DOCSLIB.ORG

Has Oda Ve Teşkilati

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Has Oda Ve Teşkilati T.C. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI OSMANLI MÜESSESELERİ VE MEDENİYETİ BİLİM DALI DOKTORA TEZİ HAS ODA VE TEŞKİLATI Sevgi AĞCA DİKER 2502100031 Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Arzu TERZİ İstanbul, 2019 ii ÖZ HAS ODA VE TEŞKİLATI Sevgi AĞCA DİKER Fatih Kanunnamesiyle kurulan Has Oda Teşkilatı içinde bulunan ağalar, padişahın özel hizmetleriyle ilgili vazifeler icra etmektedirler. Has Odalılar Padişahlık kurumuna sundukları sembolik hizmetler dışında padişahın hayatını korumakla da vazifelidir. Mevcutları yüzyıllar içinde 32’den 40’a ulaşmıştır. Enderun’un diğer sınıflarının aksine, bir nevi gedik sistemi uygulanarak içerden biri çıkmadan yeni bir ağa istihdam edilmemiştir. Bu sayede sayıları sabit kalmıştır. Padişahlık kurumunun kullandığı resmî bir mekân olan Has Oda, padişahın yazlık ve kışlık odalarını barındıran iki katlı bir yapıdır. Fatih döneminden itibaren yazlık köşklerin ve havuzun bulunduğu Mermer Sofa adeta yapının balkonu gibi kullanılmıştır. Enderun ile Harem Dairesi arasında bulunan Has Oda’nın ayrıcalıklı konumu, Yavuz Sultan Selim’in kutsal emanetleri İstanbul’a getirmesiyle aynı zamanda kutsal bir mekân olarak taçlanmıştır. Enderun’un en seçkin ağaları da bu seçkin ve özel padişah mekânının yanında özel daireler ve koğuşlar içinde yaşayarak, padişah ve kutsal emanetlerle ilgili vazifeler icra etmişlerdir. Devlet görevi için hazır olduklarına kanaat getirilince; padişahın, saray ve devlet erkânının katıldığı törenlerle saraydan çıkmaları kutlanmıştır. Topkapı Sarayı Arşiv belgeleri başta olmak üzere arşiv belgeleri, kronikler, seyahatnameler, minyatürler, resimler, tablolar, hazine eşyaları bu tezde bilgi kaynağı olarak kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada Has Oda’nın mimari bölümleri, kullanımları, teşkilatlanmasıyla ilgili soruların cevapları aranmaktadır. Anahtar kelimeler: Has Oda, Saray Teşkilatı, Saray Ağaları, Kutsal Emanetler, Hazine iii ABSTRACT THE PRİVY CHAMBER AND ITS ORGANISATION Sevgi AĞCA DİKER The aghas within the Organisation of Privy Chamber that had been established by Fatih lawbook, officiated for the private services of padishah. The Privy Chambered aghas were in charge of guarding the life of padishah along with their symbolic services for the establishment of Sultanate. Their numbers had increased from 32 to 40 in centuries. Unlike other classes, a kind of breach system had been implemented in Enderun and hence, a new agha had not been employed unless one had graduated. Thus, their numbers had remained stable. The Privy Chamber, as an official space used by the establishment of Sultanate, is a two-storied building which lodges the summer and winter chambers. Mermer Sofa in where the summer kiosks and pool are in, had been used as the balcony of the building since the Fatih period. The privileged location of the Privy Chamber between Enderun and Harem, had been crowned as a sacred space, after Yavuz Sultan Selim had brought the sacred relics to Istanbul. The most privileged aghas of Enderun, lived in private chambers and wards next to this privileged and private space of padishah and had officiated for padishah and sacred relics. Once they had been found eligible for the statesmanship, their graduations from the palace had been celebrated by a royal ceremony with the attendance of padishah and high state officials. Especially the archives of the Topkapı Palace, along with other archives, chronciles, travel books, miniatures, paintings and treasury objects have been used as sources of information in this thesis. In this study, answers of the questions of the architectural sections, uses and establishment of the Privy Chamber were sought. Keywords: Privy Chamber, Palace Organisation, Palace Aghas, Sacred Relics, Treasury iv ÖNSÖZ Osmanlı Devleti mülkî ve askerî sınıflarında görev yapacak iyi eğitilmiş, padişaha sıkı sıkıya bağlı ve seçkin bir kadro oluşturabilmek için gayrimüslim çocukların devşirilmesi yolunu tercih etmiştir. Bu oğlanlar Edirne