isb49-3_cv_isb49-3_cv 6/15/2016 11:11 AM Page 2

International Society of Barristers

Volume 49 Number 3

WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS IN THE Nina Morrison

REPRESENTING HIGH­PROFILE DEFENDANTS IN THE AGE OF TWITTER Blair Bernholz Berk

INSIDE THE ART WORLD Dan Cameron and Jonathan Ferrara

A TRIP THROUGH JAZZ Michael White, PhD

YAWKEY WAY Christopher A. Duggan

Quarterly isb49-3_cv_isb49-3_cv 6/15/2016 11:11 AM Page 3

Annual Meetings

2017: March 19–25, Ritz Carlton Cancun,

2018: April 15–19, Dorchester Hotel London, International Society of Barristers Quarterly   Volume 49 2016 Number 3      CONTENTS   ”‘‰ˆ—Ž‘˜‹ –‹‘•‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǣƒŽ‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡ ”‘– ‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ Nina Morrison  ‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ ‹‰ŠǦ”‘ˆ‹Ž‡‡ˆ‡†ƒ–•‹–Š‡‰‡‘ˆ™‹––‡”ǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͻ Blair Bernholz Berk  •‹†‡–Š‡”–‘”Ž†ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͷ Dan Cameron and Jonathan Ferrara  ”‹’–Š”‘—‰Š ƒœœǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͳ Michael White, PhD

ƒ™‡›ƒ›ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹͹ Christopher A. Duggan

‹ International Society of Barristers Quarterly

Editor  ‘ƒŽ† Ǥ‡•‹†  Associate Editor

‘ƒ‡•ƒ‰ƒ–  Editorial Advisory Board

ƒ‹‡Ž Ǥ‡ŽŽ› ‘Š‡‡†ǡ†‹–‘”‡”‹–—• —†›Ǥƒ””ƒ••‘ǡ‡š‘ˆˆ‹ ‹‘  Editorial Office

—‡‹˜‡”•‹–› Š‘‘Ž‘ˆƒ™ ‘šͻͲ͵͸Ͳ —”Šƒǡ‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒʹ͹͹ͲͺǦͲ͵͸Ͳ ‡Ž‡’Š‘‡ȋͻͳͻȌ͸ͳ͵Ǧ͹Ͳͺͷ ƒšȋͻͳͻȌ͸ͳ͵Ǧ͹ʹ͵ͳ Ǧƒ‹Žǣ„‡•‹†̷Žƒ™Ǥ†—‡Ǥ‡†—   ‘Ž—‡Ͷͻ ••—‡—„‡”͵ ʹͲͳ͸  Š‡         ȋ ͲͲ͹ͶǦͻ͹ͲȌȋ ͲͲʹͲǦ ͺ͹ͷʹȌ‹•’—„Ž‹•Š‡†“—ƒ”–‡”Ž›„›–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›‘ˆƒ””‹•–‡”•ǡ—‡‹˜‡”•‹–› Š‘‘Ž ‘ˆ ƒ™ǡ ‘š ͻͲ͵͸Ͳǡ —”Šƒǡ ǡ ʹ͹͹ͲͺǦͲ͵͸ͲǤ ‡”‹‘†‹ ƒŽ• ’‘•–ƒ‰‡ ‹• ’ƒ‹† ‹ —”Šƒ ƒ† ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ‹Ž‹‰‘ˆˆ‹ ‡•Ǥ—„• ”‹’–‹‘”ƒ–‡ǣ̈́ͳͲ’‡”›‡ƒ”Ǥƒ ‹••—‡•ƒ†˜‘Ž—‡•–Š”‘—‰Š ‘Ž—‡ͶͶƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ”‘‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤ ‡‹Ƭ‘Ǥǡ  Ǥǡͳʹͺͷƒ‹ –”‡‡–ǡ —ˆˆƒŽ‘ǡǡ ͳͶʹͲͻǦ ͳͻͳͳǢ•—„•‡“—‡–„ƒ ‹••—‡•ƒ†˜‘Ž—‡•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ”‘ ‘‡Š”‹•–‡•‡ǡ  ǤǡͳͷͶͲ†ƒ• –”‡‡–ǡ‹ ‘Žǡǡ͸ͺͷʹͳǤǣŽ‡ƒ•‡•‡†ƒ††”‡•• Šƒ‰‡•–‘”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ƒŽ† Ǥ ‡•‹†ǡ—‡‹˜‡”•‹–› Š‘‘Ž‘ˆƒ™ǡ‘šͻͲ͵͸Ͳǡ—”Šƒǡǡʹ͹͹ͲͺǦͲ͵͸ͲǤ  ̹ʹͲͳ͸ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›‘ˆƒ””‹•–‡”•

