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Electronic Book on Electronic Paper 2008. INFORMACJA DLA NAUKI A Ś WIAT ZASOBÓW CYFROWYCH Arkadiusz Pulikowski Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach Instytut Bibliotekoznawstwa i Informacji Naukowej [email protected] Elektroniczna ksi ąż ka na elektronicznym papierze. Czy to ju ż zmierzch ery druku? Electronic book on electronic paper. Is it the twilight of the print era? Abstrakt W artykule przedstawiono wyniki bada ń przeprowadzonych na jednym z dost ępnych od niedawna w Polsce czytników dokumentów elektronicznych. E-czytniki wykorzystuj ą do wy świetlania informacji papier elektroniczny (e-papier). Nie emituje on światła, dzi ęki czemu nie m ęczy wzroku, jak to czyni ą wy świetlacze monitorów komputerowych, laptopów, palmtopów itp. Niewielkie rozmiary i waga czytników w poł ączeniu z zaletami e-papieru sprawiaj ą, że staj ą si ę one realnym zagro żeniem dla druku. Na ile realne jest to zagro żenie pokazuj ą wyniki bada ń, przeprowadzone na grupie ochotników, której głównym zadaniem było porównanie komfortu czytania dokumentu drukowanego i wy świetlanego na e-papierze. Słowa kluczowe elektroniczny papier; e-papier; e-ink; e-czytnik; badanie u żytkowników Abstract The paper discusses ebook readers that utilize e-paper technology to display information. E-paper doesn't emit light, therefore it doesn't strain eyes, which is characteristic of personal computers, laptops, palmtops etc. Small size and weight of ebook readers in connection with merits of e-paper makes the device a real threat for print. To what extent the threat is real show the research results presented in this paper. The research was conducted on a group of volunteers, whose main task was to compare the comfort of reading of an e-paper and printed document. Keywords electronic paper; e-paper; e-ink; e-book reader; e-reader; user study 1. Wprowadzenie Papier elektroniczny (e-papier) to rodzaj wy świetlacza imituj ący tradycyjny papier. Od powszechnie dost ępnych wy świetlaczy u żywanych w monitorach, telefonach komórkowych i innych urz ądzeniach odró żnia go przede wszystkim brak pod świetlenia. E-papier świeci światłem odbitym podobnie jak zwykły papier. Charakterystyczne dla e-papieru jest równie ż to, że do wy świetlenia tekstu nie wymaga energii. Pobór pr ądu nast ępuje jedynie w momencie zmiany strony, czemu towarzyszy charakterystyczne odświe żenie ekranu, okre ślane cz ęsto jako błysk. Elektroniczna ksi ąż ka na elektronicznym papierze. Czy to ju ż zmierzch... 153 Elektroniczny papier został wynaleziony przez Nicholasa Sheridona w 975 roku, wówczas pracownika firmy Xerox. Jest on równie ż autorem samego poj ęcia „e-papier” 1. Wynalazek Sheridona musiał czeka ć na zastosowanie praktyczne prawie 30 lat. Dopiero w kwietniu 2004 roku powstało pierwsze komercyjne urz ądzenie wykorzystuj ące elektroniczny papier – LIBRIe. Zostało one udost ępnione na rynku japo ńskim przez firm ę Sony. Elektroniczny papier jest wykorzystywany nie tylko do wyświetlania dokumentów elektronicznych. Stosuje si ę go na przykład w wy świetlaczach telefonów komórkowych, wy świetlaczach zegarków, a nawet w tablicach ogłoszeniowych. Niewielki pobór energii b ędzie z pewno ści ą zach ętą dla producentów innych typów urz ądze ń, co przyczyni si