Sarayı, Galata Sarayı, İbrahim Paşa Sarayı gibi hazırlık okullarından sonra Topkapı Sarayı’na gelmektedir. Bu şekilde Enderun’a dâhil olan en zeki, en itaatkâr, en sporcu, en yetenekli ve yakışıklı içoğlanların ulaşmayı hedefledikleri nihai nokta Has Oda’dır. Fatih tarafından teşkilatı kurulan Has Oda içinde üst düzey bir Enderun barındırır. Bu koğuşta yaşayan ağalarla padişahlık kurumunun kullandığı resmî ve özel alanlar yan yanadır. Has Oda ağaları padişahın hemen yakınında sembolik hizmetler sunarak, padişah sohbetlerinde bulunma ve resmî törenlere eşlik etme imtiyazına sahip olmuşlardır. Has Oda ağaları padişahın huzurunda hizmet ederek hizmet ettirmeyi ve son derece sıkı kurallar ve disiplin içinde yönetilerek, yönetmeyi öğrenmektedirler. Üst düzey tüm ağalara saray içinde özel daireler tahsis edilmiştir. Mutfaklarda kendileri için yemek yapan aşçılar yanında hizmetlerini yapan bir maiyetleri de bulunmaktadır. Tüm kıyafetleri, mücevherleri, aksesuarları, atları at takımları saray tarafından verilen bu ağalar, sarayda bulundukları her gün için yevmiyeleri, bayram vb. özel günlerde yüklü gelirleri bulunmaktadır. Her terfilerinde ödüllendirilen, en iyi olmaları hedeflenen bu ağaların, gelişmelerini tamamladıkları kabul edildiğinde ise devlet göreviyle çıkmaları sağlanmıştır. Rumeli’de bir köyde hayata gelen bir çocuk fiziki özellikleri ve yetenekleri ile seçilerek girdiği devşirme sistemi içinde, kabiliyeti ve itaatkârlığı oranında yükselerek, hazırlık saraylarından Topkapı Sarayı’na gelmektedir. Enderun sistemi içine girdikten sonra da eğitim ve seçimlere tabi tutularak onlarca yıl sonra Has Oda’ya terfi etmektedir. Has Oda, kendi içinde öyle özeldir ki, 30 yıllık eğitim sonrasında dahi yeni gelen ağa acemi kabul edilerek, tekrar bir eğitime tabi tutulmaktadır. Bu eğitim sonrasında padişahın hayatını korumak dâhil tüm hizmetleriyle yakından ilgilenme, yanında bıçak taşıma, kıymetli kumaşlardan kıyafetler, kürkler giyme, kendine ait mutfağa, atlara, kapı halkına sahip olma imtiyazları da kazanmaktadır. Bu surette eğitimli bir bireyin soylu bir aileden gelen zadelerden üstün tutulduğu yüzyıllar boyunca, devletin mülki ve askerî sınıflarına yetenekli yöneticiler yetiştirilmiştir. Hatta aile için terfilerin olduğu ilmiye sınıfına dahi bazı atamaların olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu çalışma, Has Oda’daki ağalar arasındaki sınıflamayı belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Değişik statüdeki bu ağaların hangi görevleri nasıl icra ettikleri, görevlerini yaparken hangi malzemeleri kullandıkları, neler giydikleri, neler yedikleri, hangi mekânlarda yaşadıklarını tespit etmeye çalışılacaktır. Aynı zamanda, Has Oda ağalarının gözden kaçan gündelik yaşamlarına bir pencere açmayı da hedeflemektedir. v Bu tezin kapsamı ve sınırları nedeniyle, yukarıda işaret edilen konuların her birine cevap vereceğini söylemek abartılı bir iddia olacaktır. Ancak bu çalışmada, konuyla ilgili bilgi karışıklıklarının çözülmesi, bilgi eksikliklerinin elden geldiğince giderilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Değerli hocam Prof. Dr. Arzu Terzi’nin benimle bu konuyu çalışmayı kabul etmesi esasen bu tezin ortaya çıkmasıyla ilgili önemli bir dönüm noktasıdır. Çalışmamız boyunca daima beni daha fazla araştırmaya teşvik ederken, kendisi de tespit ettiği önemli bilgileri benimle paylaşarak yeni bakış açıları kazanmama vesile olmuştur. Has Oda’nın mimarisi ve teşkilatıyla ilgili sonu gelmez gibi görünen sorular ve çıkmazlarla boğuşurken, defalarca Saray’a gelerek saatler süren yerinde çalışmaların gerçekleşmesi şüphesiz onun da benimle birlikte çalışmaya dâhil olmasıyla gerçekleşebilmiştir. Yaklaşık on yılı bulan çalışma boyunca verdiği destek, metinleri defalarca okumakla ilgili gösterdiği büyük sabır, hoşgörü ve bilimsel yönlendirmeleri olmasa bu çalışma neticelenemezdi. Tez hocam olmasının onurunu taşımak yanında büyük desteğiyle ilgili teşekkür ediyorum. Tez izleme jürisinde yer alan değerli hocalarım Prof. Dr. Abdülkadir Özcan ve Prof. Dr. Zeynep Tarım’a, ders aşamasında ve tez yazım sürecinde verdikleri olumlu destek için teşekkür