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Cymmrodorion Vol 25.Indd
8 THE FAMILY OF L’ESTRANGE AND THE CONQUEST OF WALES1 The Rt Hon The Lord Crickhowell PC Abstract The L’Estrange family were important Marcher lords of Wales from the twelfth century to the Acts of Union in the sixteenth century. Originating in Brittany, the family made their home on the Welsh borders and were key landowners in Shropshire where they owned a number of castles including Knockin. This lecture looks at the service of several generations of the family to the English Crown in the thirteenth century, leading up to the death of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in 1282. With its practice of intermarriage with noble Welsh families, the dynasty of L’Estrange exemplifies the hybrid nature of Marcher society in the Middle Ages. Two points by way of introduction: the first to explain that what follows is taken from my book, The Rivers Join.2 This was a family history written for the family. It describes how two rivers joined when Ann and I married. Among the earliest tributaries traced are those of my Prichard and Thomas ancestors in Wales at about the time of the Norman Conquest; and on my wife’s side the river representing the L’Estranges, rising in Brittany, flowing first through Norfolk and then roaring through the Marches to Wales with destructive force. My second point is to make clear that I will not repeat all the acknowledgements made in the book, except to say that I owe a huge debt of gratitude to the late Winston Guthrie Jones QC, the author of the paper which provided much of the material for this lecture. -
Magna-Carta-Timeline.Pdf
Date Event 6 February King John sails for La Rochelle to begin a military campaign against the French. 1214 Many of his barons refuse to accompany him, or send knights to serve in his army. June-July 1214 John’s barons from Poitou (France) desert his army. With his path blocked by the French Prince Louis, John is unable to join his allies in Flanders, and is forced to retreat to La Rochelle. 27 July 1214 King John’s allies, the Flemings, Germans and an English contingent led by the earl of Salisbury, are defeated by the French at the Battle of Bouvines (Northern France). October 1214 John returns to England following the failure of his military campaign in France that he had spent years planning. 4 March 1215 Facing baronial revolt, John declares his intention to go on crusade to the Holy Land. It is hoped that this will secure support from the Pope against his rebellious barons. 5 May 1215 The barons renounce their fealty (allegiance) to John, and name Robert fitz Walter as their leader. 17 May 1215 The city of London welcomes the rebel barons, dashing John’s hopes for a quick victory and end to the civil war. 10 June 1215 John meets the rebel leaders at Runnymede meadow by the River Thames near Staines. 15 June 1215 King John sets his seal to a draft of Magna Carta, thereby accepting its terms. 19 June 1215 The rebel barons formally make peace with King John, and renew their allegiance. 7 July 1215 The pope excommunicates the barons who have rebelled against their king. -
The Pershore Flores Historiarum: an Unrecognised Chronicle from the Period of Reform and Rebellion in England, 1258–65*
English Historical Review Vol. CXXVII No. 529 doi:10.1093/ehr/ces311 © The Author [2012]. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. The Pershore Flores Historiarum: An Unrecognised Chronicle from the Period of Reform and Rebellion in England, 1258–65* Historians of the period of reform and rebellion in England between 1258 and 1265 make extensive use of a chronicle called the Flores Historiarum.1 This is not surprising, because the Flores covers the revolution of 1258, the baronial regime of 1258–60, the king’s recovery of power in 1261, the civil war of 1263, the battle of Lewes in 1264, and the rule of Simon de Montfort down to his defeat and death at the battle of Evesham in 1265. In the earliest surviving text of the Flores, Downloaded from which belongs to Chetham’s Library in Manchester, the account of these revolutionary years is part of a longer section of the chronicle which begins in the year 1249. From that point, until the battle of Evesham in 1265, the text is unified, and distinguished from what comes before and after, by the way in which capital letters at the beginning of sections are http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/ decorated and, in particular, by the decoration given to the letter ‘A’ in the ‘Anno’ at the beginning of each year.2 The text is also unified, and set apart, by being written, save for a short section at the start, in the same thirteenth-century hand and having very much the appearance of a fair copy.3 Historians who have studied the chronicle have nearly all assumed that this part of the Flores was copied at St Albans Abbey from 4 the work of Matthew Paris and his continuator. -
