DOCSLIB.ORG

Zolpidem and Driving — a Dangerous Mix

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Zolpidem and Driving — a Dangerous Mix Fall/Winter 2009 Vol. 21, Issue 3/4 Willamette River, Salem, Oregon Zolpidem and Driving — A Dangerous Mix Chuck Hayes, Regional Operations Coordinator Drug Evaluation and Classification Program International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) here are numerous indicators that show pre- ilar four-year period.(1) In 2006, the last year for which Tscription drug abuse is a significant problem in data are available, drug-induced deaths exceeded the United States. According to the National Survey firearm-injury deaths and ranked second only to mo- on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), conducted by tor vehicle crashes as a cause of death.(2) the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services The increase in prescription drug abuse is Administration (SAMHSA), in 2006 approximately also having its effects on our nation’s road- 7 million persons 12 and older took a psychothera- ways. On July 13, 2009, the U.S. Department of peutic drug for non-medical purposes in the 30 days Transportation’s National Highway Traffic Safety prior to the survey. Young adults (ages 18-25) by far Administration (NHTSA) released a report on the showed the greatest use overall and the largest in- 2007 National Roadside Survey on Alcohol and creases in past month, past year, and lifetime use Drug Use by Drivers.(3) In a random sample of between 2002 and 2006, compared to all other age weekend nighttime drivers across the contiguous groups (NSDUH, 2007). 48 states, researchers found that 16.3 percent of At the same time, prescription drug abuse has be- the drivers tested positive for drugs, compared to come a serious threat to public health and safety, 2.2 percent of drivers with blood alcohol concen- with unintentional deaths involving prescription opi- trations (BAC) at or above 0.08 g/dL. This was the oids increasing 114 percent from 2001 to 2005, and first national study of roadside testing for drugs treatment admissions increasing 74 percent in a sim- in addition to alcohol. The study found that drugs continued on page 2 Article of Interest.......................................................................4 South Dakota’s 24/7 Sobriety Program ...................................5 The Dangers Associated with Smoking Oxycontin .................8 Five-Year Update on the Occurrence of Alcohol and Other Drugs in Blood Samples from Drivers Killed in Road-Traffic Crashes in Sweden ...........................................12 IPTM Alcohol and Drug Impaired Driving Symposium..........13 continued from page 1 were present more than seven times as frequently tion. The test subjects drove a designated dis- as alcohol of those surveyed. tance at a constant speed. A standard deviation of lateral position (drift) was the primary perfor- Law enforcement officers, prosecutors and toxi- mance parameter. According to the findings, a cologists are also encountering an increase in 10 mg dose of zolpidem had a small effect while impaired driving cases involving a variety of pre- 20 mg significantly impaired driving. (J. Clin. scription drugs. One drug from the CNS depres- Psychopharmacol, 2002;22:576-83) sant category having an impact on roadway safety is zolpidem, brand name Ambien®. The presence Zolpidem is a white to off-white crystalline powder. of zolpidem became such a concern that impaired It is available by prescription only and is a Schedule driving cases were studied in several states. IV controlled substance. Ambien® is available in (Washington: Zolpidem and Driving Impairment, strengths of 5 mg and 10 mg (white and pink oval 2001, by Logan and Couper; and Wisconsin: tablets, respectively). Sonata® contains zaleplon. Ambien — Drives Like a Dream? Case Studies Imovane® and Lunesta® contain zopiclone. Zolpidem of Zolpidem Impaired Drivers in Wisconsin, by and the other sleep drugs are a non-benzodiaze- Liddicoat and Harding). pine sedative-hypnotic, CNS depressant, sleep aid. Zolpidem is used in short-term treatment of insom- In the Washington study, state toxicologists at nia. Zaleplon and zopiclone also are prescribed for the Washington State Patrol’s Bureau of Forensic the treatment of insomnia.