, adult epidermis is syncitial. Superclass Neodermata b. Major Classes - will consider each in detail: 1. Class Trematoda a. Subclass Aspidobothrea b. Subclass Digenea 2. Class Monogenea 3. Class Cestoidea 4 Euplatyhelminth Systematics Euplatyhelminth Systematics Class Cestoidea Two Subclasses: a. Subclass Cestodaria 1. Order Gyrocotylidea 2. Order Amphilinidea b. Subclass Eucestoda 5 Euplatyhelminth Systematics Parasitic Flatworms a. Relative abundance related to variety of parasitic habitats. b. Evidence that such characters lead to great speciation c. isolated populations, unique selective environments. Parasitic Flatworms d. Also, very good organisms for examination of: 1. Complex life cycles; selection favoring them 2.
    [Show full text]
  • WHO/OIE Manual on Echinococcosis in Humans and Animals: a Public Health Problem of Global Concern
    World Health Organization World Organisation for Animal Health WHO/OIE Manual on Echinococcosis in Humans and Animals: a Public Health Problem of Global Concern Edited by J. Eckert, M.A. Gemmell, F.-X. Meslin and Z.S. Pawłowski • Aetiology • Geographic distribution • Echinococcosis in humans • Surveillance • Echinococcosis in animals • Epidemiology • Diagnosis • Control • Treatment • Prevention • Ethical aspects • Methods Cover image: Echinococcus granulosus Courtesy of the Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich © World Organisation for Animal Health (Office International des Epizooties) and World Health Organization, 2001 Reprinted: January 2002 World Organisation for Animal Health 12, rue de Prony, 75017 Paris, France http://www.oie.int ISBN 92-9044-522-X All rights are reserved by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and World Health Organization (WHO). This document is not a formal publication of the WHO. The document may, however, be freely reviewed, abstracted, reproduced and translated, in part or in whole, provided reference is made to the source and a cutting of reprinted material is sent to the OIE, but cannot be sold or used for commercial purposes. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this work, including tables, maps and figures, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the OIE and WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries. The views expressed in documents by named authors are solely the responsibility of those authors. The mention of specific companies or specific products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the OIE or WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.
    [Show full text]
  • Strongyloides Myopotami (Secernentea: Strongyloididae) from the Intestine of Feral Nutrias (Myocastor Coypus) in Korea
    ISSN (Print) 0023-4001 ISSN (Online) 1738-0006 Korean J Parasitol Vol. 52, No. 5: 531-535, October 2014 ▣ CASE REPORT http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.531 Strongyloides myopotami (Secernentea: Strongyloididae) from the Intestine of Feral Nutrias (Myocastor coypus) in Korea Seongjun Choe, Dongmin Lee, Hansol Park, Mihyeon Oh, Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Keeseon S. Eom* Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute and Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 361-763, Korea Abstract: Surveys on helminthic fauna of the nutria, Myocastor coypus, have seldom been performed in the Republic of Korea. In the present study, we describe Strongyloides myopotami (Secernentea: Strongyloididae) recovered from the small intestine of feral nutrias. Total 10 adult nutrias were captured in a wetland area in Gimhae-si (City), Gyeongsangnam- do (Province) in April 2013. They were transported to our laboratory, euthanized with ether, and necropsied. About 1,300 nematode specimens were recovered from 10 nutrias, and some of them were morphologically observed by light and scanning electron microscopies. They were 3.7-4.7 (4.0± 0.36) mm in length, 0.03-0.04 (0.033) mm in width. The worm dimension and other morphological characters, including prominent lips of the vulva, blunted conical tail, straight type of the ovary, and 8-chambered stoma, were all consistent with S. myopotami. This nematode fauna is reported for the first time in Korea. Key words: Strongyloides myopotami, nutria, Myocastor coypus The nutria (Myocastor coypus) or coypu rat is a large rodent notic diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, and parasites [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Eucestoda: Tetraphyllidea
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of 6-1988 Rhinebothrium devaneyi n. sp. (Eucestoda: Tetraphyllidea) and Echinocephalus overstreeti Deardorff and Ko, 1983 (Nematoda: Gnathostomatidae) in a Thorny Back Ray, Urogymnus asperrimus, from Enewetak Atoll, with Phylogenetic Analysis of Both Species Groups Daniel R. Brooks University of Toronto, [email protected] Thomas L. Deardorff United States Food and Drug Administration Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs Part of the Parasitology Commons Brooks, Daniel R. and Deardorff, Thomas L., "Rhinebothrium devaneyi n. sp. (Eucestoda: Tetraphyllidea) and Echinocephalus overstreeti Deardorff and Ko, 1983 (Nematoda: Gnathostomatidae) in a Thorny Back Ray, Urogymnus asperrimus, from Enewetak Atoll, with Phylogenetic Analysis of Both Species Groups" (1988). Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. 240. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs/240 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. J. Parasit., 74(3), 1988, pp. 459-465 ? American Society
    [Show full text]
  • Applied Zoology