King Edward I and Edward II, Battle and Eastern Sussex 1272-1327
King Edward I and Edward II, Battle and Eastern Sussex 1272-1327 Edward I, 1272–1307 by Unknown artist oil on panel, 1597-1618 22 7/8 in. x 17 3/4 in. (580 mm x 450 mm) uneven Purchased, 1974 NPG 4980(6) © National Portrait Gallery, London Edward I cannot have had particularly fond memories of eastern Sussex after his visit with his father during the 2nd Barons War before the Battle of Lewes (14 May 1264) and its aftermath (the 1st Barons War vs King John was 1215-7). They had entered Sussex from Kent on 2 May and their first experience was an affray on the Kent-Sussex border, after which a severe reprisal took place. Carpenter says, '315 archers were beheaded in the Weald in the parish of St Mary, Ticehurst, in the place called Flimwell in the presence of the king … ' After this Henry III and Prince Edward moved on to the Cistercian Robertsbridge Abbey, where they were ‘entertained’, but they demanded 500 marks (1 mark = 2/3 of one pound or 13s 4d [67p). Converted to a 2016 value one mark might be equal to £650 today) to be paid to Edward to spare the monks’ lives. The next day Abbot Reginald of Brecon and the brothers of the Benedictine Battle Abbey went out in procession to meet the king and give him a loyal welcome, but Henry was still angry and demanded 100 marks from the abbey as he said that some of its tenants had been at Ticehurst. Prince Edward demanded another 40 marks. -
The Power of the Edge
The power of the edge Thomas Krijger The power of the edge The influence of the lords of the Welsh Marches on the political changes in England from 1258-1330 Thomas Krijger Master thesis – MA History 2 Contents Introduction 4 Chapter one: The meaning of the March 7 - The origins of the March 7 - Marcher Lords 8 - Parliament 11 Chapter two: Parliamentary revolution 13 - The Provisions of Oxford and the second barons’ war 14 - The role of the Marcher lords 18 - The disinherited 19 Chapter three: The King’s justice 23 - Edward, Llywelyn and the March 23 - The first war in Wales 25 - The war of conquest 26 - Quo warranto? 30 - Rights of the March 32 Chapter four: The tyranny of King Edward II 35 - Piers Gaveston 35 - Scotland and Bannockburn 37 - The rise of new favourites 38 - Hugh Despenser rules 41 - Isabella and Mortimer victorious 44 Conclusion 47 Bibliography 50 Appendix 55 Map of the March of Wales in the thirteenth century 59 3 Introduction The medieval border region of England and Wales was not a clearly defined one. It was unclear were England ended and Wales began, or as historian R. R. Davies put it: ‘Instead of a boundary, there was a March.’1 The March was home to a group of semi-autonomous lordships. These lordships were theoretically held by a lord in a feudal structure, and these lords had to do homage to the King of England for these lands. But the legal structures were different, as the Statutes of the realm proclaim: ‘In the marches, where the King’s writ does not run.’2 It is also mentioned in clause 56 of Magna Carta: ‘If we have deprived or dispossessed any Welshmen of lands, liberties, or anything else in England or in Wales, without the lawful judgement of their equals, these are at once to be returned to them. -
The Development of Kenilworth Castle, 1125–1660
STUDY OF AN HISTORIC SITE: KENILWORTH CASTLE The development of Kenilworth Castle, 1125–1660 “The finest surviving example of a semi-royal palace of the later middle ages, significant for its scale, form and quality of workmanship.” Kenilworth Castle as described by architectural historian Anthony Emery Timeline c.1120 Geoffrey de Clinton builds a motte and bailey on land granted by Henry I 1173–74 Henry II acquires the castle from the grandson of Geoffrey de Clinton 1180–82 A Great Keep is constructed 1210–15 King John oversees the building of outer walls and the creation of the Great Mere 1244 Simon de Montfort is appointed governor of the castle by Henry III and oversees the creation of the Brays 1266 A great siege is held and the castle reverts to the crown 1361 The castle passes by marriage to John of Gaunt and is rebuilt on a huge scale 1399 John of Gaunt’s son becomes Henry IV and the castle reverts to the crown 1414–17 Henry V constructs the pleasure or banqueting hall 1553 Edward VI grants the castle to John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland who is later executed by Mary I and the castle reverts to the crown 1563 Elizabeth I grants the castle to Dudley’s son Robert, Earl of Leicester 1564 Leicester makes extensive alterations to the castle and to the gardens 1570 Leicester’s gatehouse is built 1571–75 Refurbishments are made for the visits of Elizabeth I, including a private dance chamber 1588 On Leicester’s death, the castle is inherited by his brother Ambrose, Earl of Warwick 1611 The castle is recovered by James I 1642 Charles -
