The Internet Revolution

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Defining Moments the internet revolution Kevin Hillstrom 615 Griswold, Detroit MI 48226 Table of Contents Preface . .vii How to Use This Book . .xi Important People, Places, and Terms . .xiii Chronology . .xxi NARRATIVE OVERVIEW Prologue . .3 Chapter One: Early Origins of the Internet . .5 Chapter Two: Invention of the World Wide Web . .23 Chapter Three: How the Internet Works . .33 Chapter Four: Opening the Internet for Commerce . .45 Chapter Five: The “Dot.Com Boom” Goes Bust . .57 Chapter Six: The Societal Impact of the Internet . .67 Chapter Seven: The Future of the Internet . .89 BIOGRAPHIES Marc Andreessen . .103 Creator of the Netscape Navigator Web Browser Tim Berners-Lee . .107 Inventor of the World Wide Web Sergey Brin and Larry Page . .112 Co-Founders of Google v Defining Moments: The Internet Revolution Steve Case . .115 Co-Founder of America Online (AOL) Vinton Cerf . .120 Developer of Early Internet Architecture David Filo and Jerry Yang . .124 Co-Founders of the Yahoo! Search Engine Robert Taylor . .129 Leading Scientist in the Development of the ARPANET PRIMARY SOURCES Vinton Cerf Recalls the Early Development of the Internet . .135 Steve Crocker Launches the “Request for Comments” Series . .144 A Computer Scientist Describes the Internet Worm of 1988 . .152 The First World Wide Web Page with Hypertext Links . .164 Tim Berners-Lee Remembers Inventing the World Wide Web . .166 A Librarian Shares the Joy of “Surfing” the Internet . .170 John Perry Barlow’s “Declaration of Independence for Cyberspace” . .174 Bill Gates Discusses the Internet’s Potential Impact on Education . .177 A Newspaper Columnist Laments the Dangers of the Internet . .185 Sources for Further Study . .189 Bibliography . .191 Photo Credits . .195 Index . .197 vi.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Finding Alibaba: How Jerry Yang Made the Most Lucrative Bet in Silicon Valley History
Parmy Olson Forbes Staff I cover agitators and innovators in mobile. FOLLOW FORBES 9/30/2014 @ 12:55PM 122,847 views Finding Alibaba: How Jerry Yang Made The Most Lucrative Bet In Silicon Valley History This story appears in the October 20, 2014 issue of Forbes. Comment Now Follow Comments Yahoo's co-founder Jerry Yang at the office of his venture firm AME in Palo Alto, Calif. (Ethan Pines For Forbes) Jerry Yang’s Revenge - Forbes, 2014-10-20 Page 1 Jerry Yang is giving a quick tour of the conference room at his private investment firm in Palo Alto, Calif. It’s dotted with gifts and photos from his 20 years in Silicon Valley. Yahoo’s 45-year-old billionaire co-founder stops before a glass deal toy on a low table. “Um, I have no idea what that is.” He peers more closely, checks the date: September 2012. “That is… that was after I’d gone. I think that was the last deal I worked on at Yahoo.” The plaque commemorates what may have been one of the dumbest business decisions of all time. Yahoo’s board agreed to sell 523 million Alibaba shares, half of its stake, back to Alibaba at $13 apiece. Yang hadn’t been so keen to sell. They did anyway. By then he’d quit the board. Sure enough, Alibaba’s IPO last month rocked global markets. Shares of the Chinese e-commerce giant are now worth around $90. Yahoo still has a 16% stake worth $36 billion, but it left almost as much money on the table–some $35.5 billion–as its entire current market capitalization.