‹‹ International Society of Barristers   Board of Governors 2016–2017 ƒ‹‡ŽǤƒ”ƒ†ƒ–ǡCaliforniaǡ”‡•‹†‡– —†›Ǥƒ””ƒ••‘ǡLouisianaǡ ‹”•–‹ ‡”‡•‹†‡– ƒ””› Ǥ Š‡‹†‡” ”Ǥǡ Washingtonǡ‡ ‘†‹ ‡”‡•‹†‡– Š‘ƒ•Ǥ”ƒ‡”ǡMichiganǡ‡ ”‡–ƒ”›Ȃ”‡ƒ•—”‡” —–Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ‹Ž‡•ǡFloridaǡ ‡†‹ƒ–‡ƒ•–”‡•‹†‡– ‘ƒŽ† Ǥ‡•‹†ǡNorth Carolinaǡ †‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡‡ ”‡–ƒ”›Ƭ†‹–‘” ‘ŠǤ‡‡†ǡMichiganǡ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡‡ ”‡–ƒ”›Ƭ†‹–‘”‡”‹–—•

2014–2017* ƒš‘ƒ˜‹• ‡˜‹”‹•– ƒ–ŠŽ‡‡ƒ‰ Montana Texas Michigan  Ǥ‡‡–Š ™ƒ –‡’Š‡ƒ†‡ British Columbia Maine 2015–2018* ‡–‡” Ǥ”‘†Š‡ƒ† –‡’Š‡Ǥ Š‘ƒ•Ǥ”ƒ‡” ”— ‡” Michigan Nebraska ǤǤȋƒ›Ȍ‡”•‘• Š”‹•–‘’Š‡”‡•‹‡”•‹ Georgia California 2016–2019* ƒ‡•Ǥ ”‹ Ž‡–‘ –‡’Š‡ Ǥ ”— ‡Ǥ‘–‘›ƒ Kansas —’’‡”ƒ Colorado Louisiana ƒ–ŠŽ‡‡ Ž›‡–‡”•‘ ƒ˜‹†Ǥ‘™‡ŽŽ ”Ǥ Minnesota Colorado

