DOCSLIB.ORG

Principles of Reproductive Biology and Development CONTENTS

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Principles of Reproductive Biology and Development CONTENTS chapter 3 Principles of Reproductive Biology and Development CONTENTS Page Introduction . 43 Measurement of Reproductive Function: Relation to Workplace Hazards . 44 Normal Reproductive Biology and Development . 44 Hormonal Control Mechanisms . 44 Male Reproductive Function . 46 Female Reproductive Function . 48 Embryogenesis and Fetal Growth . 49 The Pregnant Woman . 49 Coping with Pregnancy Loss. 52 Lactation . 53 Sexual Development: Puberty . 53 Abnormal Development . 54 Historical Perspective. ., . 54 Terminology . 55 Mutagens . 56 Impaired Embryogenesis and Fetal Growth . 56 Mechanisms of Action of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicants . 57 Reproductive Dysfunction in the Population as a while . 59 Summary and Conclusions . 61 Chapter 3 References . 62 List of Tables Table No. Page 3-1.Measures of Reproductive Function Readily Obtainable Prior to Fertilization. 4S 3-2. Measures of Reproductive Function Readily Obtainable After Fertilization . 45 3-3. Stages of Embryonic and Fetal Development . 51 3-4. Principles of Teratogenesis and Timing of Embryonic and Fetal Toxicity . 57 List of Figures Figure Ale. Page 3-1.The Male Reproductive System . 47 3-2. Relation Between Oocyte Number and Age in Women.... 48 3-3,The Female Reproductive System . so 3-4.Relation Between Age, Oocyte Number, and Menopause . 51 3-5. Embryogenesis and Fetal Growth: Three Trimesters of Gestation . ., .. ...,., . 52 3-6. The Percentage of Normal Women Who Conceive per Menstrual Cycle and the Outcome of the Pregnancies. , . S3 3-7. Percentage of Surviving and Lost Human Embryos and Fetuses at Different Stages of Pregnancy. 54 3-8.Mechanisms of Action of Reproductive Toxins . 58 Chapter 3 Principles of Reproductive Biology and Development INTRODUCTION Normal reproductive function comes about only The significance of some aspects of reproduc- as a consequence of interactions among multiple tive function not overtly related to fertility is often physiological systems. In the narrowest sense, re- underestimated; because they are held to be production is the union of sperm and ovum to strictly private matters, many of these subjects form a new biological entity. Yet the union of ga- tend to go undiscussed. In fact, an individual’s re- metes is merely a signal event in the continuum productive function and, should it occur, repro- of physiological processes comprising normal re- ductive dysfunction, can be of extraordinary per- productive function, Prior to fertilization, for ex- sonal importance. Impotence, menstrual pain, and ample, the maturation of sperm and egg depends loss of libido exemplify instances of reproductive on the coordinated secretion of multiple hor- dysfunction that can have substantial impact on mones. At coitus, synchronized neural reflexes individual well-being and human relationships. and appropriate reproductive behaviors are re- Concern about reproductive processes is not quired to bring gametes together. After concep- limited to the brief periods in an individual’s life- tion, embryonic growth depends on the integrity time during which reproduction may actually oc- of the zygote and a remodeling of the maternal cur. Reproductive function is an integral part of circulatory system. The later growth and devel- everyday human health and well-being. Before, opment of the offspring are a function of both during, and after the childbearing years, repro- prenatal and postnatal nutrition. ductive hormones may act, for example, on such For purposes of this report, reproductive variables as resistance to heart disease and can- function is used in the broadest sense possible. cer, immune function, complexion, bone mineral It encompasses: content, and feeling and mood. Threats to repro- ductive function can take place at nearly any point ● the functional and structural integrity of the during an individual’s lifespan. In fact, the most sperm and ova; insidious hazards to reproductive function may ● differentiation and development of the inter- be those whose immediate effects are apparently nal and external reproductive organs and en- benign, but whose ill effects surface at a later docrine glands; date. ● activation of the adult reproductive system at puberty; Viewed from this perspective, the bounds of ● senescence of the adult reproductive system typical reproductive function and the task of (e.g., menopause); defining atypical reproductive function seem im- ● behaviors associated with or subserving re- possibly broad in scope. Yet, by using an array production (e.g., libido); of well-defined endpoints, it is possible to assess ● maternal and paternal prenatal events; human reproductive function in both a qualita- ● embryonic and fetal events (e.g., organo- tive and a quantitative manner. genesis); ● maternal postnatal events (e.g., lactation); and ● child health and development. 