From Magna Carta to the Provisions of Oxford and Westminster: English Identity and Political Dissent
1 From Magna Carta to the Provisions of Oxford and Westminster: English Identity and Political Dissent By Matthew Packett 2 Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Historiography ...................................................................................................................................... 10 English Identity and Magna Carta ......................................................................................................... 18 English Identity in the Baronial Rebellion of 1258-1267 ...................................................................... 32 English Identity between the Civil Wars ............................................................................................... 49 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 63 Bibliography .......................................................................................................................................... 65 3 Introduction Across Europe, citizens are wrestling with the question of how their national identities should interact with super-national bodies such as the European Union, which supplant national sovereignty in issues that affect people’s everyday lives. The onward progression of communication has made the world smaller than ever, allowing cross-border identities to develop around shared interests. -
Kenilworth Castle
Student Booklet Kenilworth Castle 1 Introduction and Overview We hope you have been lucky enough to visit this historic site but even if you have not, we hope this guide will help you to really understand the castle and how it developed over time. Where is Kenilworth Castle? The castle and landscape: Aerial view of the castle, mere and surrounding landscape. 2 What is the layout of Kenilworth Castle? Castle Plan 3 Key Phases 1100s Kenilworth under the De Clintons 1120-1174 Kenilworth as a royal fortress 1174-1244 1200s Kenilworth under Simon de Montfort 1244-65 Kenilworth under the House of Lancaster 1266-136 1300s Kenilworth under John of Gaunt 1361-99 1400s Kenilworth under the Lancastrians and the Tudors 1399-1547 1500s Kenilworth under the Dudley family 1547-88 1600s Kenilworth under the Stuarts 1612-65 1700s Kenilworth under the Hydes 1665-1700s Activity 1. Make your own copy of this timeline on a sheet of A4 paper. Just mark in the seven main phases. As you read through this guide add in details of the development of the castle. This timeline will probably become a bit messy but don’t worry! Keep it safe and at the end of the guide we will give you some ideas on how to summarise what you have learned. 2. There are seven periods of the castle's history listed in the timeline. Some of the English Heritage experts came up with titles for five of the periods of the castle's history: • An extraordinary palace • A stunning place of entertainment • A castle fit for kings • A formidable fortress • A royal stronghold 3. -
Magna Carta and the Executive James Spigelman
Magna Carta and the Executive James Spigelman In 1215, Genghis Khan conquered Beijing on the way to creating the Mongol Empire. The 23rd of September 2015 was the 800th anniversary of the birth of his grandson, Kublai Khan, under whose imperial rule, as the founder of the Yuan dynasty, the extent of the China we know today was determined. 1215 was a big year for executive power. This 800th anniversary of Magna Carta should be approached with a degree of humility. Underlying themes In two earlier addresses during this year’s caravanserai of celebration,1 I have set out certain themes, each recognisably of constitutional significance, which underlie Magna Carta. In this address I wish to focus on four of those themes, as they developed over subsequent centuries, and to do so with a focus on the executive authority of the monarchy. The themes are: First, the king is subject to the law and also subject to custom which was, during that very period, in the process of being hardened into law. Secondly, the king is obliged to consult the political nation on important issues. Thirdly, the acts of the king are not simply personal acts. The king’s acts have an official character and, accordingly, are to be exercised in accordance with certain processes, and within certain constraints. Fourthly, the king must provide a judicial system for the administration of justice and all free men are entitled to due process of law. In my opinion, the long-term significance of Magna Carta does not lie in its status as a sacred text—almost all of which gradually became irrelevant. -
Quia Emptores, Subinfeudation, and the Decline of Feudalism In