ediyorum. Arşivcilik öğrencisi iken yolumun kesiştiği değerli hocam Prof. Dr. Mehmed İpşirli, eğitim hayatımın her aşamasında bana ışık tutmuştur. Topkapı Sarayı Arşivi’nde göreve başlamamla birlikte mutlaka doktora yapmamı ve Topkapı Sarayı Arşivi’ndeki belgeleri değerlendirerek Has Oda Teşkilatı’nı çalışmamı telkin etmiştir. Kendisine beni yüreklendirdiği ve desteklediği için teşekkür ediyorum. İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü Osmanlı Müesseseleri ve Medeniyeti Bilim Dalı Araştırma Görevlilerinden Sinem Serin doktora çalışmalarım boyunca karşılaştığım sorunlarla ilgili verdiği destek ile tezin son okumasını yapması ve düzeltmeleri için müteşekkirim. Mensubu olduğum Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Müdürlüğü’nde idarecilerim ve mesai arkadaşlarıma tek tek teşekkürü borç biliyorum. Öncelikle sevgili mesai arkadaşım Şenay Palamut, çalışmamı desteklemesi yanında, bir türlü bulamadığım Silahdar Ağa Köşkü’nün yerine işaret eden tek belgeyi bulmuş ve tezimin önemli bir sorununu çözmemi sağlamıştır. Topkapı Sarayı Yazma Kütüphanesi sorumlusu Zeynep Atbaş, Has Oda ağalarıyla ilgili tespit ettiğim bilgileri minyatürlerle görünür hale getirmemi sağlamıştır. Müze Müdürüm Ayşe Erdoğdu, çalışmaların boyunca ihtiyaç duyduğum izinleri vererek önemli bulgulara ulaşmamı kolaylaştırmıştır. Topkapı Sarayı İhtisas Kütüphanesi Sorumlusu Murat Keklik, baskı kitaplara ulaşmamla ilgili tüm kolaylıkları göstermiştir. Saray Arşivi’ndeki sevgili mesai arkadaşlarım, Serap Orhan ve Şermin Yalçın çalışmamın her aşamasında ihtiyaç duyduğum her türlü yardıma hazırlardı. Kendilerine
Load more

Recommended publications
  • PUBLISHER S Iranian Opposition to the Shah
    HAH S Guide Iranian Opposition to the Shah Advisor: Wolfgang H. Behn Staatsbibliothek Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin RANIAN OPPOSITION TO THE I AIDC PUBLISHERP U R L 1 5H E R S S BRILLB RI LL WolfgangWolfgang H.H. Behn,Behn, StaatsbibliothekStaatsbibliothek Preussischer Preussischer Kulturbesitz,Kulturbesitz, BerlinBerlin GuideGuide to the microform collection collection IDC numbersnumbers NE-1550NE-1550 - NE-1578 NE-1578 MU IDCIDC PUBLISHERSPUBLISHERS 1988 The Iranian opposition to the Shah The overthrow of the Shah came as a great surprise, even to many Iranists, in spite of the fact that the revolution had been in the air in Tehran long before this was realized in the West. More enigmatic than the Islamic revolution itself were the aims of its supporters, although most of the opposition groups had explicitly stated their objectives in their publications long before the revolution. But the tightening censorship in Iran had forced the whole spectrum of the opposition to publish abroad. The evasive nature of dissident literature makes bibliographical control, and acquisition in general, extremely difficult. In the case of the Iranian revolution we are fortunate that "W.H. Behn has taken on the formidable task of listing (in his bibliographies) every publication of an anti-Pahlavi nature in Persian, or in other languages about Iran, published outside Iran between 1962 and the establishment of the Islamic Republic in 1979. The measure of his success is that he has amassed a total of some 800 books and pamphlets... [The ] work... will be an indispensable tool for anyone studying the recent history of Iran and the sources of the opposition to the Shah that led to the revolution of 1979" (Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamics of Iranian-Saudi Relations in the Persian Gulf Regional Security Complex (1920-1979) Nima Baghdadi Florida International University, [email protected]