ę do ekspansji e- papieru w zupełnie nowe obszary zastosowa ń. E-czytniki (e-readers, e-book readers) to urz ądzenia słu żą ce do wy świetlania dokumentów elektronicznych. Były dost ępne na długo przed wprowadzeniem e-papieru do masowej produkcji (2004), ale wykorzystywały wy świetlacze emituj ące światło i m ęcz ące wzrok. Najnowsze e-czytniki do wy świetlania tekstu wykorzystuj ą e-papier, głównie w technologii E Ink opracowanej przez E Ink Corporation. Najnowsza odmiana E Inku to Vizplex. Charakteryzuje si ę tłem ja śniejszym o 20% i dwa razy szybszym czasem od świe żania w porównaniu do poprzednika 2. Przełomowym momentem na drodze do upowszechniania e-czytników było z pewno ści ą wprowadzenie do sprzeda ży, w listopadzie 2007 roku przez najwi ększ ą na świecie ksi ęgarni ę internetow ą Amazon, urz ądzenia o nazwie Kindle. Magazyn Time podał w lipcu 2008 roku interesuj ące informacje na temat tego czytnika 3. A ż 12 procent ksi ąż ek sprzedawanych w czerwcu 2008 roku przez ksi ęgarni ę Amazon było przeznaczonych dla Kindle’a. Odsetek ten dotyczy ksi ąż ek dost ępnych zarówno w wersji elektronicznej, jak i drukowanej. Amazon ma w ofercie 130 tysi ęcy takich pozycji. Według szacunków Marka Mahaneya, analityka Citigroup, Amazon sprzeda w 2008 roku 380 tysi ęcy e-czytników Kindle wobec wcze śniej planowanych 190 000. Oznaczałoby to osi ągni ęcie tempa sprzeda ży na poziomie iPhone’a w pierwszym roku sprzeda ży4. E-papier wy świetla na razie obraz w odcieniach szaro ści, ale s ą ju ż opracowane kolorowe protytypy oraz jeden kolorowy e-czytnik dost ępny w sprzeda ży - FLEPia firmy Fujitsu 5. Wszystkie czytniki elektroniczne posiadaj ą wbudowan ą pami ęć (64-512MB) oraz gniazda kart pami ęci (SD, MMC, Memory Stick), pozwalaj ące rozszerzy ć dost ępn ą pojemno ść . E- 1 Chrostowski, J. Ksi ąż ki na przemiał? W: Wiedza i Życie . 2008, nr 8, s. 61. 2 Ibidem. 3 Quittner, J. Amazon Kindle Sales on the Rise? [online].2008-07-09 [dost ęp 3 wrze śnia 2008]. Dost ępny w Internecie: <http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1821451,00.html>. 4 Lee, E. Amazon Relies on Customers to Pimp the Kindle [online].2008-08-26 [dost ęp 3 wrze śnia 2008]. Dost ępny w Internecie: <http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2008/08/ portfolio_0826>. 5 Chrostowski, J. Ksi ąż ki ..., op.cit., s. 63. 154 Arkadiusz Pulikowski czytniki obsługuj ą wiele ró żnych formatów plików tekstowych, graficznych, a nawet d źwi ękowych. Z komputerem ł ącz ą si ę przez port USB. Wy świetlacze maj ą przek ątn ą od 5” do 9,7” (A4). W Polsce s ą obecnie dost ępne: – Sony Reader PRS 505 przez Allegro w cenie 840-880 zł z USA; – Hanlin eReader na Allegro i na www.ebookreader.pl w cenie 1090 zł; – Cybook Gen3 na www.e-czytnik.pl za 1329 zł – wykorzystany w badaniu; – iRex iLiad na www.e-czytnik.pl za 2634 zł. Parametry wymienionych modeli oraz promowanego przez ksi ęgarni ę Amazon Kindle’a zostały zestawione w tabeli 1. Oprócz tych urz ądze ń, na świecie s ą dost ępne jeszcze: STAReBOOK, Astak Mentor, GeR2, BeBook. Tabela 1. Parametry wybranych e-czytników Bookeen Sony Reader HanLin Amazon iRex ILiad Cybook Gen 3 PRS-505 eBook Kindle Rodzaj wy świetlacza E Ink Vizplex E Ink Vizplex E Ink Vizplex E Ink Vizplex E Ink Długo ść [mm] 188 175 184 190 216 Szeroko ść [mm] 118 122 120 134 155 Grubo ść [mm] 8,5 8 10 18 16 Waga [g] 174 250 200 289 388 90x120mm 90x120mm 90x120mm 90x120mm 122x163mm Rozmiar wy świetlacza 6” 6” 6” 6” 8,1” 800x600 800x600 800x600 800x600 1024x768 Rozdzielczo ść wy świetl. 