(5) Laboratory Services identified 29 impaired cases between January 1997 and December 1999 in The recommended zolpidem dose is 10 mg im- which zolpidem was identified in the subjects’ mediately before bedtime (5 mg in the elderly). blood. In five of the cases, zolpidem was the Recommended nighttime zaleplon and zopiclone only drug identified in the blood samples. The doses are 5-20 mg and 7.5 mg, respectively. researchers concluded that it was reasonable to Patients treated with zolpidem often use other conclude that zolpidem has the potential to affect medications such as antidepressants, narcotic driving in a negative way.(4) analgesics, and muscle relaxants, which can cre- ate additional problems if not used carefully. The effect of zolpidem on driving ability was also examined, in part, in a double-blind, placebo-con- Zolpidem goes by many different brand names trolled, crossover study of 16 healthy volunteers in the U.S. and abroad, including Ambien, (mean age 24.5 years). In the study a 10-mg dose Zolpimist, Adormix, Ambien CR, Edluar, Damixan, of zolpidem was given at 11 p.m. The next morn- Hypnogen, Myslee, Nytamel, Sanval, Stilnoct, ing, one groupDRE of subjects was assessed in a driv- Stilnox CR, Sucedal, Zoldem, Zolnod and ing simulator at 9 a.m. and another group at 11 Zolpihexal. (Wikipedia) a.m.; however, according to the researchers, zol- Zolpidem and other similar sleep drugs act on pidem had no effect on driving ability at either time the GABA receptor, leading to central nervous tested. (Psychopharmacology 1999;143:373-9) A system (CNS) depression. For this reason, users In another study with different results, investiga- are cautioned to avoid operating heavy machinery tors tried to determine the effect of middle-of-the- or automobiles following zolpidem administration. night administration of zolpidem on driving ability. Driving impairment caused by zolpidem is simi- Thirty volunteers participated in a double-blind lar to that of ethanol and other CNS depressants, study to measure the effects of zolpidem (10 or with adverse effects on vision, speech, balance 20 mg) or a placebo four hours after administra- and coordination. Notable symptoms of zolpidem continued on page 3 Page 2 continued from page 2 impairment may include a glassy stare, extreme- In 27 of the 28 cases, blood samples were drawn and ly poor balance with noted sway, disorientation, analyzed for the presence of drugs. In each case, the slow and raspy speech, and memory impairment. only drug detected was zolpidem. The zolpidem con- The manufacturer of zolpidem states that patients centrations ranged from 0.05 to 0.69 mg/L with a mean should be cautioned against engaging in hazard- of 0.22 mg/L. In one case, a zolpidem prescribed vol- ous occupations requiring complete mental alert- unteer was examined by DREs for training purposes ness or motor coordination such as driving a mo- and no toxicology was obtained. None of the 28 cases tor vehicle. involved the use of alcohol and in each case where a blood sample was obtained tests were negative for To determine what effects might actually be ob- drugs other than zolpidem. served in persons arrested for impaired driving associated with zolpidem, 28 actual impaired driv- Overview of the ing cases involving the use of zolpidem were re- 28 Case Zolpidem Study viewed using drug influence evaluation reports by The following chart represents information collected drug recognition experts (DREs). The cases were from the 28 actual zolpidem cases where the drivers examined to determine (1) the cause of the stop were evaluated by a drug recognition expert (DRE). and arrest, (2) performance on the psychophysi- The information includes the cause of the stop/arrest, cal tests administered during the DRE evaluation, the suspect’s performance on the psychophysical tests (3) results of the eye examinations, including hori- administered during the DRE evaluation; results of the zontal gaze nystagmus (HGN), vertical gaze nys- eye examinations, including horizontal gaze nystag- tagmus (VGN), lack of convergence (LOC), and mus (HGN), vertical gaze nystagmus (VGN), lack of (4) vital signs including pulse rate, blood pres- convergence (LOC); the suspect’s vital signs including sure, and body temperature. pulse rate; blood pressure, and body temperature. continued on page 4 Page 3 continued from page 3 Conclusion ARTICLE of INTEREST Zolpidem and other similar hypnotics act as sleep inducers. The known and well-documented relation- Abuse of prescription ship between fatigue, sleepiness, and driving perfor- drugs among youths mance make zolpidem and other similar hypnotics on the rise potentially hazardous when used in close proximity New research suggests