43 44 . Reproductive Health Hazards in the Workplace MEASUREMENT OF REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION: RELATION TO WORKPLACE HAZARDS For the couple desiring to reproduce, it may be Table 3-1 lists measures by which reproductive argued that the only meaningful index of repro- function may be assessed in adult men and wom- ductive function is the ability to produce a healthy en. The measures listed are limited to those that baby when they wish to do so. At any given time, are readily observable in a relatively noninvasive the couple either can, or cannot, procreate. But, fashion. In order to have broad applicability in for the purposes of this report, this final common a workplace or outpatient setting, such measures denominator of successful procreation must be are obtainable by one or more of the following dissected into numerous constituent factors in or- means: der to: 1) examine the nature of reproductive ● a detailed patient history, function and dysfunction, and 2) relate reproduc- ● a physical examination, tive dysfunction to a potential workplace hazard. ● blood samples, Multiple endpoints of reproductive function fur- ● semen samplesl or ther serve to define the reproductive status and . urine samples. physiological well-being of the majority of the pop- ulation who are, at any given time, not pro- Table 3-1 illustrates the disparity between the creating, ease with which male and female reproductive parameters can be assessed. That is, sperm are Endpoints used for measuring reproductive readily accessible, while eggs are not Table 3-2 function may be divided into two groups: 1) those lists measures by which reproductive function serving as indices of reproductive function inde- may be assessed in the adult woman and her off- pendent of fertilization, and 2) those serving as spring during pregnancy and after birth. Again, such indices after fertilization. There are close the measures listed are limited to those readily parallels between male and female reproductive obtainable in the relatively noninvasive fashion processes up to the point at which sperm and egg just described. A comprehensive discussion of the mature. Thereafter, most of the reproductive methods used to assess reproductive function, in- processes related to procreation occur in the fe- cluding more sophisticated methods than those male, as the fetal-placental-maternal system ex- listed in these tables, appears in chapter 5. hibits many stages without counterpart in the male. NORMAL REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT Hormonal Control Mechanisms a consequence, this vital reproductive hormone— a telling indicator of reproductive function—is In both men and women, the hypothalamus, an possible but difficult to detect in peripheral blood area at the base of the brain, serves as a funda- circulation. mental neural regulator of the body’s reproduc- tive function. It receives neural and hormonal in- LHRH acts on cells of the anterior pituitary put from the brain and endocrine glands and re- gland to promote secretion of two hormones, lu - sponds to these stimuli by secreting luteinizing teinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and other hormone (FSH). LH and FSH, known as gonado- hormones. The hypothalamus releases LHRH into tropin, direct hormone and gamete production tiny blood vessels which surround the pituitary by the testes and ovaries. As the gonads release gland, With a target so nearby, LHRH is released hormones in response to stimulation by LH and in minute amounts and breaks down quickly. As FSH, these gonadal hormones act at the hypothal- Ch. 3—Principles of Reproductive Biology and Development ● 45 Table 3-1.—Measures of Reproductive Function Readily Obtainable Prior to Fertilization Affected individual Endpoint Male (Both) Female Sexual function: Erection Libido Ejaculation Behavior Endocrine system: Luteinizing hormone Cervical mucus Follicle-stimulating quality hormone Steroid hormones (androgens, estrogens, and progestins) Germ cells: Sperm number Sperm motility Sperm shape (morphology) Chromosomal integrity Fertilizing ability Fecundity: Testicular integrity Integrity of external Ovarian integrity Semen quality genitalia Blockage of oviduct Menstrual regularity Amenorrhea Anovulatory cycles Secondary sexual Breast development characteristics: Facial and axillary hair growth Sebaceous glands Reproductive lifespan: Age at puberty Age at menopause SOURCE: Office of Technology Assessment. Table 3.2.—Measures of Reproductive Function Readily Obtainable After Fertilization Affected individual Endpoint Female (Both) Offspring Endocrine system: Human chorionic gonadotropin Steroid hormones, especially progesterone Health during pregnancy: Hemorrhage