166,7 dpi 166,7 dpi 166,7 dpi 166,7 dpi 158 Liczba odcieni szaro ści 4 8 4 4 16 Żywotno ść baterii 8000 7500 9000 bd. bd. [liczba wy świetl. stron] Źródło: E-book Reader Matrix [online] [dost ęp 3 wrze śnia 2008]. Dost ępny w Internecie: <http://wiki.mobileread.com/wiki/E-book_Reader_Matrix>. 2. Cel badania Producenci i dystrybutorzy e-czytników zapewniaj ą potencjalnych klientów, że wykorzystywany przez nich e-papier odtwarza w du żym stopniu wła ściwo ści tradycyjnego papieru. Przeprowadzone badanie miało na celu sprawdzenie, na ile wiarygodne s ą te zapewnienia i czy rzeczywi ście zbli ża si ę koniec ery druku. 3. Metodologia badania W badaniu wzi ęło udział 50 osób, pracuj ących na co dzie ń z komputerem i maj ących, przynajmniej potencjalnie, cz ęsty kontakt z ksi ąż ką. Respondentów mo żna podzieli ć na trzy grupy: Elektroniczna ksi ąż ka na elektronicznym papierze. Czy to ju ż zmierzch... 155 – 20 bibliotekarzy z Biblioteki Uniwersytetu Śląskiego (U Ś); – 15 pracowników Instytutu Bibliotekoznawstwa i Informacji Naukowej UŚ; – 15 studentów tego samego Instytutu. Wymienione grupy nie były przedmiotem analizy porównawczej z uwagi na mały zwi ązek takiego porównania z głównym celem badania. Ka żda osoba bior ąca udział w badaniu była na pocz ątku zapoznawana z jego celem, kolejnymi etapami, a tak że miała mo żliwo ść zewn ętrznego obejrzenia e-czytnika. Nast ępnie respondenci byli proszeni o wypełnienie pierwszej cz ęś ci ankiety 6, zawieraj ącej 5 pyta ń wprowadzaj ących. Ostatnie z nich, dotycz ące ogólnego nastawienia do e-czytnika przed badaniem, było powodem rozbicia ankiety na dwie cz ęś ci. Zasadnicze badanie polegało na przeczytaniu fragmentu tekstu z książ ki drukowanej, po czym respondenci kontynuowali lektur ę w e-czytniku. Za materiał badawczy posłu żyła ksi ąż ka autorstwa Wojciecha Jagielskiego pt. Dobre miejsce do umierania 7. To bardzo dobry reporta ż z targanego do wieków konfliktami terenu Zakaukazia. Istotnym argumentem przemawiaj ącym za wykorzystaniem tej wła śnie ksi ąż ki, oprócz interesuj ącej tre ści, była jej dost ępno ść w wersji elektronicznej. Z internetowego serwisu NEXTO 8 została pobrana wersja demo elektronicznej ksi ąż ki, zawieraj ąca pierwszych 16 stron. Respondenci mieli do przeczytania nieco ponad dwie strony tekstu z ksi ąż ki drukowanej, w tym wst ęp napisany przez Ryszarda Kapu ści ńskiego. Przed rozpocz ęciem czytania w e-czytniku, ankietowani mogli, w razie potrzeby, dostosowa ć rozmiar czcionki do indywidualnych preferencji. Do przeczytania na e-papierze był ci ąg dalszy tekstu czytanego wcze śniej w wersji drukowanej, stanowi ący odpowiednik trzech stron ksi ąż ki. W zale żno ści od wybranego rozmiaru czcionki liczba zmian elektronicznych stron wynosiła od 5 do 10. Ostatnim etapem badania było wypełnienie drugiej cz ęś ci ankiety, zawieraj ącej 10 pyta ń. W śród nich znalazły si ę najwa żniejsze, ze wzgl ędu na cel badania, pytania dotycz ące porównania czytelno ści i poziomu zm ęczenia wzroku dla papieru tradycyjnego i elektronicznego.
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