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 3-22-2018 Dynamics of Iranian-Saudi Relations in the Persian Gulf Regional Security Complex (1920-1979) Nima Baghdadi Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC006552 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the International Relations Commons, and the Other Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Baghdadi, Nima, "Dynamics of Iranian-Saudi Relations in the Persian Gulf Regional Security Complex (1920-1979)" (2018). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3652. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3652 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida DYNAMICS OF IRANIAN-SAU DI RELATIONS IN THE P ERSIAN GULF REGIONAL SECURITY COMPLEX (1920-1979) A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in POLITICAL SCIENCE by Nima Baghdadi 2018 To: Dean John F. Stack Steven J. Green School of International Relations and Public Affairs This dissertation, written by Nima Baghdadi, and entitled Dynamics of Iranian-Saudi Relations in the Persian Gulf Regional Security Complex (1920-1979), having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. __________________________________ Ralph S. Clem __________________________________ Harry D.
    [Show full text]
  • 9783319925219.Pdf
    MARXISM & LEFT-WING POLITICS in Europe and Iran Yadullah Shahibzadeh Marxism and Left-Wing Politics in Europe and Iran Yadullah Shahibzadeh Marxism and Left-Wing Politics in Europe and Iran Yadullah Shahibzadeh Oslo, Norway ISBN 978-3-319-92521-9 ISBN 978-3-319-92522-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92522-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018952228 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning
    ISSN 1728-7715 JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING 2011 (First Issue) ISSN 1728-7715 JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING GENERAL TOPICS RELATED TO ARCHITECTURE, URBAN DESIGN & PLANNING VOLUME TEN 2011 (First Issue) JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING Editorial Board S.F.A. Rafeeqi Noman Ahmed Anila Naeem Asiya Sadiq Polack Fariha Amjad Ubaid M. Fazal Noor Masooma Mohib Shakir Editorial Associate Saeeduddin Ahmed Editorial Assistant Talat Ansar Layout and Composition Mirza Kamran Baig Panel of Referees Arif Hasan (Architect and Planner, Hilal-e-Imtiaz) Arif Qayyum Butt (Ph. D., UK) Fauzia Qureshi (B.Arch. UET, Lahore; M. Arch. USA) Kamil Khan Mumtaz (ARIBA, Tamgha-e-Imtiaz) Mukhtar Husain (B. Arch, M. Arch., Turkey) Mahmood Hussain (Ph. D., UK) Saadia Fazli (M. Arch., M. CP, USA) Shahid Anwar Khan (Ph. D., AIT, Bangkok) Syed Zaigham Jaffery (B. Arch. UET Dhaka, M. Arch., USA) Michiel Dehaene (Ph.D., Professor, TUe, Eindhoven, Netherlands) Bruno De Meulder (Ph.D., Professor, K.U. Leuven, Belgium) Andre Loeckxe (Ph.D., Professor, K.U. Leuven, Belgium) Department of Architecture and Planning, Published by NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan. Printed by Khwaja Printers, Karachi. © Copyrights with the Editorial Board of the Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning CONTENTS Editors Note vii Anila Naeem Inventory of Historic Places: A Systematic Method for their Identification, 01 Evaluation and Determining Significance (Part I: Core Data and Inventory Form) Anila Naeem
    [Show full text]
  • The Realization of Mehmed Iv's Ghazi Title at the Campaign of Kamaniçe
    THE REALIZATION OF MEHMED IV'S GHAZİ TITLE AT THE CAMPAIGN OF KAMANİÇE By ÖZGÜN DENİZ YOLDAŞLAR Submitted to the Graduate School of Arts and Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Sabancı University July 2013 THE REALIZATION OF MEHMED IV'S GHAZİ TITLE AT THE CAMPAIGN OF KAMANİÇE APPROVED BY: Tülay Artan …………………………. (Thesis Supervisor) İ. Metin Kunt …………………………. İzak Atiyas …………………………. DATE OF APPROVAL: …………………………. © Özgün Deniz Yoldaşlar 2013 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT THE REALIZATION OF MEHMED IV'S GHAZİ TITLE AT THE CAMPAIGN OF KAMANİÇE Özgün Deniz Yoldaşlar History, M. A. Thesis, Spring 2013 Thesis Supervisor: Tülay Artan Keywords: Mehmed IV, Ghazi Sultans, Abaza Hasan Paşa, Fazıl Ahmed Paşa, Kamaniçe. In 1658 Sultan Mehmed IV was officially given the title of Ghazi with a fatwa of the Şeyhülislam; but it was not until in 1672 that this title materialized in concrete manner. This was unique, as for the first time in Ottoman history a sultan was officially - not rhetorically- receiving the Ghazi title prior to actually taking part in a campaign. In examining this unique case, the present study poses the following questions: under what circumstances was the Ghazi title first given to Mehmed IV in 1658 and why did he join the Kamaniçe campaign in 1672? To answer these questions, it advances two arguments. First, it argues that Mehmed IV’s Ghazi title was launched by the ruling elites as a legitimization tool against Abaza Hasan Paşa, the provincial governor who had revolted against the rigid rule of the Grand Vizier Köprülü Mehmed Paşa in 1658.