that, though illegal to operating a motor vehicle. Based upon past stud- drug use is declining among children and ies addressing zolpidem and driving, and using the young adults, they are abusing prescription information collected from actual zolpidem impaired drugs, especially pain relievers, at an increas- driving cases, it is reasonable to conclude that nor- ing rate. Commonly abused prescription drugs mal prescribed doses of zolpidem and similar hyp- include codeine, methadone, oxycodone, and notics can adversely affect driving. It is also reason- Ritalin. The analysis of data from the National able to conclude that when law enforcement officers Household Survey on drug Abuse found that encounter persons suspected of driving under the almost 3 million adolescents and about 7 mil- influence of zolpidem and similar hypnotics they may lion young adults from ages 18 to 25 had used see a variety of impairment indicators that may or prescription drugs for non-medical purposes at least once in their lives. Researchers also may not follow the “classic” or traditional CNS de- found that pain relievers are among the most pressant signs and symptoms; however, some of the abused prescription drugs, while use of stimu- common indicators appear to be HGN, with an early lants and tranquilizers were also rising.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (Zolpidem) Stilnox UK/W/067/Pdws/001
    Public Assessment Report for paediatric studies submitted in accordance with Article 45 of Regulation (EC) No1901/2006, as amended (Zolpidem) Stilnox UK/W/067/pdWS/001 Rapporteur: UK Finalisation procedure (day 120): 25 March 2014 Date of finalisation of PAR 02 June 2014 Zolpidem UK/W/067/pdWS/001 Page 1/35 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Executive Summary ......................................................................................................... 4 II. RecommendatioN ............................................................................................................ 5 III. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 6 IV. SCIENTIFIC DISCUSSION ............................................................................................... 6 IV.1 Information on the pharmaceutical formulation used in the clinical study(ies) ........ 6 IV.2 Non-clinical aspects ........................................................................................................ 6 IV.3 Clinical aspects .............................................................................................................. 12 IV.4 Safety Review ................................................................................................................. 21 V. MEMBER STATES Overall Conclusion AND RECOMMENDATION ........................... 34 VI. List of Medicinal products and marketing authorisation holders involved ............. 35 Page 2/35 ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION Invented
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Short-And Long-Acting Benzodiazepine-Receptor Agonists
    J Pharmacol Sci 107, 277 – 284 (2008)3 Journal of Pharmacological Sciences ©2008 The Japanese Pharmacological Society Full Paper Comparison of Short- and Long-Acting Benzodiazepine-Receptor Agonists With Different Receptor Selectivity on Motor Coordination and Muscle Relaxation Following Thiopental-Induced Anesthesia in Mice Mamoru Tanaka1, Katsuya Suemaru1,2,*, Shinichi Watanabe1, Ranji Cui2, Bingjin Li2, and Hiroaki Araki1,2 1Division of Pharmacy, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan 2Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Neuroscience, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan Received November 7, 2007; Accepted May 15, 2008 Abstract. In this study, we compared the effects of Type I benzodiazepine receptor–selective agonists (zolpidem, quazepam) and Type I/II non-selective agonists (zopiclone, triazolam, nitrazepam) with either an ultra-short action (zolpidem, zopiclone, triazolam) or long action (quazepam, nitrazepam) on motor coordination (rota-rod test) and muscle relaxation (traction test) following the recovery from thiopental-induced anesthesia (20 mg/kg) in ddY mice. Zolpidem (3 mg/kg), zopiclone (6 mg/kg), and triazolam (0.3 mg/kg) similarly caused an approximately 2-fold prolongation of the thiopental-induced anesthesia. Nitrazepam (1 mg/kg) and quazepam (3 mg/kg) showed a 6- or 10-fold prolongation of the anesthesia, respectively. Zolpidem and zopiclone had no effect on the rota-rod and traction test. Moreover, zolpidem did not affect motor coordination and caused no muscle relaxation following the recovery from the thiopental-induced anesthesia. However, zopiclone significantly impaired the motor coordination at the beginning of the recovery. Triazolam significantly impaired the motor coordination and muscle relaxant activity by itself, and these impairments were markedly exacerbated after the recovery from anesthesia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Safety Risk Associated with Z-Medications to Treat Insomnia in Substance Use Disorder Patients