Load more

Recommended publications
  • INTRODUCTION to REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH and the ENVIRONMENT (Draft for Review)
    TRAINING FOR THE HEALTH SECTOR [Date…Place…Event…Sponsor…Organizer] INTRODUCTION TO REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT (Draft for review) Training Module 1 Children's Environmental Health Public Health and the Environment World Health Organization www.who.int/ceh November 2011 1 <<NOTE TO USER: Please add details of the date, time, place and sponsorship of the meeting for which you are using this presentation in the space indicated.>> <<NOTE TO USER: This is a large set of slides from which the presenter should select the most relevant ones to use in a specific presentation. These slides cover many facets of the issue. Present only those slides that apply most directly to the local situation in the region or country.>> <<NOTE TO USER: This module presents several examples of risk factors that affect reproductive health. You can find more detailed information in other modules of the training package that deal with specific risk factors, such as lead, mercury, pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, endocrine disruptors, occupational exposures; or disease outcomes, such as developmental origins of disease, reproductive effects, neurodevelopmental effects, immune effects, respiratory effects, and others.>> <<NOTE TO USER: For more information on reproductive health, please visit the website of the Department of Reproductive Health and Research at WHO: www.who.int/reproductivehealth/en/>> 1 Reproductive Health and the Environment (Draft for review) LEARNING OBJECTIVES After this presentation individuals should be able to understand, recognize, and know: Basic components of reproductive health Basic hormone and endocrine functions Reproductive physiology Importance of environmental exposures on reproductive health endpoints 2 <<READ SLIDE.>> According to the formal definition by the World Health Organization (WHO), health is more than absence of illness.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductive Biology of the Stingray Hypanus Marianae , an Endemic
    ReproduCtive Biology of the stingray Hypanus marianae, an endemic species from Southwestern Tropical Atlantic Ocean Biologia Reprodutiva da raia Hypanus marianae, uma espécie endêmica do SudOeste do Oceano Atlântico Tropical Biología reproductiva de la raya Hypanus marianae, una especie endémica del suROeste del Océano Atlántico Tropical Ana Rita Onodera Palmeira Nunes1 Getulio Rincon1,2 Ricardo de Souza Rosa3 Jorge Luiz Silva Nunes1 Abstract The Brazilian Large-eyed stingray Hypanus marianae is the smallest species of the family Dasyatidae in Brazil. This study aims to provide data on the reproductive biology of this species captured in artisanal fisheries from Ceará State. A total of 299 individuals of H. marianae were recorded at monitoring landings and adult male to female sex ratio was significantly different (1:2.9), indicating a possible spatial segregation between males and females. The size range was from 13.0 to 36.2cm in disc width (DW). Females reached greater size and body mass (36.2cm DW and 1855g) than males (29.3cm DW and 915g). The reproductive system analyses were based on 81 preserved specimens. The DW50 parameter was estimated at 26.1cm DW for females, and 23.8cm DW for males. Only the left uterus is functional, and birth size was estimated at 13.0–14.0cm DW. Vitellogenesis occurred concurrently with a short gestation (shorter than 6 months) and uterine fecundity is only one embryo per reproductive cycle, which seems to be asynchronous. Keywords: maturity, fecundity, birth, embryos, Dasyatidae. Resumo A raia Mariquita Hypanus marianae é a menor espécie da família Dasyatidae no Brasil e este trabalho tem como objetivo reportar informações acerca da sua biologia reprodutiva a partir de capturas da pesca artesanal no estado do Ceará.