*‡”•„‡‰‹ƒ†‡†‘–Š‡Žƒ•–†ƒ›‘ˆƒ—ƒŽ‡‡–‹‰•Ǥ

‹‹‹ International Society of Barristers  Past Presidents ”ƒ‹‰’ƒ‰‡„‡”‰ǡŽ‡˜‡Žƒ†ǡŠ‹‘ȋͳͻͳͶȂͳͻͻͺȌ  ͳͻ͸͸ —””ƒ›ƒ• ”Ǥǡ‹ƒ‹ǡ Ž‘”‹†ƒȋͳͻʹʹȂʹͲͳͳȌ ͳͻ͸͹ ‡Ž–‘Ǥ›ǡƒ’‹†‹–›ǡ‘—–Šƒ‘–ƒȋͳͻͳ͸Ȃͳͻ͹ͶȌ ͳͻ͸ͺ ” ŠǤ Š‘ Šǡ ‹‰Š‘‹–ǡ‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒȋͳͻͲͻȂͳͻͺͲȌ ͳͻ͸ͻ  ‘Š Ǥ‘ ‡ǡ‘ƒ‘‡ǡ‹”‰‹‹ƒȋͳͻʹͲȂʹͲͲ͵Ȍ ͳͻ͹Ͳ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ Ǥ”‹ •‘ǡ‡˜‡”ǡ‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘ȋͳͻʹͶȂʹͲͲͻȌ ͳͻ͹ͳ Šƒ”Ž‡•Ǥ ˜ƒ••ǡ‹‡ƒ’‘Ž‹•ǡ‹‡•‘–ƒȋͳͻʹʹȂʹͲͳʹȌ ͳͻ͹ͳ ‘„‡”–Ǥ—‹‰Šƒǡ‘„‹Ž‡ǡŽƒ„ƒƒȋͳͻͳͺȂʹͲͲͳȌ ͳͻ͹ʹ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤ ”ƒ–‡•ǡ‹ƒ‹ǡ Ž‘”‹†ƒȋͳͻͳ͹ȂͳͻͺͶȌ ͳͻ͹͵ Š‹ŽŽ‹’ Ǥ‡–‡”•ǡƒ Š‡•–‡”ǡ‡™ ƒ’•Š‹”‡ȋͳͻʹʹȂʹͲͲ͸Ȍ ͳͻ͹Ͷ ‹ Šƒ”†Ǥ‘•–™‹ ǡƒ•’‡”ǡ›‘‹‰ȋͳͻͳͺȂʹͲͳ͵Ȍ ͳͻ͹ͷ ƒ”Ž–‘Ǥ‡‹–‡”ǡ‘”–Žƒ†ǡ”‡‰‘ȋͳͻʹͲȂͳͻͺͲȌ ͳͻ͹͸ ‘—‰Žƒ•Ǥ ‹ŽŽƒǡ ”ƒ†ƒ’‹†•ǡ‹ Š‹‰ƒȋͳͻʹʹȂʹͲͲ͹Ȍ ͳͻ͹͹ Ž‡šǤ‡ŽŽ‡”ǡ‡˜‡”ǡ‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘ȋͳͻʹͺȂͳͻͻ͸Ȍ ͳͻ͹ͺ Ž‡šǤ‡™–‘ǡ‹”‹‰ŠƒǡŽƒ„ƒƒȋͳͻ͵ͳȂʹͲͳ͸Ȍ ͳͻ͹ͻ –ƒ‹‡‰‡Žǡ„‡”†‡‡ǡ‘—–Šƒ‘–ƒȋͳͻʹͺȂͳͻͻ͸Ȍ ͳͻͺͲ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤ Žƒ•ƒ’ǡ‹‡ƒ’‘Ž‹•ǡ‹‡•‘–ƒȋͳͻʹͶȂʹͲͲͲȌ ͳͻͺͳ ƒŽ–‡”Ǥ›ƒ”•ǡ‘–‰‘‡”›ǡŽƒ„ƒƒȋͳͻʹͺȂʹͲͳͶȌ ͳͻͺʹ ‘Š Ǥ ”‡‡”ǡ’‡ ‡”ǡ ‘™ƒȋͳͻʹͲȂʹͲͲͶȌ ͳͻͺ͵ Ǥ Ǥ”— ‡”ǡ‹ ‘Žǡ‡„”ƒ•ƒ ͳͻͺͶ ƒ› Ǥ‡ƒ”•‘ǡ‹ƒ‹ǡ Ž‘”‹†ƒȋͳͻʹʹȂʹͲͲͶȌ ͳͻͺͷ ‘‡ŽǤ‘›†‡ǡ ”ƒ†ƒ’‹†•ǡ‹ Š‹‰ƒȋͳͻ͵͹ȂͳͻͻͻȌ ͳͻͺ͸ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤ‰ƒǡ‹‡ƒ’‘Ž‹•ǡ‹‡•‘–ƒȋͳͻʹͷȂʹͲͳʹȌ ͳͻͺ͹ ƒ”Ž‡–‘Ǥ ‘›ǡ‹‘—š ƒŽŽ•ǡ‘—–Šƒ‘–ƒ ͳͻͺͺ ƒ”Ǥ‘„‹•‘ǡ‘•‰‡Ž‡•ǡƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒȋͳͻʹͶȂʹͲͲͳȌ ͳͻͺͻ ‡””›Ǥ‡ Š–Ž‡ǡŠ‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǡ‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒȋͳͻʹ͸ȂʹͲͳͲȌ ͳͻͻͲ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ Ǥ ƒ‹‡Žǡ‹”‹‰ŠƒǡŽƒ„ƒƒȋͳͻʹ͹ȂʹͲͲ͵Ȍ ͳͻͻͳ ”‡†‡”‹  Ǥƒ›‡”ǡ–Ǥ‘—‹•ǡ‹••‘—”‹ ͳͻͻʹ ‘Ž‡šƒ†‡”ǡ ‘—•–‘ǡ‡šƒ•ȋͳͻ͵ͲȂʹͲͲͺȌ ͳͻͻ͵ Šƒ”Ž‡• ǤŽƒ Šƒ”†ǡƒŽ‡‹‰Šǡ‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ ͳͻͻͶ ‘Ǥ‡ƒ–‹‰ǡ‹ ‘Žǡ‡„”ƒ•ƒ ͳͻͻͷ 