    Riaz U, et al., J Addict Addictv Disord 2020, 7: 054 DOI: 10.24966/AAD-7276/100054 HSOA Journal of Addiction & Addictive Disorders Review Article Introduction The Safety Risk Associated Benzodiazepine receptor agonist is divided in two categories: with Z-Medications to Treat a) Benzodiazepine hypnotics and Insomnia in Substance Use b) Non-benzodiazepine hypnotics. The prescription of Z-medications which is non-benzodiazepine Disorder Patients hypnotic is common in daily clinical practice, particularly among primary medical providers to treat patients with insomnia. This trend Usman Riaz, MD1* and Syed Ali Riaz, MD2 is less observed among psychiatrist, but does exist. While treating substance use disorder population the prescription of Z-medications 1 Division of Substance Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, Montefiore Medical should be strongly discouraged secondary to well documented Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA safety risks. There is sufficient data available suggesting against the 2Department of Pulmonology/Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Virtua Health, prescription of Z-medications to treat insomnia in substance abuse New Jersey, USA patients. Though treating insomnia is essential in substance use disorder patients to prevent relapse on alcohol/drugs, be mindful of risk associated with hypnotics particularly with BZRA (Benzodiazepines Abstract and Non benzodiazepines hypnotics). Z-medications are commonly prescribed in clinical practices Classification of Z-medications despite the safety concerns. Although these medications are Name of medication Half-life (hr) Adult dose (mg). considered safer than benzodiazepines, both act on GABA-A receptors as an allosteric modulator. In clinical practice, the risk Zaleplon 1 5-20 profile for both medications is not any different, particularly in Zolpidem 1.5-4.5 5-10 substance use disorder population.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Zolpidem, Triazolam, and Placebo As Hypnotic Drugs the Night Before Surgery
    ELSEVIER Evaluation of Zolpidem, Triazolam, and Placebo as Hypnotic Drugs the Night Before Surgery Pamela J. Morgan, MD, CCFP, FRCPC, Roger Chapados, MD,? Frances F. Chung, MD,x Marlene Gauthier, MD,5 John W.D. Knox, MD,” Jacques Le Lorier, MD# . Departments of Xnaesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario; Maisonneuve Kosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec; Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec; Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Center. Halifax, Nova Scotia; Hospital Sainte .Justine, Montreal. Quebec, Canada Study Objectke: To wmpare the hypnotic effects of a bedtime dose ofzolpidem, triazolam, and placebo. Design: Double-blind, randomized, plucebo- and active-controlled, parallel-group trial. Setting: Six Canadiun hospitals. Patients: 357 patients (aged 19 to 71 years) hospitalized the night before a surgical p,octdnre. Interventions: At bedtime, each patient received either zolpidem 10 mg, triazolam 0.25 mg, or placebo, and 71~1s allowed to sleep for a maximum of 8 hourr. Measurements: Outcovtw rmmure.s wo-e subjjrctive in nntuw and included a morning qrr&ionnairp, 7Gsual analog scales, and obsPl‘c!ation ji)rms b study personnel. All con- tinuou,s variables wyre analyzed ty analysis of variance. All rategotical data were com- pared using the C:ochra,l-lL~an tel-Hams-e1 (CAfH) test, and the percentage of patients arle+ 71~7s compared using a CMH chi-syuarr analysis. When .signijcant overall treat- ment effects were obsprourl, pai,wisr compnrirons u&e undertaken. Compared with the placebo‘ group, the ,/oilort~1ng paramrter~ were c@~ficantl~ (p < 0.001) dz;ffent in the zolpidpm and tm’cc~olam groups: sleep IatancT roar shorter, total &ep time was longer, p&n ts fell asleep morp rnsity, and the n umbm of patients awake 2 hours Ffter drug trdminictration 7uas 1071~1.