    [Show full text]
  • Female and Male Gametogenesis 3 Nina Desai , Jennifer Ludgin , Rakesh Sharma , Raj Kumar Anirudh , and Ashok Agarwal
    Female and Male Gametogenesis 3 Nina Desai , Jennifer Ludgin , Rakesh Sharma , Raj Kumar Anirudh , and Ashok Agarwal intimately part of the endocrine responsibility of the ovary. Introduction If there are no gametes, then hormone production is drastically curtailed. Depletion of oocytes implies depletion of the major Oogenesis is an area that has long been of interest in medicine, hormones of the ovary. In the male this is not the case. as well as biology, economics, sociology, and public policy. Androgen production will proceed normally without a single Almost four centuries ago, the English physician William spermatozoa in the testes. Harvey (1578–1657) wrote ex ovo omnia —“all that is alive This chapter presents basic aspects of human ovarian comes from the egg.” follicle growth, oogenesis, and some of the regulatory mech- During a women’s reproductive life span only 300–400 of anisms involved [ 1 ] , as well as some of the basic structural the nearly 1–2 million oocytes present in her ovaries at birth morphology of the testes and the process of development to are ovulated. The process of oogenesis begins with migra- obtain mature spermatozoa. tory primordial germ cells (PGCs). It results in the produc- tion of meiotically competent oocytes containing the correct genetic material, proteins, mRNA transcripts, and organ- Structure of the Ovary elles that are necessary to create a viable embryo. This is a tightly controlled process involving not only ovarian para- The ovary, which contains the germ cells, is the main repro- crine factors but also signaling from gonadotropins secreted ductive organ in the female.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Reproduction: Clinical, Pathologic and Pharmacologic Correlations
    HUMAN REPRODUCTION: CLINICAL, PATHOLOGIC AND PHARMACOLOGIC CORRELATIONS 2008 Course Co-Director Kirtly Parker Jones, M.D. Professor Vice Chair for Educational Affairs Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Course Co-Director C. Matthew Peterson, M.D. Professor and Chair Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1 Welcome to the course on Human Reproduction. This syllabus has been recently revised to incorporate the most recent information available and to insure success on national qualifying examinations. This course is designed to be used in conjunction with our website which has interactive materials, visual displays and practice tests to assist your endeavors to master the material. Group discussions are provided to allow in-depth coverage. We encourage you to attend these sessions. For those of you who are web learners, please visit our web site that has case studies, clinical/pathological correlations, and test questions. http://libarary.med.utah.edu/kw/human_reprod 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Lectures/Examination................................................................................................................................... 5 Schedule........................................................................................................................................................ 6 Faculty .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 Groups, Workshop.....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Reproductive Biology, Condition and Feeding Ecology of the Skipjack, Katsuwonus Pelamis, in the Western Indian Ocean
    The reproductive biology, condition and feeding ecology of the skipjack, Katsuwonus pelamis, in the Western Indian Ocean Maitane Grande Mendizabal PhD Thesis Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology 2013 The reproductive biology, condition and feeding ecology of the skipjack, Katsuwonus pelamis , in the Western Indian Ocean Tesi zuzendariak, Hilario Murua eta Nathalie Bodin Maitane Grande Mendizabal 2013ko Apirilaren 26ª TESIAREN ZUZENDARIAREN BAIMENA TESIA AURKEZTEKO Hilario Murua Aurizenea jaunak, 34108169-C I.F.Z. zenbakia duenak “The reproductive biology, condition and feeding ecology of the skipjack; Katsuwonus pelamis , in the Western Indian Ocean” izenburua duen doktorego-tesiaren zuzendari naizenak, tesia aurkezteko baimena ematen dut, defendatua izateko baldintzak betetzen dituelako. Maitane Grande Mendizabal doktoregai andreak egin du aipaturiko tesia, AZTI Tecnalia-ko Itsas-Ikerketa sailean. Pasaia, 2013(e)ko Apirilaren 23a TESIAREN ZUZENDARIA Iz.: Hilario Murua Aurizenea TESIAREN ZUZENDARIAREN BAIMENA TESIA AURKEZTEKO Nathalie Bodin andreak, pasaporte zenbakia: 07AX12437 eta 060537202886 I.F.Z . zenbakia duenak “The reproductive biology, condition and feeding ecology of the skipjack, Katsuwonus pelamis , in the Western Indian Ocean” izenburua duen doktorego-tesiaren zuzendari naizenak, tesia aurkezteko baimena ematen dut, defendatua izateko baldintzak betetzen dituelako. Maitane Grande Mendizabal doktoregai andreak egin du aipaturiko tesia, AZTI Tecnalia-ko Itsas Ikerketa sailean. Victoria, Seychelles, 2013(e)ko Apirilaren