‹˜ Past Presidents ƒ˜‹†Ǥ‹š‘ǡƒ Š‡•–‡”ǡ‡™ ƒ’•Š‹”‡ȋͳͻ͵ʹȂʹͲͳͶȌ ͳͻͻ͸ ‹ Šƒ”†Ǥƒ›ǡƒ•’‡”ǡ›‘‹‰ȋͳͻ͵͵ȂʹͲͳͶȌ ͳͻͻ͹ ‘Š Ǥƒ ‹‘‡ǡŽ‡˜‡Žƒ†ǡŠ‹‘ ͳͻͻͺ ”ƒ Ǥ”‹š‹—•ǡ‹‡ƒ’‘Ž‹•ǡ‹‡•‘–ƒ ͳͻͻͻ ›”‘ Ǥ”‘„‡”‰ǡ‘””‹•–‘™ǡ‡™ ‡”•‡›ȋͳͻʹͷȂʹͲͳ͸Ȍ ʹͲͲͲ ‘‡ ‡‘†ǡ ƒ›‡––‡˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ ʹͲͲͳ ‡‡ƒ ‹„—”ǡ–Š‡•ǡ ‡‘”‰‹ƒȋͳͻ͵͹ȂʹͲͲ͸Ȍ ʹͲͲʹ ƒ‹‡Ž Ǥ‡ŽŽ›ǡƒ ”ƒ ‹• ‘ǡƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ ʹͲͲ͵ ‘ŠǤ‹„‡”ǡŽ‡˜‡Žƒ†ǡŠ‹‘ȋͳͻ͵ͺȂʹͲͳ͵Ȍ ʹͲͲͶ †™ƒ”† Ǥƒ–‘‹ Šǡ ‹„„‹‰ǡ‹‡•‘–ƒ ʹͲͲͷ  ‘––Ǥ‘™‡ŽŽǡ‹”‹‰ŠƒǡŽƒ„ƒƒ ʹͲͲ͸ †™ƒ”† Ǥ‡˜‹ǡƒ ”ƒ ‹• ‘ǡƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ ʹͲͲ͹ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤ ”ƒ›ǡ‘—Ž†‡”ǡ‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘ ʹͲͲͺ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ Ǥƒ”–•‘ ”Ǥǡ”‡‰‘ ʹͲͲͻ ƒ”‹‡––ƒǤ‘„‹•‘ǡ‹•–”‹ –‘ˆ‘Ž—„‹ƒ ʹͲͳͲ Ǥ ”ƒŠƒ ‹ŽŽǡ ‘—•–‘ǡ‡šƒ•ʹͲͳͳ ‹ Šƒ‡ŽǤ‡ŽŽ›ǡƒ ”ƒ ‹• ‘ǡƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ   ʹͲͳʹ ‹ Šƒ‡ŽǤ‘”‡ŽǡƒŽ–ƒ‡‹–›ǡ–ƒŠ    ʹͲͳ͵ ƒ‡•Ǥƒ”–‹—•ǡ‡ƒ™‘‘†ǡƒ•ƒ•    ʹͲͳͶ —–Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ‹Ž‡•ǡ ƒ •‘˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ Ž‘”‹†ƒ   ʹͲͳͷ 