[Show full text]
Yahoo Marks 20 Years with Yodels, Reminiscences 2 March 2015
Yahoo marks 20 years with yodels, reminiscences 2 March 2015 Oracle." "It wasn't designed to be a business, it was simply something we found useful. When we realized other people found it useful, we were motivated to work on it even more," Filo said in a blog post. "Twenty years later, the core of Yahoo is still the same. We are driven by the same purpose—to be your guide around the web. You may not know how much you motivate us every day by using our products and sharing your ideas, but you do. Thank you." Over the years, Yahoo has fallen behind in its original mission as a search engine and been Yahoo celebrated its 20th anniversary Monday with a look back at its history and an eye to the future of the through several attempts at reorganization and Internet pioneer in the midst of a transformation effort restructuring. Filo said that "technology is about constant reinvention," adding that "every day brings Yahoo celebrated its 20th anniversary Monday with something new and in many ways, it feels like we're a look back at its history and an eye to the future of just getting started." the Internet pioneer in the midst of a transformation effort. Chief executive Marissa Mayer, who moved from Google in 2012, has been focusing on mobile On its home page, Yahoo displayed an animated services and media, including music and original birthday cake as part of its logo, and the company television programming. launched a series of events marking its trademark "Yahoo yodel." The company on Monday launched its TV Digital Magazine, the latest in a series of new products On the Nasdaq stock exchange in New York, the aimed at making Yahoo a destination.
[Show full text]
The Future of SEARCH
The Future of SEARCH by Mark Lum | LUM.NET Do you recognize this? How did we get from HERE to HERE? To understand search... …we must start by understanding the past. So, let’s start at the beginning — the World Wide Web. 1991 Tim Berners-Lee introduced the World Wide Web, an Internet, that was not simply a way to share ﬁles but was a “web” of information that anyone on the Internet could retrieve. 1992 A group of students and researchers at the University of Illinois developed a “web” browser called Mosaic that later became Netscape. 1992 Also in 1992, Congress decided that the World Wide Web could be used for commercial purposes. 1994 In 1994, we saw the emergence of directories and primitive search. The World Wide Web began with a few homegrown websites that were virtually anonymous unless you had the cryptic direct URL, which few had. Early Web visitors struggled to go much of anywhere without feeling frustrated at hours lost digging. 1994 DIRECTORIES: While a student at Swathmore College, Justin Hall started his web-based diary “Justin Links” which became one of the earliest directories on the Web. justin links Justin’s Home Page Welcome to my frst attempt at Hypertext Howdy, this is twenty-frst century computing... (Is it worth our patience?) I’m publishing this, and I guess you’re readin’ this, in part to fgure that out, huh? 1994 DIRECTORIES: David Filo and Jerry Yang, Stanford students, created the Yahoo Directory as a collection of their favorite Web pages. As their number of links grew, they reorganized to become a searchable directory.
[Show full text]
Position Paper: Preserving the Collective Expressions of The
Preserving the Collective Expressions of the Human Consciousness Bernard J. Jansen College of Information Sciences and Technology The Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 [email protected] ABSTRACT Intranets, and Web sites can provide valuable insight into Web search engines use transaction log files to record a copious understanding the information-searching process of online Web number of interactions that occur between the user, the Web searchers. Such an understanding can inform information system search engine, and Web content. Search engine companies use design, assist interface development, and aid in the devising of these records of interactions to improve system design and online information architecture for content collections. marketing. In order to address privacy concerns, some question Web search engine companies use queries logs to research whether it is wise for search engine companies to preserve these searching trends and effect system or interface improvements. query logs. However, not preserving the query logs from Web Search engine companies also provide aggregate searching trends search engines would be (and is) a critical loss of a temporal to the general public (c.f., Google Zeitgeistat record of the expression of the collective human consciousness. In http://www.google.com/press/zeitgeist.html, Yahoo Buzz Index at this paper, an outline of an action plan to preserve these records is http://buzz.yahoo.com/buzz_log/?fr=fp-buzz-morebuzz, AOL Hot proposed to generate discussion of such a course of action. Searches at http://hot.aol.com/, DogpileSearchSpy http://www.dogpile.com/info.dogpl/searchspy/ and MSN Search Categories and Subject Descriptors Insider at http://www.imagine-msn.com/insider/).