    [Show full text]
  • Review Male Gamete Survival at Stake: Causes and Solutions
    RBMOnline - Vol 17. No 6. 2008 866-880 Reproductive BioMedicine Online; www.rbmonline.com/Article/3415 on web 23 October 2008 Review Male gamete survival at stake: causes and solutions Ashok Agarwal is a Professor in the Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University and the Director of Center for Reproductive Medicine, and the Clinical Andrology Laboratory at The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States. He has published over 400 scientific articles, reviews and book chapters in different areas of andrology, male/ female infertility and fertility preservation. His research program is known internationally for its focus on disease-oriented cutting edge research in the field of human reproduction. His team has presented over 700 papers at national and international meetings and more than 150 scientists, clinicians and biologists have received their training in his laboratory. Dr Ashok Agarwal Alex C Varghese1, Stefan S du Plessis1,2, Ashok Agarwal1,3 1Reproductive Research Centre, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; 2Division of Medical Physiology, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa 3Correspondence: Andrology Laboratory and the Reproductive Research Centre, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute and Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Desk A19.1, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA; Tel: (216) 444–9485; Fax: (216) 445–6049; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Over the years, the development of assisted reproductive technology to bypass male factor infertility has improved drastically. Considered one of the most perplexing disorders in the reproductive field, male factor infertility is prevalent and may be on the rise. Unfortunately, its aetiology remains elusive.
    [Show full text]
  • The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male- Female Roles Author(S): Emily Martin Reviewed Work(S): Source: Signs, Vol
    The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male- Female Roles Author(s): Emily Martin Reviewed work(s): Source: Signs, Vol. 16, No. 3 (Spring, 1991), pp. 485-501 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3174586 . Accessed: 06/04/2012 21:00 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Signs. http://www.jstor.org THE EGG AND THE SPERM:HOW SCIENCEHAS CONSTRUCTED A ROMANCEBASED ON STEREOTYPICAL MALE-FEMALEROLES EMILYMARTIN The theory of the human body is always a part of a world- picture.... The theory of the human body is always a part of a fantasy. [JAMESHILLMAN, The Myth of Analysis]' As an anthropologist, I am intrigued by the possibility that culture shapes how biological scientists describe what they discover about the naturalworld. If this were so, we would be learning about more than the natural world in high school biology class; we would be learning about cultural beliefs and practices as if they were part of nature.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductive Biology Spermatogenesis and Biochemical Characteristics of Male Sparid Fish Dentex Dentex from the South Eastern Mediterranean Coast
    Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research (2016) xxx, xxx–xxx HOSTED BY National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research http://ees.elsevier.com/ejar www.sciencedirect.com FULL LENGTH ARTICLE Reproductive biology spermatogenesis and biochemical characteristics of male sparid fish Dentex dentex from the south eastern Mediterranean coast S.S. Assem, R.F. Ismail, A.F. Fahmy, H.S. El-Sayed, M.A. Al-Absawey *, N.M. Abou Shabana National Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries Alex, Egypt Received 12 July 2015; revised 30 August 2015; accepted 25 November 2015 KEYWORDS Abstract The present study focuses on reproductive biology parameters and histological and fine Dentex dentex; structure investigations of testes maturation, in respect to steroid hormones and fatty acids’ profile. Spermatogenesis; All males over 30 cm in length were found to be mature. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) of males Ultrastructure; increased progressively to reach a peak value in May and June. In Dentex dentex, the spermatogo- Fatty acids; nia were detected throughout the year in the peripheral zone of the testes. Spermatocytes are char- Steroid hormones acterized by large nuclei with higher electron density and a layer of cytoplasm. The nuclei of spermatids were characterized by a condensed chromatin material. The early spermatid had a cen- tral nucleus and a large number of mitochondria. One big mitochondrion lies beneath the head of the sperm. The seasonal change of serum testosterone correlates with gonadal development. The presence of nearly ripe and ripe male D. dentex coincides with the surge of testosterone and the decrease in estradiol continues throughout the spawning periods.