    [Show full text]
  • Britain and the Rise of Reza Shah, 1921-1926 Michael Zirinsky Boise State University
    Boise State University ScholarWorks History Faculty Publications and Presentations Department of History 11-1-1992 Imperial Power and Dictatorship: Britain and the Rise of Reza Shah, 1921-1926 Michael Zirinsky Boise State University This document was originally published by Cambridge University Press in International Journal of Middle East Studies. Copyright restrictions may apply. DOI:10.1017/S0020743800022388 Int. 1. Middle East Stud. 24 (1992), 639-663. Printed in the United States of America Michael P. Zirinsky IMPERIAL POWER AND DICTATORSHIP: BRITAIN AND THE RISE OF REZA SHAH, 1921-1926 [Reza Khan] seemed to me a strong and fearless man who had his country's good at heart. -Sir Edmund Ironside, recalling late 1920 Reza ... has never spoken for himself, nor ... [his] Government ... but only on behalf of his country .... -Sir Percy Loraine, January 1922 He is secretive, suspicious and ignorant; he appears wholly unable to grasp the realities of the situation or to realise the force of the hostility he has aroused. -Harold Nicolson, September 1926 I fear we can do nothing to humanise this bloodthirsty lunatic. -Sir Robert Vansittart, December 1933 Born in obscurity about 1878 and soon orphaned, Reza Pahlavi enlisted at fifteen in a Russian-officered Cossack brigade. Rising through the ranks, he provided force for a February 1921 coup d'etat, seizing power for journalist Sayyid Zia al­ Din Tabatabai. Reza Khan provided strength in the new government and rose from army commander to minister of war (April 1921) to prime minister (1923) and, after failing to make a republic in 1924, to the throne in 1925.
    [Show full text]
  • The Iranian Embassy in Washington, DC
    UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date:___________________ I, _________________________________________________________, hereby submit this work as part of the requirements for the degree of: in: It is entitled: This work and its defense approved by: Chair: _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ The Architecture of Poetry: The Iranian Embassy in Washington, D.C. A thesis submitted to the Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Architecture, 2007 In the School of Architecture and Interior Design College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning Mercedeh Namei B.S.Arch., University of Cincinnati, 2005 Committee Chair: Jay Chatterjee Committee Members: Aarati Kanekar Vincent Sansalone Abstract 3 An embassy is a symbol of unique cultural, social and political aspects of a specific country. Historically it becomes a place for a country’s representative(s) to communicate in a civilized and acceptable manner. Communications among embassies have traditionally been a great resource for international diplomacy that promotes peace and friendship. An embassy is an office building that specializes in diplomatic relationships and a great representative for one culture. Presenting a culture requires multifaceted revelation of its aspects. In the project Architecture of Poetry was derived from Persian poetry. In order to understand Persian culture and its classical poetry, the methodology includes discussion of Ferdosi’s Shähnmeh (The Epic of Kings). Persian poetry is deeply rooted in its history and culture. It was developed through centuries of repetition and practice. Understanding Persian poetry reveals layers of history, culture and traditions. It requires understanding structure, order and the metaphorical foundation of poetry as well as the reasons behind lyrics, meanings and characters.