[Show full text]
Race to the Bottom” RIGHTS Corporate Complicity in Chinese Internet Censorship WATCH August 2006 Volume 18, No
China HUMAN “Race to the Bottom” RIGHTS Corporate Complicity in Chinese Internet Censorship WATCH August 2006 Volume 18, No. 8(C) “Race to the Bottom” Corporate Complicity in Chinese Internet Censorship Map of the People’s Republic of China..................................................................................... 1 I. Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 3 II. How Censorship Works in China: A Brief Overview........................................................ 9 1. The “Great Firewall of China”: Censorship at the Internet backbone and ISP level.................................................................................................. 9 2. Censorship by Internet Content Providers: Delegating censorship to business...................................................................................................................... 11 3. Surveillance and censorship in email and web chat.................................................... 14 4. Breaching the Great Chinese Firewall .......................................................................... 15 5. Chinese and International Law...................................................................................... 17 III. Comparative Analysis of Search Engine Censorship...................................................... 25 1. Censorship through website de-listing ......................................................................... 25 2. Keyword censorship.......................................................................................................
[Show full text]
Stanford University, News and Publication Service, Audiovisual Recordings Creator: Stanford University
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8dn43sv Online items available Guide to the Stanford News Service Audiovisual Recordings SC1125 Daniel Hartwig & Jenny Johnson Department of Special Collections and University Archives October 2012 Green Library 557 Escondido Mall Stanford 94305-6064 [email protected] URL: http://library.stanford.edu/spc Guide to the Stanford News SC1125 1 Service Audiovisual Recordings SC1125 Language of Material: English Contributing Institution: Department of Special Collections and University Archives Title: Stanford University, News and Publication Service, audiovisual recordings creator: Stanford University. News and Publications Service Identifier/Call Number: SC1125 Physical Description: 63 Linear Feetand 17.4 gigabytes Date (inclusive): 1936-2011 Information about Access The materials are open for research use. Audio-visual materials are not available in original format, and must be reformatted to a digital use copy. Ownership & Copyright All requests to reproduce, publish, quote from, or otherwise use collection materials must be submitted in writing to the Head of Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, California 94305-6064. Consent is given on behalf of Special Collections as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission from the copyright owner. Such permission must be obtained from the copyright owner, heir(s) or assigns. See: http://library.stanford.edu/depts/spc/pubserv/permissions.html. Restrictions also apply to digital representations of the original materials. Use of digital files is restricted to research and educational purposes. Cite As [identification of item], Stanford University, News and Publication Service, Audiovisual Recordings (SC1125). Dept. of Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, Calif.
[Show full text]
Participate in Creating Their Own Content Through Message Boards and Online Chat Areas
Media Selling, 4th Edition Chapter 20 – The Internet By Vincent Thompson and Paul Talbot As an advertising medium, the Internet is complex and measured differently from traditional media. Also, online advertising buys are often difficult to execute and to implement. So why are marketers switching billions of dollars to the Internet? Because the Internet is one of the most disruptive innovations of our time and represents the most fertile environment ever for marketer-consumer interaction. Disruptive technologies transform societies – the way people live, think, and conduct business – and the Internet has been as disruptive and transformative as movable type, the telegraph, airplanes, and the computer have. The History of the Internet Most historians agree that the birth of the Internet occurred in 1969 when computer scientists from the government and universities linked large mainframe computers together with the objectives of sharing data and distributing information over a network. This groundbreaking work came from a desire to ensure the safety of government data during natural disasters or war and to allow university researchers the ability to share information. Prior to this project, networks were set up like phone systems with information traveling through vulnerable centralized hubs. With the invention of the distributed network, information could be simply routed along any of the networks’ many connections until it found its way to its final destination. Aiding in this concept was the use of packets. Packets allow small chunks of digital data to be sent into the network independently and then reassembled at their final destinations. Once the initial computers at UCLA and Stanford Universities were connected in 1969, other Universities followed suit and with each addition the network gained more power and provided more value to its users.i Over the next five years scientists developed cornerstone technologies such as e-mail, the ability to access the network remotely, and the ability to host multiple chat sessions.