˜ International Society of Barristers  U.S. Membership Chair ‡–‡” Ǥ”‘†Š‡ƒ†  State & International Membership Chairs —•–”ƒŽ‹ƒƒ†‡™‡ƒŽƒ† ‘ŽŽ›‘™‡•ǯ”‹‡ ƒƒ†ƒ  ƒ•–‡”  Š”‹• ǤƒŽ‹ƒ”‡  ‡–”ƒŽ  ‹ Šƒ”† Ǥ‘Ž•‘  ‡•–‡” Ǥ‡‡–Š ™ƒ —”‘’‡  ‰Žƒ† ƒ—Ž”‡‡ƒ  ”‡Žƒ†  ƒ—Ž”‡‡ƒ  ‘”–Š‡” ”‡Žƒ† ƒ—Ž”‡‡ƒ   ‘–Žƒ† ƒ—Ž”‡‡ƒ Žƒ„ƒƒ   ‘„›Ǥ”‘™ Žƒ•ƒ    ‘„‡”–ǤŽƒ• ‘ ”‹œ‘ƒ   ƒ–”‹  Ǥ ”‘†‡” ”ƒ•ƒ•   ƒ–Š”›Ǥ”›‘” ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ  ‘”–Š‡” –‡™ƒ”–Ǥƒ„ƒ  ƒ‹‡‰‘ ƒ˜‹†Ǥƒ•‡› ”Ǥ  ‘•–‰‡Ž‡• Ǥ‡‹•‡ƒ›Ž‘”  ”ƒ‰‡‘—–› Š”‹•–‘’Š‡”Ǥ‡•‹‡”•‹ ‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘   ƒ ‡Ǥ‡ƒ”• ‘‡ –‹ —–   ‹ Šƒ‡ŽǤ‘•‘ˆˆ ‹•–”‹ –‘ˆ‘Ž—„‹ƒ ‘„‡”–Ǥ ‡‡” Ž‘”‹†ƒ    Ǥ ‘––‘•–ƒ–‹‘ ‡‘”‰‹ƒ    Ǥƒ›‡”•‘• ƒ™ƒ‹‹    ƒ”Ǥƒ˜‹• †ƒŠ‘    Š‘ƒ•Ǥ ‹‰Š ŽŽ‹‘‹•    ‹‘–Š›Ǥ‘ƒ•‹ †‹ƒƒ    –‡’Š‡Ǥ”–Š—” ‘™ƒ    ƒ˜‹†Ǥ”‘™ ƒ•ƒ•    ƒ‡•Ǥ ”‹ Ž‡–‘ ‡–— ›    †™ƒ”† Ǥ–‘’Š‡” ‘—‹•‹ƒƒ   ƒ””› ‡Ž†ƒ ”Ǥ ƒ‹‡    –‡’Š‡Ǥƒ†‡

˜‹ State & International Membership Chairs ƒ”›Žƒ†   ‘„‡”–Ǥ ‡‡” ƒ••ƒ Š—•‡––• Š”‹•–‘’Š‡”Ǥ—‰‰ƒ ‹ Š‹‰ƒ   Š‘ƒ•Ǥ”ƒ‡” ‹‡•‘–ƒ   ‘„‡”– Ǥ‹‰ ”Ǥ ‹••‹••‹’’‹   ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤ—”†› ‹••‘—”‹   Š‘ƒ•ƒ”–‡ŽŽ ‘–ƒƒ   Ž‡šƒ†‡”Ž‡™‡––  ‡„”ƒ•ƒ   –‡’Š‡Ǥ”— ‡” ‡˜ƒ†ƒ    Ǥ”— ‡Ž˜‡”•‘ ‡™ ƒ’•Š‹”‡ ‘„‡”–Ǥ–‡‹ ‡™ ‡”•‡›   ƒ”›ŽǤƒ•Ž‘™ ‡™‘”  ‹–›   –‡˜‡Ǥ‘—‹ƒ  ’•–ƒ–‡  Ǥ–‡™ƒ”– ‘‡• ‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ   ƒ‡•Ǥ‘”•‡––  ‘”–Šƒ‘–ƒ   ƒ˜‹†Ǥƒ”‹‰ Š‹‘    ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ ƒ™ƒŽ ŽƒŠ‘ƒ   ƒ””›Ǥ––ƒ™ƒ› ”‡‰‘    ƒ‡–Ǥ ‘ˆˆƒ ‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒ  ƒ•–‡”  ”‘Ž†‡˜‹  ‡•–‡” ‹ Šƒ”†Ǥ ‘Ž‘„ —‡”–‘‹ ‘   Ž˜ƒ”‘ǤƒŽ†‡”א Š‘†‡ •Žƒ†   ‡”ƒŽ†Ǥ‡ƒ”‹ƒ     ‘ŠǤƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘—–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ   ‘‡ŽǤ‘ŽŽ‹• ”Ǥ ‘—–Šƒ‘–ƒ   Š‘ƒ• Ǥ ”‹–œ ‡‡••‡‡   ‹†‡›Ǥ ‹Ž”‡ƒ–Š ‡šƒ•  ƒŽŽƒ•   ƒ––Š‡™Ǥ–ƒ‡Ž  ‘—•–‘ ‹‡Ž†•Ž‡šƒ†‡” –ƒŠ    ‹ Šƒ”†Ǥ—”„‹†‰‡ ‡”‘–   ‡”‘‡ Ǥǯ‡‹ŽŽ ‹”‰‹ •Žƒ†•   ƒ”‹ƒƒ‡•‘ ‘†‰‡ ‹”‰‹‹ƒ   ‹ Š‡ŽŽ‡ƒ”ˆ‹–– ƒ•Š‹‰–‘   Š‘ƒ•Ǥ ƒ””‹• ‹• ‘•‹   ‘„‡”–Ǥ ƒ•—Ž•‹ ›‘‹‰   ‡””›Ǥƒ ‡›  