    [Show full text]
  • The Reproductive Biology of Lodgepole Pine
    The Reproductive Biology of Lodgepole Pine March 2006 The Reproductive Biology of Lodgepole Pine Author: John N. Owens Prepared for the Forest Genetics Council of British Columbia Published March 2006 Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data Owens, John N., 1936– The reproductive biology of lodgepole pine FGC extension note ; 07 “Author: John N. Owens.”--P. “Prepared for Forest Genetics Council of British Columbia.”--P. Also available on the Internet. Includes bibliographical references: p. ISBN 0-7726-5342-9 1. Lodgepole pine – British Columbia – Reproduction. I. Title. II. Forest Renewal BC. III. Forest Genetics Council of British Columbia. IV. Title. V. Series. QK494.5.P66O93 2006 585’.213 C2005-960090-X About the Forest Genetics Council of British Columbia The Forest Genetics Council of BC (FGC) is a multi-stakeholder group representing the forest industry, Ministry of Forests and Range, Canadian Forest Service, and universities. Council’s mandate is to champion forest gene resource management in British Columbia, to oversee strategic and business planning for a cooperative provincial forest gene resource management program, and to advise the Chief Forester on forest gene resource management policies. Acknowledgements Funding support for this publication was provided by the British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Range, through the Forest Investment Account for the Forest Genetics Council of BC. Earlier studies on which most of the publication is based were supported by Forest Renewal BC, The Science Council of BC, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada. Gratitude is extended to the many provincial and federal agencies, private industries and the University of Victoria that have supported over many years the research upon which this publication is based, and the research assistants and associates, technicians, graduate students and post-doctoral fellows who carried out or assisted in much of the research.
    [Show full text]
  • Gametogenesis and Fertilization
    Gametogenesis and Fertilization Barry Bean for BioS 90 & 95 12 September 2008 Life is short. Especially if you’re a sperm cell! Used with permission of the artist, Patrick Moberg Try to remember… when you were gametes ! Think like a sperm… Think like an oocyte… http://usuarios.lycos.es/biologiacelular1/Aparato%20reproductor%20 masculino8_archivos/532047.jpg “Mammalian Fertilization” R.Yanagimachi, 1994. Gametes are prefabricated for action, a cascade of functions. Gamete production includes unique patterns of gene expression and regulation. Gametes have complex structure and many phenotypes. Every Gamete is a genetically distinct human individual! Here’s where they came from… Your parents… Fig. 05-05 When fetuses… PGCs, Primordial Germ Cells populated the presumptive gonadal tissue… from Sylvia Mader, Human Reproductive Biology Gametogenesis from Sylvia Mader, Human Reproductive Biology, 3rd ed. Gametogenesis from Sylvia Mader, Human Reproductive Biology, 3rd ed. from Sylvia Mader, Human Fig. 01-09 Reproductive Biology, 3rd ed. From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 5th ed., 2008 Consequence: Every product of meiosis is genetically distinct from every other one! from Sylvia Mader, Human Reproductive Biology 250 m 273 yds 0.16 miles From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 5th ed., 2008 From: Rupert Amann, Journal of Andrology, Vol. 29, No. 5, September/October 2008 DSP = daily sperm production ~108/day From: Rupert Amann, Journal of Andrology, Vol. 29, No. 5, September/October 2008 from Sylvia Mader, Human Fig. 06-07 Reproductive Biology, 3rd ed. From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 5th ed., 2008 Fertilization Green=Acrosome Purple=Zona Pelludica Gray= Sperm w/out Acrosome **note that the acrosome compartment opened after contact with the zona pellucida http://www.nature.com/fertility/content/images/ncb-nm-fertilitys57-f1.jpg http://www.cnuh.co.kr/kckang/FemaleReproductiveMedicine/images/fig2 5-003.png From Cell Mol Life Sci 64 (2007) Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • A STUDY of the REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY of the RED ABALONE, Hal/OTIS RUFESCENSSWAINSON, NEAR MENDOCINO, CALIFORNIA 1