[Show full text]
Studi Kasus Yahoo!
e-ISSN 2599-0705 Volume 2 Nomor 1, April 2018 THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED BUSINESS TIJAB Analisis Kritis Perusahaan Berbasis Teknologi: Studi Kasus Yahoo! Critical Analysis of a Technology-Based Enterprise: A Case Study of Yahoo! Ahmad Naufal Aufa1* 1Lancaster University, United Kingdom Abstrak Sejarah Yahoo dapat memberikan pelajaran berharga tentang masalah kritis di perusahaan terkemuka, yang sekarang dianggap tidak lagi memiliki keunggulan kompetitif. Artikel ini bertujuan menganalisis secara kritis masalah kebangkrutan Yahoo. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa penyebabnya termasuk tidak memiliki produk unggulan, kurang fokus, kepemimpinan yang buruk, dan tidak memiliki visi yang jelas. Akibatnya, masalah ini memberikan dampak besar pada pendapatan perusahaan, laba bersih, penilaian, dan bahkan keberadaan. Akhirnya, meskipun kasus ini tentang masalah perusahaan berbasis teknologi tinggi, kasus ini mungkin menjadi semacam evaluasi dan refleksi bagi perusahaan mana pun, karena penyebabnya tampaknya relevan untuk semua jenis perusahaan. Kasus ini juga bisa menjadi pelajaran pembelajaran bagi para profesional, akademisi, dan mahasiswa. Kata kunci: Perusahaan Berbasis Teknologi, Yahoo!, analisis kritis Abstract Yahoo‘s history might give a valuable lesson about a critical issue in a leading company, which is now considered to no longer have a competitive advantage. This paper aims at analyzing critically the issues of Yahoo‘s ruin. The findings suggest that the causes include having no superior product, lack of focus, poor leadership, and no clear vision. Consequently, this issue gave a massive impact on the company‘s revenue, net profit, valuation, and even existence. Finally, although this case is about a high-tech company‘s issue, this might become sort of evaluation and reflection for any companies, since the causes seem relevant to all company types.
[Show full text]
Interactive Marketing & Media
A SUPPLEMENT TO Published April 17, 2006 © Copyright 2006 Crain Communications Inc. Interactive Marketing & Media | Advertising Age | 3 INTERACTIVE MARKETING AND MEDIA DATA ON THE DIGITAL WORLD WELCOME TO OUR FIRST ever Interactive Fact Pack. Wait. Did I just say first? Seems impossible, but it’s true. The reason it seems impossible is because Advertising Age has been covering interactive marketing and media since the early ‘90s, when we introduced a weekly section in our print publi- cation and went online ourselves, first on Prodigy and then, of course, the Web. This latest product expands our commitment to being the leading source of news, infor- mation and data in this vibrant area. There’s a lot here to interact with. The stories these numbers tell are as fascinat- ing as the development of this media and marketing channel. You’ll learn, among other things, that nearly four of 10 U.S. households already have broadband access. And that reading blogs is one of the most popular activities among online users. It’s no surprise that search is a robust growth area, but the fact that it will account for 41.5% of 2006’s online spending is a shocker. Its growth rate will likely slow, but it will get a bigger share of marketers’ dollars. If you had any doubts about the increasing importance of social networking and user-generated content, note that the popular (and controversial) MySpace is already among the top 10 most-trafficked ONLINE AD SPENDING sites. RSS content is small, but growing, Data from eMarketer, which benchmarks projec- and another example of users’ desire to tions against Interactive Advertising Bureau/ PricewaterhouseCoopers data, for which the last control their online experience.