    [Show full text]
  • Zolpidem Tartrate
    DETERMINING IF A PRESCRIPTION DRUG ABUSE PROBLEM EXISTS OPIOIDS: Answering “yes” to any of the following questions may indicate a problem with the use of pain medication: What You Need Are you using someone’s else’s prescription? to Know Are you obtaining drugs from an illicit source or by illegal means? Are you no longer using the drugs for the symptoms POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF for which it was originally prescribed? OPIOID MISUSE OR ABUSE Are you lying about or hiding your use? Chronic use of opioids can result in tolerance for the drugs, which means that users must take higher doses Are you obtaining medications from multiple to achieve the same initial effects. Long-term use, if physicians. not taken as prescribed, can lead to physical dependence and addiction — the body adapts to the Have your friends, family members, or co-workers presence of the drug, and withdrawal symptoms occur expressed concern? if use is reduced WARNINGSor stopped. & PRECAUTIONS Before taking zolpidem tartrate: Are you preoccupied about your medication, Symptoms of withdrawal include restlessness,Zolpidem Tartrate muscle focused on the next dose, and concerned about how • Zolpidem tartrate will make you fall asleep. (Ambien, Ambien CR, Edluar Never take this medication during your normal Growing Threat of and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea, vomiting,Zolpimist) cold you will obtain more drugs? waking hours, unless you have a full 7 to 8 flashes with goosehours bumps to dedicate to sleeping. ("cold turkey"), and involuntary leg movements. Finally, taking a large Do you fill your prescription sooner than would be • Some people using this medicine have engaged Prescription Drug COMMONsingle SIDE EFFECTSdose OF of an opioidin activity such as driving, could eating, or making cause severe respiratory expected and make excuses for why? ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE: phone calls and later having no memory of depression that canthe activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Insomnia Medications – Safety Communication and Updated Labeling
    Insomnia medications – Safety communication and updated labeling • On April 30, 2019, the FDA announced that a Boxed Warning will be added to the drug labels of certain common prescription insomnia medications due to rare but serious injuries occurring because of complex sleep behaviors, including sleepwalking, sleep driving, and engaging in other activities while not fully awake. — These complex sleep behaviors have also resulted in deaths. — These behaviors appear to be more common with eszopiclone (Lunesta®), zaleplon (Sonata®), and zolpidem (eg, Ambien®, Ambien CR®, Edluar®, Intermezzo®, and Zolpimist™) than other prescription medications used for sleep. — The FDA is also requiring an update to the Contraindication section of the drug labels, to avoid use of these medications in patients who have previously experienced an episode of complex sleep behavior with eszopiclone, zaleplon, and zolpidem. — This information will also be added to the patient Medication Guides. • Drugs such as eszopiclone, zaleplon, and zolpidem are prescription sedative-hypnotic medications used to treat insomnia in adults who have difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. • Patients should stop taking their insomnia medication and contact their health care professional right away if they experience a complex sleep behavior where they engage in activities while they are not fully awake or if they do not remember activities they have done while taking the medication. • Healthcare professionals should not prescribe eszopiclone, zaleplon, or zolpidem to patients who have previously experienced complex sleep behaviors after taking any of these medications. All patients should be advised that although rare, the behaviors caused by these medications have led to serious injuries or death.
    [Show full text]
  • Medications and Electroconvulsive Therapy
    Graylands Hospital Drug Bulletin Medications and Electroconvulsive Therapy North Metropolitan Health Service - Mental Health June 201 8 Vol 2 5 No. 1 ISSN 1323 -1251 A review by Sienaert et al concluded that ECT Introduction can be administered safely with Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been anticonvulsants with no reduction in efficacy.6 shown to be highly effective and safe for A trial comparing the efficacy of ECT with or many psychiatric disorders such as major without concurrent sodium valproate therapy depressive disorder, catatonia, psychosis and concluded that continuation of valproate mania.1 It is well documented that certain during ECT does not impair or enhance the medications interact with ECT and can impact efficacy of ECT.7 Similarly, a small clinical trial on the quality of the treatment or cause of 19 patients concluded that therapeutic adverse effects. This bulletin attempts to doses of lamotrigine does not significantly summarise the effect of medications on ECT influence the stimulus dose required or length and vice versa. of ECT-induced seizures.8 Benzodiazepines Medication Optimisation Pre-ECT Benzodiazepines are gamma-aminobutyric Anticonvulsants acid (GABA) receptor modulators which Anticonvulsants, in theory, will reduce the increase seizure threshold, shorten seizure quality of seizures obtained with ECT as they duration and reduce seizure intensity.2 are designed to prevent seizures. However, evidence of anticonvulsants interfering with Multiple studies have shown that the efficacy of ECT is lacking.2 Most guidelines benzodiazepines affect the efficacy of right still advise cessation of anticonvulsants prior unilateral (RUL) ECT but not BT ECT. 2, 4, 9, 10 It to ECT.