    80 REPRINT FROM Calif. Fis" and Came, 63(2) : 80-94. 1977. A STUDY OF THE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF THE RED ABALONE, HAl/OTIS RUFESCENSSWAINSON, NEAR MENDOCINO, CALIFORNIA 1 ALBERT E. GIORGI 2 Humboldt State University Arcata, California 95521 JOHN D. DEMARTINI Department of Biology Humboldt State University Arcata, California 95521 The reproductive cycles of two subtidal populations of the red abalone, Hil/iolis rulescens, were studied at Point Cabrillo Lighthouse Station and Van Damme State Park near Mendocino, California. From June 1972, through March 1974, gametogene­ sis was monitored histologically. Both populations spawned during spring and early summer. Not all members of either population spawned during a season. Fecundity was estaimated for females ranging in shell lengths 134.00 to 198.5 mm (5.3 to 7.8 inches). The lowest and highest estimates were 619,000 and 12,575,000 ripe oocytes per ovary. The minimum size at sexual maturity was investigated. The smallest male was 84.5 mm (3.3 inches) and the smallest female was 39.5 mm (1.6 inches). Females matured at a smaller size than males. A possible mode of gamete resorption was noted. INTRODUCTION The purpose of our study was to determine minimum size at sexual maturity, to measure fecundity, and to monitor histologically the reproductive cycle of two populations of the red abalone, Haliotis rufescens Swainson, for 2 years near Mendocino, California. Early investigators believed that the red abalone spawned during late winter and early spring (Heath 1925, Bonnot 1930, and Croker 1931). Boolootian, Farmanfarmaian and Giese (1962) used a gonad index to detect spawning in a red abalone population at Pacific Grove, California.
    [Show full text]
  • Ansc 630: Reproductive Biology 1
    ANSC 630: REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY 1 INSTRUCTOR: FULLER W. BAZER, PH.D. OFFICE: 442D KLEBERG CENTER EMAIL: [email protected] OFFICE PHONE: 979-862-2659 ANSC 630: INFORMATION CARD • NAME • MAJOR • ADVISOR • RESEARCH INTERESTS • PREVIOUS COURSES: – Reproductive Biology – Biochemistry – Physiology – Histology – Embryology OVERVIEW OF FUNCTIONAL REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY: THE MAJOR COMPONENTS PARS NERVOSA PARS DISTALIS Hypothalamic Neurons Hypothalamic Neurons Melanocyte Supraoptic Stimulating Hormone Releasing Paraventricular Factor Axons Nerve Tracts POSTERIOR PITUITARY INTERMEDIATE LOBE OF (PARS NERVOSA) Oxytocin - Neurophysin PITUITARY Vasopressin-Neurophysin Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) Hypothalamic Divisions Yen 2004; Reprod Endocrinol 3-73 Hormone Profile of the Estrous Cycle in the Ewe 100 30 30 50 15 15 GnRH (pg/ml)GnRH GnRH (pg/ml)GnRH 0 0 (pg/ml)GnRH 0 4 h 4 h 4 h PGF2α Concentration 0 5 10 16 0 Days LH FSH Estradiol Progesterone Development of the Hypophysis Dubois 1993 Reprod Mamm Man 17-50 Neurons • Cell body (soma; perikaryon) – Synthesis of neuropeptides • Cellular processes • Dendrites • Axon - Transport • Terminals – Storage and Secretion Yen 2004 Reprod Endocrinol 3-73 • Peptide neurotransmitter synthesis • Transcription – Gene transcribes mRNA • Translation – mRNA translated for protein synthesis • Maturation – post-translational processing • Storage in vesicles - Hormone secreted from vesicles Hypothalamus • Mid-central base of brain – Optic chiasma – 3rd ventricle – Mammillary body • Nuclei – Clusters of neurons • Different
    [Show full text]