˜‹‹           ȗȗȗ

˜‹‹‹  Dedicated to the Hon. Jim R. Carrigan 1929–2014  ‘”‡”†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡‡ ”‡–ƒ”›Ƭ†‹–‘”ǡ International Society of Barristers Quarterly   Denver Post•–‘”›ƒ„‘—– ‹ƒ””‹‰ƒƒˆ–‡”Š‹•†‡ƒ–Š„‡‰‹• „›”‡ ‘—–‹‰ƒ†ƒ›‹ƒ ‘—”–”‘‘™Š‡ǡƒ•ƒǤǤ‹•–”‹ – ‘—”– Œ—†‰‡ǡ Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† ƒ Œ‘„ ƒ• Š‹• ‘™ ‰ƒ”†‡‡” –‘ ƒ —‡’Ž‘›‡†ǡ †”—‰Ǧƒ††‹ –‡† „ƒ ”‘„„‡” ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹‰ „‡ˆ‘”‡ Š‹ˆ‘”˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‰’ƒ”‘Ž‡„‡ ƒ—•‡Š‡ ‘—Ž†ǯ–’ƒ› ‘—”–ˆ‡‡•Ǥȗ Š‹••‡•‡‘ˆ ‘’ƒ••‹‘ƒ†Œ—•–‹ ‡™‡”‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•–Šƒ– ‹ „”‘—‰Š––‘–Š‡ƒ›”‘Ž‡•Š‹•Ž‹ˆ‡‘ˆˆ‡”‡†ǡˆ”‘–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽȄ ƒ•ƒǤǤ‹•–”‹ –‘—”–Œ—†‰‡‹‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘ƒ†ƒŒ—•–‹ ‡‘–Š‡ ‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘—’”‡‡‘—”–Ȅ–‘–Š‡ƒ ƒ†‡‹ Ȅƒ•ƒ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ ‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘ ’”‘ˆ‡••‘” ƒ† ”‡‰‡–Ȅ–‘ –Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‡ –Ž› ‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ””‹•–‡”•Ǥ ‘Š‡‡†Šƒ•‘–‡† –Š‡†‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ‹ǯ• ƒ”‡‡”’ƒ–Š•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡”‘ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™ƒ• „‡‹‰ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› ‹’”‡••‹˜‡ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‹ǯ• ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‹ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ —†‹ ‹ƒŽ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ǡ ˆ‹”•– Ž‘ ƒ–‡† ‹ ‘—Ž†‡”Ǥ  ‡‹•‘—”‡†ƒ†‹••‡†„›ƒŽŽ™Š‘‡Œ‘›‡†Š‹• ‘’ƒ›‹ ‡ƒ Š ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡ •’Š‡”‡•ǡ ƒ† ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› „› Š‹• ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™ ƒ””‹•–‡”•Ǥ  