    [Show full text]
  • Side Effects of Zolpidem and Temazepam in Treating Primary Insomnia V
    Side effects of zolpidem and temazepam in treating primary insomnia V. Janjic1, B. Radmanovic1, S. Djukic Dejanovic1, D. Ravanic1, M. Borovcanin1. 1Clinical Center Kragujevac, Dept. of Psychiatric Clinic, Kragujevac, Serbia. Objective of the research was to establish the number and intensity of side effects of zolpidem and temazepam during a three-week treatment of primary insomnia. The patients that were diagnosed with primary insomnia based on DSM-IV-TR criteria were included in this research. Only patients that didn't have other mental disorders and somatic illnesses, and that didn't use any other medications besides the one investigated were included in the research. Total number of examinees was 47, and after randomization they were divided in two groups. The first group included 23 examinees that were receiving 10 mg of non-benzodiazepine hypnotic zolpidem before bedtime during the three-week treatment. The second group included 24 patients with primary insomnia that were receiving 15 mg of benzodiazepine hypnotic temazepam before bedtime during the three-week treatment. Every side effect was established and overviewed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Establishing and assessment of side effects in both groups of examinees was conducted at the beginning of the treatment, after a week, after two weeks, and in the end of a three-week treatment. At weekly visits, all patients were given upfront the list of most common side effects, in order to record single side effects. Intensity of single side effects established was assessed with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of 100mm. The results obtained were statistically processed and shown through total number of side effects, total intensity of side effects and intensity per side effect.
    [Show full text]
  • DRUG-DRUG INTERACTION WORKSHOP.Pptx [Read-Only]
    10/9/2019 PHARMACOKINETICS Laura M. Labay, Ph.D., F-ABFT, DABCC-TC NAME 2019 TOX COMMITTEE WHAT THE BODY DOES TO THE DRUG Absorption and Distribution Metabolism and Excretion Conc. Blood Urine LLOQ LOD Time ABSORPTION MOVEMENT OF DRUG FROM SITE OF ADMINISTRATION TO THE BLOODSTREAM drug NAME 2019 TOX COMMITTEE https://www.rdmag.com/news/2017/01/researchers-use-light-launch-drugs-red-blood-cells 1 10/9/2019 BIOAVAILABILITY - AUC The proportion of a drug that enters the circulation when introduced into the body and so is able to have an active effect. Intravenous Oral Therapeutic Concentration Transdermal Concentration Concentration (ng/mL) NAME 2019 Time (hours) TOX COMMITTEE DETERMINANTS • Physicochemical properties • Formulation • Route of administration NAME 2019 TOX COMMITTEE DEGREE OF IONIZATION Degree of ionization pK a pK a the pH at which the ionized and unionized forms exist in equal concentrations The more the drug is in its unionized form, the more likely it is to be lipid-soluble and transferred by passive diffusion through the membrane. NAME 2019 TOX COMMITTEE 2 10/9/2019 pK a RULES pK a RULES pK a is defined as the pH were a drug exists as 50% ionized and 50% unionized If pK a - pH = 0, then 50% of drug is ionized and 50% is unionized Acidic groups become less ionized in an acidic environment Basic groups become less ionized in an alkaline environment NAME 2019 TOX COMMITTEE QUANTIFYING THE DEGREE OF IONIZATION For every unit by which pH is changed, the ratio of unionized to ionized molecules changes 10-fold EXAMPLE: oWhen the pH is 2 units less than the pK a, molecules of an acidic drug become 100x more un-ionized pH = 3 pK a = 5 NAME 2019 TOX COMMITTEE PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1) The pK a of sodium pentothal is 7.4 and the drug is acidic.