    [Show full text]
  • The Price of Succession: Diplomatic Negotiations Around the Acknowledgment of György Rákóczi Ii As a Prince of Transylvania
    THE PRICE OF SUCCESSION: DIPLOMATIC NEGOTIATIONS AROUND THE ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF GYÖRGY RÁKÓCZI II AS A PRINCE OF TRANSYLVANIA Gábor Kármán* In the last decades, there has been a growing interest in historical research about the Ottoman Empire’s relationship to its tributary states. Many documents that were fundamental in canonising the legal positions of the individual polities, as well as the sultan’s expectations towards them, have been edited and analysed, and much of this research is available in English, French or German. 1 On the other hand, the studies that present the diplomatic activities of the individual tributaries at the Sublime Porte and the attempts of these tributaries to try the limits of their dependence or resist the new demands of Ottoman dignitaries * Research fellow, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Centre for the Humanities, Institute of History, [email protected] 1 To name only the most comprehensive studies: Nicolaas H. Biegman, e Turco-Ragu- san Relationship According to the Firmāns of Murād III (1575–1595) Extant in the State Archives of Dubrovnik, !e Hague and Paris 1967; Mihai Maxim, L’Empire Ottoman au nord du Danube et l’autonomie des Principautés Roumaines au XVI e siècle: Études et do- cuments, Istanbul 1999; idem, Romano-Ottomanica: Essays and Documents from the Turkish Archives, Istanbul 2001; Viorel Panaite, e Ottoman Law of War and Peace: e Ottoman Empire and Tribute Payers, New York 2000; Sándor Papp, Die Verleihungs-, Bekrä%igungs- und Vertragsurkunden der Osmanen für Ungarn und Siebenbürgen: Eine quellenkritische Untersuchung, Vienna 2003; idem, “Christian Vassals on the Northwest Border of the Ottoman Empire,” in e Turks , vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Yusuf Agâh Efendi and the First Permanent Embassy of the Ottoman State in London
    Yusuf Agâh Efendi and the first permanent embassy of the Ottoman State in London During the reign of Selim III (1789-1807), the Ottoman Empire has changed to her directions from Nizam-ı Kadim towards modernization in central organizations under the umbrella of Nizam-ı Cedid. With Nizam-ı Cedid’s novelties which had included serious new orders from especially in military area to political, financial, administrative and sociocultural institutions; the Ottoman foreign policy had undergone a change from part-time activeness to continuous diplomacy and in that point the establishment of permanent embassies in European capitals including London, Paris, Vienna and Berlin could be evaluated as both stimulating and tardy ordinance because permanent embassies had officiated as an active agent who could supply and transmit essential information and experience from the ground to the center in the topic of developments within Europe. The ideological infrastructure of Nizam-ı Cedid was shrouded undoubtedly under observations of several sefâretnâmes ( the book of embassy) of former Ad Hoc envoys for instance Yirmisekiz Mehmed Çelebi’s famous work from Paris, Mehmed Dervish Efendi’s reports from Saint Petersburg, Ebubekir Ratip Efendi’s detailed reports from Nemçe, and Ahmet Resmi Efendi’s observations from Vienna because the implications of different European states in administrative, financial and military areas and also sociocultural life within different European capitals have constituted main subject of these sefâretnâmes. Even if, political and economic relationships with other states has been conducted by various actors including translators, traders, military officers and Ad Hoc delegates from the very beginning of the Ottoman Empire, the state had decided to open a first permanent embassy at London in 1793 with the appointment of Yusuf Agâh Efendi as the first permanent Turkish ambassador in between December 1793-July 1797, in the final phase of 18th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Kanun and Sharia: Ottoman Land Law in Şeyhülislam Fatwas from Kanunname of Budin to the Kanunname-I Cedid
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Istanbul Sehir University Repository KANUN AND SHARIA: OTTOMAN LAND LAW IN ŞEYHÜLİSLAM FATWAS FROM KANUNNAME OF BUDİN TO THE KANUNNAME-İ CEDİD BÜNYAMİN PUNAR İSTANBUL ŞEHİR UNIVERSITY AUGUST 2015 KANUN AND SHARIA: OTTOMAN LAND LAW IN ŞEYHÜLİSLAM FATWAS FROM KANUNNAME OF BUDİN TO THE KANUNNAME-İ CEDİD A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF İSTANBUL ŞEHİR UNIVERSITY BY BUNYAMİN PUNAR IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY AUGUST 2015 ABSTRACT KANUN AND SHARIA: OTTOMAN LAND LAW IN ŞEYHÜLİSLAM FATWAS FROM KANUNNAME OF BUDİN TO THE KANUNNAME-İ CEDİD PUNAR, BÜNYAMİN. MA, Department of History. Advisor: Assist. Prof. Abdurrahman Atçıl August 2015, 126 Pages This study explores the question of Islamic character of the Ottoman land law through scrutinizing the administration of proprietary claims on the land in the şeyhülislam fatwas. It also tracks the changes in the fatwas related to the proprietary claims on the land. ʿUlamaʾ views had a central role in the Ottoman land law from the beginning. First land codes were done either on the direction of their consultancies or directly by them. Therefore, as şeyhülislams were the head of that ulema, their fatwas played significant roles on the land issues. Basics of the Ottoman thinking on the land system was first set by Ebussuud from a sharia-centred perspective. Later şeyhülislams mainly remained loyal to Ebussuud’s doctrine and built the land law upon that base. However, new circumstances forced some little but important changes on the proprietary claims on the lands.