ȗ ‡••‡ƒ—Žǡ ‹ƒ””‹‰ƒǡFormer U.S. District Judge and UC Regent, Dies, ȋ’‘•–‡†—‰ǤʹͳǡʹͲͳͶȌǤ

‹š           ȗȗȗ

š   WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES: TALES FROM THE FRONT LINES OF THE DNA REVOLUTION*  Nina Morrison**

I INTRODUCTION  –ǯ•”‡ƒŽŽ›ƒ’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡–‘„‡Š‡”‡Ǥ ™‘—Ž†„‡”‡‹••‹ˆ †‹†ǯ– –ŠƒƒŽŽ‘ˆ›‘—™Š‘•‡ˆ—†•‰‘‹’ƒ”––‘–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›‘ˆ ƒ””‹•–‡”• ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ••—’’‘”–‡†‘—”™‘”Ǥ‘›‘—‘™ ›‘—”‘‡›‹•™‡ŽŽ•’‡–ǡ  ƒ’”‘‹•‡›‘—–Šƒ–›—•—ƒŽ–”ƒ˜‡Ž•†‘ ‘–‹˜‘Ž˜‡•–ƒ›‹‰ƒ––Š‡‹–œƒ”Ž–‘‡›‹• ƒ›‡Ǣ ǯ—•—ƒŽŽ›‹ƒ ‘–‡Ž͸‹ƒ•ƒŽŽ–‘™‹‡šƒ•Ǥ—–  ƒ‘– ‘’Žƒ‹ǤŠ‹•‹•‘– ‡šƒ –Ž›–Š‡Šƒ”†•Š‹’–‘—”Ǣ‹–ǯ•„‡‡Ž‘˜‡Ž›Ǥ ǯ•‘‰Žƒ†–‘„‡Š‡”‡ˆ‘” •‘ƒ›”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ –ƒŽ–‘ƒŽ‘–‘ˆŽƒ™›‡”•ǯ‰”‘—’•ǡ„—–‹–ǯ••’‡ ‹ƒŽˆ‘” ‡–‘‰‡––‘–ƒŽ–‘–”‹ƒŽŽƒ™›‡”•„‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‹›‘—ƒŽŽ—†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ ƒ ™‡ŽŽǦ–‘Ž† •–‘”› ƒ† ’—––‹‰ ƒ Š—ƒ ˆƒ ‡ ‘ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡•ƒ†Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹••—‡•Ǥ‘—•’‡ƒ‹’Žƒ‹‰Ž‹•Šǡ—•—ƒŽŽ›ǡ‘–‹ Ž‡‰ƒŽ‡•‡Ȅ™Š‹ Š‹•™Š››‘—ǯ”‡•— ‡••ˆ—Ž‹ ‘—”–‹ˆ”‘–‘ˆŒ—”‹‡•Ǥ †–Šƒ–‹•˜‡”›— Š™Šƒ–™‡–”›–‘†‘ƒ––Š‡ ‘ ‡ ‡”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ  ‡Šƒ˜‡‘™ˆ‘”†‡ ƒ†‡•–Šƒ––Š‡•›•–‡ ƒ‰‡–‹–™”‘‰Ǥ Š‡”‡ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ •–ƒ–‹•–‹ • ƒ† •–—†‹‡• ƒ„‘—– ‡””‘” ”ƒ–‡•ǡ ƒ„‘—– ‹•–ƒ‡ ‡›‡™‹–‡•• ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ —– ‹– ”‡ƒŽŽ› ™ƒ•ǯ– —–‹Ž ‡˜‹†‡ ‡„‡ ƒ‡•— Šƒˆ‘” ‡„‡‰‹‹‰‹–Š‡ǯͺͲ•ƒ†‡ƒ”Ž›ǯͻͲ•Ȅ ƒ† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹–‡”‡–ǡ –‡Ž‡˜‹•‹‘ǡ ˆ‹Žǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‹– ‡†‹ƒ–‘‰‡––Š‡•‡•–‘”‹‡•‘—–Ȅ–Šƒ–™‡•ƒ™‹•— Š—’”‡ ‡†‡–‡† —„‡”•Œ—•–Š‘™•‡”‹‘—•–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡™ƒ•Ǥȏ†‹–™ƒ•ǯ–—–‹Ž–Š‡ ǯͺͲ•ƒ†‡ƒ”Ž›ǯͻͲ•–Šƒ––Š‡•‡–‘‘Ž•‡ƒ„Ž‡†—•–‘–‡ŽŽ–Š‡•–‘”‹‡•‘ˆ