    [Show full text]
  • Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault in the U.S
    The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Estimate of the Incidence of Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault in the U.S. Document No.: 212000 Date Received: November 2005 Award Number: 2000-RB-CX-K003 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. AWARD NUMBER 2000-RB-CX-K003 ESTIMATE OF THE INCIDENCE OF DRUG-FACILITATED SEXUAL ASSAULT IN THE U.S. FINAL REPORT Report prepared by: Adam Negrusz, Ph.D. Matthew Juhascik, Ph.D. R.E. Gaensslen, Ph.D. Draft report: March 23, 2005 Final report: June 2, 2005 Forensic Sciences Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (M/C 865) College of Pharmacy University of Illinois at Chicago 833 South Wood Street Chicago, IL 60612 ABSTRACT The term drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) has been recently coined to describe victims who were given a drug by an assailant and subsequently sexually assaulted. Previous studies that have attempted to determine the prevalence of drugs in sexual assault complainants have had serious biases. This research was designed to better estimate the rate of DFSA and to examine the social aspects surrounding it. Four clinics were provided with sexual assault kits and asked to enroll sexual assault complainants.
    [Show full text]
  • Adjuvant Effect of Melatonin on Anesthesia Induced by Thiopental Sodium in Human Subjects
    International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences Sivakumar S et al. Int J Res Med Sci. 2017 Feb;5(2):394-397 www.msjonline.org pISSN 2320-6071 | eISSN 2320-6012 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20170013 Original Research Article Adjuvant effect of melatonin on anesthesia induced by thiopental sodium in human subjects Sengottaian Sivakumar*, Bhavya Krishna Department of Anesthesiology, Sri Ramachandra University , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Received: 28 November 2016 Revised: 25 December 2016 Accepted: 26 December 2016 *Correspondence: Dr. Sengottaian Sivakumar, E-mail: [email protected] Copyright: © the author(s), publisher and licensee Medip Academy. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT Background: Melatonin has unique properties of anxiolysis, hypnosis, and analgesia without impairing psychomotor skills. We studied the dose requirements of thiopentone for induction of general anesthesia following administration of oral melatonin compared to that of placebo. Methods: The study is a prospective randomized double-blinded study conducted at Sri Ramachandra Medical College, which included 44 patients of ASA status I and II in the age group of 16 to 55 years who underwent elective surgical procedures under general anesthesia. Patients were randomly allocated to 2 groups by drawing lots. Group A received T. Melatonin 0.2mg/kg and Group B received placebo 120 minutes prior to induction of anesthesia. The baseline heart rate, blood pressure, Spo2 and Ramsay sedation score were noted down.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Practice Guideline for the Pharmacologic Treatment of Chronic Insomnia in Adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline Michael J
    pii: jc-00382-16 http://dx.doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.6470 SPECIAL ARTICLES Clinical Practice Guideline for the Pharmacologic Treatment of Chronic Insomnia in Adults: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline Michael J. Sateia, MD1; Daniel J. Buysse, MD2; Andrew D. Krystal, MD, MS3; David N. Neubauer, MD4; Jonathan L. Heald, MA5 1Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH; 2University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; 3University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; 4Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; 5American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Darien, IL Introduction: The purpose of this guideline is to establish clinical practice recommendations for the pharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia in adults, when such treatment is clinically indicated. Unlike previous meta-analyses, which focused on broad classes of drugs, this guideline focuses on individual drugs commonly used to treat insomnia. It includes drugs that are FDA-approved for the treatment of insomnia, as well as several drugs commonly used to treat insomnia without an FDA indication for this condition. This guideline should be used in conjunction with other AASM guidelines on the evaluation and treatment of chronic insomnia in adults. Methods: The American Academy of Sleep Medicine commissioned a task force of four experts in sleep medicine. A systematic review was conducted to identify randomized controlled trials, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) process was used to assess the evidence. The task force developed recommendations and assigned strengths based on the quality of evidence, the balance of benefits and harms, and patient values and preferences.
    [Show full text]