    Animal Diversity- I (Non-Chordates) Phylum Platyhelminthes Ranjana Saxena Associate Professor, Department of Zoology, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi Delhi – 110 007 e-mail: [email protected] Contents: PLATYHELMINTHES DUGESIA (EUPLANARIA) Fasciola hepatica SCHISTOSOMA OR SPLIT BODY Schistosoma japonicum Diphyllobothrium latum Echinococcus granulosus EVOLUTION OF PARASITISM IN HELMINTHES PARASITIC ADAPTATION IN HELMINTHES CLASSIFICATION Class Turbellaria Class Monogenea Class Trematoda Class Cestoda PLATYHELMINTHES IN GREEK:PLATYS means FLAT; HELMINTHES means WORM The term platyhelminthes was first proposed by Gaugenbaur in 1859 and include all flatworms. They are soft bodied, unsegmented, dorsoventrally flattened worms having a bilateral symmetry, with organ grade of organization. Flatworms are acoelomate and triploblastic. The majority of these are parasitic. The free living forms are generally aquatic, either marine or fresh water. Digestive system is either absent or incomplete with a single opening- the mouth, anus is absent. Circulatory, respiratory and skeletal system are absent. Excretion and osmoregulation is brought about by protonephridia or flame cells. Ammonia is the chief excretory waste product. Nervous system is of the primitive type having a pair of cerebral ganglia and longitudinal nerves connected by transverse commissures. Sense organs are poorly developed, present only in the free living forms. Basically hermaphrodite with a complex reproductive system. Development is either direct or indirect with one or more larval stages. Flatworms have a remarkable power of regeneration. The phylum includes about 13,000 species. Here Dugesia and Fasciola hepatica will be described as the type study to understand the phylum. Some of the medically important parasitic helminthes will also be discussed. Evolution of parasitism and parasitic adaptations is of utmost importance for the endoparasitic platyhelminthes and will also be discussed here.
    [Show full text]
  • Hookworm (Ancylostomiasis)
    Hookworm (ancylostomiasis) Hookworm (ancylostomiasis) rev Jan 2018 BASIC EPIDEMIOLOGY Infectious Agent Hookworm is a soil transmitted helminth. Human infections are caused by the nematode parasites Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale. Transmission Transmission primarily occurs via direct contact with fecal contaminated soil. Soil becomes contaminated with eggs shed in the feces of an individual infected with hookworm. The eggs must incubate in the soil for several days before they become infectious and are able to be transmitted to another person. Oral transmission can sometimes occur from consuming improperly washed food grown or exposed to fecal contaminated soil. Transmission can also occur (rarely) between a mother and her fetus/infant via infected placental or mammary tissue. Incubation Period Eggs must incubate in the soil for 5-10 days before they mature into infectious filariform larvae that can penetrate the skin. Within the first 10 days following penetration of the skin filariform larvae will migrate to the lungs and occasionally cause respiratory symptoms. Three to five weeks after skin penetration the larvae will migrate to the intestinal tract where they will mature into an adult worm. Adult worms may live in the intestine for 1-5 years depending on the species. Communicability Human to human transmission of hookworm does NOT occur because part of the worm’s life cycle must be completed in soil before becoming infectious. However, vertical transmission of dormant filariform larvae can occur between a mother and neonate via contaminated breast milk. These dormant filariform larvae can remain within in a host for months to years. Soil contamination is perpetuated by fecal contamination from infected individuals who can shed eggs in feces for several years after infection.
    [Show full text]
  • Angiostrongylus Cantonensis in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
    Letter Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2009;67(4):1093-1096 AlicAtA DiSEASE Neuroinfestation by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil Ana Rosa Melo Correa Lima1, Solange Dornelas Mesquita2, Silvana Sobreira Santos1, Eduardo Raniere Pessoa de Aquino1, Luana da Rocha Samico Rosa3, Fábio Souza Duarte3, Alessandra Oliveira Teixeira1, Zenize Rocha da Silva Costa4, Maria Lúcia Brito Ferreira5 Angiostrongylus cantonensis, is a nematode in the panying the patient reported that she had presented a rash as- Secernentea class, Strongylidae order, Metastrongylidæ sociated with joint pain, followed by progressive difficulty in superfamily and Angiostrongylidæ family1, and is the walking for 30 days, which was associated with sleepiness over most common cause of human eosinophilic meningi- the last 15 days. tis worldwide. This parasite has rats and other mammals In the patient’s past history, there were references to mental as definitive hosts and snails, freshwater shrimp, fish, retardation and lack of ability to understanding simple orders. frogs and monitor lizards as intermediate hosts1. Mam- She presented independent gait and had frequently run away mals are infected by ingestion of intermediate hosts from home into the surrounding area. There was mention of in- and raw/undercooked snails or vegetables, contain- voluntary movements, predominantly of the upper limbs, which ing third-stage larvae2. Once infested, the larvae pen- intensified after the change of health status that motivated the etrate the vasculature of the intestinal tract and pro- current search for medical assistance. In November 2007, the pa- mote an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia and tient presented with generalized tonic-clonic seizures and was lymphocytosis. This produces rupture of the blood- medicated with carbamazepine, 200 mg/twice a day.