QUIA EMPTORES, SUBINFEUDATION, AND THE DECLINE OF FEUDALISM IN MEDIEVAL ENGLAND: FEUDALISM, IT IS YOUR COUNT THAT VOTES Michael D. Garofalo Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS August 2017 APPROVED: Christopher Fuhrmann, Committee Chair Laura Stern, Committee Member Mickey Abel, Minor Professor Harold Tanner, Chair of the Department of History David Holdeman, Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences Victor Prybutok, Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Garofalo, Michael D. Quia Emptores, Subinfeudation, and the Decline of Feudalism in Medieval England: Feudalism, it is Your Count that Votes. Master of Science (History), August 2017, 123 pp., bibliography, 121 titles. The focus of this thesis is threefold. First, Edward I enacted the Statute of Westminster III, Quia Emptores in 1290, at the insistence of his leading barons. Secondly, there were precedents for the king of England doing something against his will. Finally, there were unintended consequences once parliament passed this statute. The passage of the statute effectively outlawed subinfeudation in all fee simple estates. It also detailed how land was able to be transferred from one possessor to another. Prior to this statute being signed into law, a lord owed the King feudal incidences, which are fees or services of various types, paid by each property holder. In some cases, these fees were due in the form of knights and fighting soldiers along with the weapons and armor to support them. The number of these knights owed depended on the amount of land held. Lords in many cases would transfer land to another person and that person would now owe the feudal incidences to his new lord, not the original one. -
70 Lords, Knights and Gentry the 13Th Century Sees the Start of Changes
70 Lords, Knights and Gentry The 13th Century sees the start of changes that will come to full fruit in the 14th Century - the development of the role of the knight in the shires, the appearance of the 'Gentleman', Bastard Feudalism. Fountains Abbey Cistercians at work in a detail from the Life of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, illustrated by Jörg Breu the Elder (1500) St. Bernard de Clairveau ? Arms of Fitz Elys Land use A Glossary of Terms FEUDAL/Feudalism/Feudalize governing system of nobility in medieval Europe, relating to a fief FEUD abbreviation for Feudal FEUDAL CHARGES/Aids vassal payment to lord for his going on Crusade, son's knighting FEUDALITY regime or feudal system FEUDAL LEVY army obligation a lord needs to field a number of knights and men-at-arms for 40 days service in the kings army in exchange for land. A liegeman would go to the royal castle with necessary warhorse, armament and attendants specified by contract. FEUDAL PYRAMID king over sub-tenants FEUDAL REGIME holding to a feudal system FEUDAL SERVICE vassal holding land from a lord in exchange for military service FEUDAL SYSTEM from lord to vassal, homage and fealty, and enfeoffment FEUDAL DEMESNE ANCIENT DEMESNE land held by the king at the time of the Domesday Book. CUSTOMAL written collection of a manor’s customs DEMESNE manor land held by free or villein tenants but directly cultivated for the lord by an agent MESSUAGE portion of land occupied as a site for a swelling or house and all appurtenances FEUDAL LORD AVOWRY lord of the manor LIEGE feudal lord over a vassal -
Evesham 1265
English Heritage Battlefield Report: Evesham 1265 Evesham (4 August 1265) Parish: Evesham, Norton and Lenchwick District: Wychavon County: Hereford and Worcester Grid ref: SP039452 Historical Context The Battle of Evesham was part of that period of instability and civil conflict which characterised the years 1258-1267, and which later became known as the Barons' Wars. Simon de Montfort's victory over Henry III and his son Prince Edward at Lewes in May 1264 did not bring lasting peace. Simon's government was threatened by rebellion on the Welsh marches, by the defection of his own followers, and by the escape from captivity of Prince Edward. After his escape from Hereford on 28 May 1265, Edward lost no time in coming to a military arrangement with Gilbert de Clare, de Montfort's erstwhile ally, and with William de Valence and John de Warenne. Assembling a considerable army, Edward and Clare moved against de Montfort at Hereford, seeking to block his passage eastwards across the River Severn. Edward first took Worcester and then advanced on Gloucester, capturing the town, but not at first the castle, in the second week of June. Thus denied his preferred route across the Severn, Simon struck south to Monmouth with the eventual hope of crossing the river at Bristol. Frustrated by the destruction of much of the shipping required for his army to cross the Severn, de Montfort returned to Hereford. There the strategic situation began to swing in his favour for his son, Simon, was advancing west from London with an army which threatened Edward and Clare's freedom of movement on the east bank of the Severn.