    [Show full text]
  • Search for a Common North Caucasian Identity: the Mountaineers' Attempts for Survival and Unity in Response to the Russian
    SEARCH FOR A COMMON NORTH CAUCASIAN IDENTITY: THE MOUNTAINEERS’ ATTEMPTS FOR SURVIVAL AND UNITY IN RESPONSE TO THE RUSSIAN RULE The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by MİTAT ÇELİKPALA In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS in THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA February 2002 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations. --------------------------------- Associate Professor Dr. Hakan KIRIMLI Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations. --------------------------------- Professor Dr. Ali İhsan BAĞIŞ Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations. --------------------------------- Professor Norman STONE Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations. --------------------------------- Professor Dr. Erol TAYMAZ Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations. --------------------------------- Assistant Professor Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Issue Full File
    THE JOURNAL OF S E İrAN I D U T IRANIAN S İRAN ÇALIŞMALARI DERGİSİ Ç AL cİLT: 4 SAYI: 2 2020 / VOL: 4 NO: 2 2020 I E-ISSN: 2651-4370 şMALAR Çalışmaları Dergisi THE JOURNAL OF IRANIAN STUDIES cİLT: 4 SAYI: 2 2020 / VOL: 4 NO: 2 2020 E-ISSN: 2651-4370 I Farivash Ghanadi Maragheh & Hilal Tuğba Örmecioğlu DERgİ Farivash Ghanadi Maragheh & Hilal Tuğba Örmecioğlu A Study on Two Architects of Iran and Turkey at the Threshold of the A Study on Two Architects of Iran and Turkey at the Threshold of the 20th Century: Andre Godard and Mimar Kemalettin 20th Century: Andre GodardMakaleler and Mimar Kemalettin ???? Yousef Daneshvar Rouyandozagh S Yousef Daneshvar Rouyandozagh ????? Modernism and Transformation of Iranian Houses (1870-1979) İ Modernizm ve İran Konutlarının Dönüşümü (1870-1979) ????? Ulaş Töre Sivrioğlu & Rahimullah Farzam Ulaş Töre Sivrioğlu & Rahimullah??????? Farzam A “Controversial” Page in Iran History: İran Tarihinde Tartışmalı Bir Sayfa: Iran Communist Party (Bolshevik) and Soviet Republic of Gilan İran Komünist Partisi (Bolşevik) ve Gilan Sovyeti Pouneh Abdollahifard Pouneh Abdollahifard The Development of Feminism in Iran Cİ İran’da Feminizmin Gelişimi L T: 4 S T: Ali Abo Rezeg Ali Abo Rezeg A Understanding Iran-Hamas Relations from a Defensive YI: 2 / V Understanding Iran-Hamas Relations from a Defensive Neo-Realist Approach Neo-Realist Approach OL : 4 NO : 2 2020 İRAN ÇALIŞMALARI DERGİSİ The Journal of Iranian Studies Cilt: 4, Sayı: 2, 2020 Vol: 4, No: 2, 2020 E-ISSN: 2651-4370 SAKARYA İran Çalışmaları Dergisi uluslararası hakemli bir dergidir. Yılda iki sayı olarak yayımlanır.
    [Show full text]