[Show full text]
Cpsc156a: the Internet Co-Evolution of Technology and Society
CPSC156a: The Internet Co-Evolution of Technology and Society Lecture 8: September 30, 2003 Portals “Useful” Web-Based Services • The average user sees the Internet as an easy, fast way to access and search for “useful” information. •Web browserscreated a standard method for providing information services. • Several websites became known early-on for providing these “useful” services: –Blue Mountainfor online greeting cards –Hotmail for web-based e-mail –MapQuestfor driving directions – AltaVista for searching (Note: These are only examples and may not have been your favorites.) Making Sense of the Internet •Users often start at the same websites to find services (search engines or directories). Why not provide direct, quick links to partner companies offering services? • Cookies and user profiles can be used to personalize web pages. • WWW-based services can be accessed from any Internet terminal, anywhere. Users can just sign in to identify themselves. • Solution: Provide a simple, customized gateway for users to access the services they want. The Development of Portals • Popular websites began to add directory, search, or links sections to connect people to services. – AOL built links into its welcome page. – Netscape put links near its browser download pages. – Search engines provided customized searches for news, movie show times, etc. – New computers came with pre-loaded bookmarks and links. • Companies began to partner with others that provided “useful” services. Portals Today • Internet directories grew into Internet brand names through partnerships with and acquisition and development of Internet service websites. Archetype: Yahoo! • Internet-access companies either partner with large Internet portals, e.g., Yahoo!, or provide a network of comprehensive services on their own (e.g., AOL, MSN).
[Show full text]
A Comparative Assessment
Journal of Business & Economics Research Volume 2, Number 10 Traditional Brands vs. On-Line Brands: A Comparative Assessment Elizabeth Aderton, (E-mail: [email protected]), Missouri Western State College Shiva Nandan, (E-mail: [email protected]), Missouri Western State College Abstract In this paper we compare and contrast the branding strategies of traditional and on-line companies. To illustrate the similarities and differences between the two, we examine four well- established traditional brands and four successful on-line brands. We then offer recommendations for successful branding in the ever-evolving business and technological environment of the future. Introduction he advantages of building strong brands have been extensively documented in marketing literature (Farquhar 1989; Aaker 1991, 1996; Rust, Zethaml and Lemon 2000; Seetharaman, Nadzir and Gunalan 2001; Deagon 2002). Successful companies have used branding as a strategic weapon to Tdominate their competition and develop a loyal customer base. Over the last decade the emergence of internet and its subsequent evolution from a distribution channel to a powerful marketing tool has created new opportunities for marketing managers. Specifically, the internet has given rise to a new breed of companies that owe their existence to this new electronic medium. Amazon, eBay, Ameritrade and TheStreet.com are examples of highly successful companies that conduct their business solely on the web. In this paper we compare and contrast the branding strategies of traditional and online companies. To illustrate the similarities and differences between the two, we examine four well-established traditional brands - Starbucks, Disney, Nike, and Mercedes-Benz. We then explore four web-based companies - Yahoo!, Drugstore.com, eBay, and easyJet.
[Show full text]
The Advent of the Internet
The Advent of the Internet SIMS 103 SIMSHistory 103 of Information Dec. 3, 2007Dec. 3, 2007 1 Geoff NunbergGeoff Nunberg A Convergence of Causes Technological developments Policy choices Economic forces Infrastructure e.g. Web presumes large number of pc!s in place Social responses 2 2 The Technological Bases of the Web Communications protocols/Packet switching Physical Networks Addressing system Hypertext transfer protocols Browsers/ Graphical browswers Indexing & search Broadband 3 3 Technological Beginnings: 60s & 70s 1969: ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency of DOD) (later DARPA) creates Arpanet, linking time-sharing computers at four research sites by telephone lines. Net makes use of packet-switching, rather than circuit switching, as with phone communication at the time. 1971: File Transfer Protocol (FTP permits easy exchange of ﬁles between sites. 1974 Bob Kahn and Vin Cerf ("Father of the Internet") demonstrate Transfer Control Protocol, which enables machines to route & assemble data packets. 1974: Ethernet developed at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), allowing communication among machines4 on local networks. Arpanet4 1971 Internet Development:80s 1980's: NSF funds national backbone to connect computer research centers. Other gov't-funded networks (BITNET, CSNET) emerge 1980's: Commercial networks begin to emerge 1983: Domain Name System (DNS) introduced to keep up with growing number of hosts, introduces domain names .com, .gov, .mil, .edu, etc. Late 1980's: First Internet Service Providers emerge 1989: Australia,
[Show full text]