    [Show full text]
  • Worms, Nematoda
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of 2001 Worms, Nematoda Scott Lyell Gardner University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs Part of the Parasitology Commons Gardner, Scott Lyell, "Worms, Nematoda" (2001). Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. 78. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs/78 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Volume 5 (2001): 843-862. Copyright 2001, Academic Press. Used by permission. Worms, Nematoda Scott L. Gardner University of Nebraska, Lincoln I. What Is a Nematode? Diversity in Morphology pods (see epidermis), and various other inverte- II. The Ubiquitous Nature of Nematodes brates. III. Diversity of Habitats and Distribution stichosome A longitudinal series of cells (sticho- IV. How Do Nematodes Affect the Biosphere? cytes) that form the anterior esophageal glands Tri- V. How Many Species of Nemata? churis. VI. Molecular Diversity in the Nemata VII. Relationships to Other Animal Groups stoma The buccal cavity, just posterior to the oval VIII. Future Knowledge of Nematodes opening or mouth; usually includes the anterior end of the esophagus (pharynx). GLOSSARY pseudocoelom A body cavity not lined with a me- anhydrobiosis A state of dormancy in various in- sodermal epithelium.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 5: Emerging Parasitic Helminths Part 2: Tissue Nematodes
    Readings-Nematodes • Ch. 11 (pp. 290, 291-93, 295 [box 11.1], 304 [box 11.2]) • Lecture 5: Emerging Parasitic Ch.14 (p. 375, 367 [table 14.1]) Helminths part 2: Tissue Nematodes Matt Tucker, M.S., MSPH [email protected] HSC4933 Emerging Infectious Diseases HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2 Monsters Inside Me Learning Objectives • Toxocariasis, larva migrans (Toxocara canis, dog hookworm): • Understand how visceral larval migrans, cutaneous larval migrans, and ocular larval migrans can occur Background: • Know basic attributes of tissue nematodes and be able to distinguish http://animal.discovery.com/invertebrates/monsters-inside- these nematodes from each other and also from other types of me/toxocariasis-toxocara-roundworm/ nematodes • Understand life cycles of tissue nematodes, noting similarities and Videos: http://animal.discovery.com/videos/monsters-inside- significant difference me-toxocariasis.html • Know infective stages, various hosts involved in a particular cycle • Be familiar with diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, pathogenicity, http://animal.discovery.com/videos/monsters-inside-me- &treatment toxocara-parasite.html • Identify locations in world where certain parasites exist • Note drugs (always available) that are used to treat parasites • Describe factors of tissue nematodes that can make them emerging infectious diseases • Be familiar with Dracunculiasis and status of eradication HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 3 HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 4 Lecture 5: On the Menu Problems with other hookworms • Cutaneous larva migrans or Visceral Tissue Nematodes larva migrans • Hookworms of other animals • Cutaneous Larva Migrans frequently fail to penetrate the human dermis (and beyond). • Visceral Larva Migrans – Ancylostoma braziliense (most common- in Gulf Coast and tropics), • Gnathostoma spp. Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma “creeping eruption” ceylanicum, • Trichinella spiralis • They migrate through the epidermis leaving typical tracks • Dracunculus medinensis • Eosinophilic enteritis-emerging problem in Australia HSC4933.
    [Show full text]
  • Fibre Couplings in the Placenta of Sperm Whales, Grows to A
    news and views Most (but not all) nematodes are small Daedalus and nondescript. For example, Placento- T STUDIOS nema gigantissima, which lives as a parasite Fibre couplings in the placenta of sperm whales, grows to a CS./HOL length of 8 m, with a diameter of 2.5 cm. The The nail, says Daedalus, is a brilliant and free-living, marine Draconema has elongate versatile fastener, but with a fundamental O ASSO T adhesive organs on the head and along the contradiction. While being hammered in, HO tail, and moves like a caterpillar. But the gen- it is a strut, loaded in compression. It must BIOP eral uniformity of most nematode species be thick enough to resist buckling. Yet has hampered the establishment of a classifi- once in place it is a tie, loaded in tension, 8 cation that includes both free-living and par- and should be thin and flexible to bear its asitic species. Two classes have been recog- load efficiently. He is now resolving this nized (the Secernentea and Adenophorea), contradiction. based on the presence or absence of a caudal An ideal nail, he says, should be driven sense organ, respectively. But Blaxter et al.1 Figure 2 The bad — eelworm (root knot in by a force applied, not to its head, but to have concluded from the DNA sequences nematode), which forms characteristic nodules its point. Its shaft would then be drawn in that the Secernentea is a natural group within on the roots of sugar beet and rice. under tension; it could not buckle, and the Adenophorea.
    [Show full text]