ȗ ”ƒ• ”‹’– ‘ˆ ƒ††”‡•• †‡Ž‹˜‡”‡† ƒ– –Š‡ —ƒŽ ‘˜‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›‘ˆƒ””‹•–‡”•ǡ‡›‹• ƒ›‡ǡ Ž‘”‹†ƒǡͳͲƒ” ŠʹͲͳͷǤ ȗȗ‡‹‘”–ƒˆˆ––‘”‡›ǡ ‘ ‡ ‡”‘Œ‡ –ǡ‡™‘”ǡ‡™‘”Ǥ

ͳ ʹ      

–Š‡™”‘‰Ž› ‘˜‹ –‡†Ȑ‹™ƒ›•–Šƒ–’—–ƒŠ—ƒˆƒ ‡‘™Šƒ–ȏ–Šƒ– ‡””‘””ƒ–‡Šƒ•„‡‡ǤȐ  ‡ ƒ– –Š‡ ‘ ‡ ‡ ”‘Œ‡ – ™‘” ‡š Ž—•‹˜‡Ž› ‘ ƒ•‡• ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰‡˜‹†‡ ‡Ǥ‡ƒ”‡„ƒ•‡†‹‡™‘”ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡‘–Š‡” ‘ ‡ ‡ ”‘Œ‡ –• –Šƒ– —•‡ ‘—” ƒ‡ ƒ–‹‘™‹†‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™‘” ‘ ‘Ǧ ƒ•‡•ǡ„—–™‡Šƒ˜‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹œ‡†‘‡˜‹†‡ ‡ƒ•ƒ™ƒ›–‘ ‡”ƒ•‡ƒ›†‘—„–ƒ„‘—–ƒ ‘˜‹ –‡†’‡”•‘ǯ•‹‘ ‡ ‡Ǥ‡Šƒ˜‡–Š‡ ‘˜‡† –Š‘•‡ •–‘”‹‡• ‹–‘ ™Šƒ– ™‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ ‹• ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› –Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡•– †ƒ–ƒ •‡– –Šƒ– Šƒ• ‡˜‡” „‡‡ ‘™Ǥ ‹–Š –Šƒ– †ƒ–ƒǡ ™‡ •–—†› –Š‡ ƒ—•‡•‘ˆ™”‘‰ˆ—Ž ‘˜‹ –‹‘•Ǥ •‘‡‘ˆ–Š‘•‡ ƒ•‡•ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡•‡‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ ‹•–ƒ‡• –Šƒ– ”‡ƒŽŽ› ‘—Ž†ǯ– Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ †‡–‡ –‡† „‡ˆ‘”‡Ǥ ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‘‡ƒǡ‘”‡Ž‹—•—’”‡‡ǡ‹‡šƒ•ǡ™Š‘ •’‡– –Š‹”–› ›‡ƒ”• ‹ ’”‹•‘ ˆ‘” ”ƒ’‡ǡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ –‡•–‹‘› ‘ˆ ƒ •‹‰Ž‡‡›‡™‹–‡••ǤȏŠ‡Šƒ†•‡‡Š‹Ȑ’—ŽŽ‡†‘ˆˆ‘–Š‡•‹†‡‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‘ƒ†„›ƒ’‘Ž‹ ‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”ǡƒ•‡†–‘‰‘‹ƒŽ‹‡—’ǡƒ†•Š‡’‹ ‡†Š‹ ‘—–Ǥ›–Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ–”‹ƒŽǡ•Š‡Š‘‡•–Ž›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†Š‡™ƒ•–Š‡ƒ™Š‘ Šƒ†”ƒ’‡†Š‡”Ǥ ––—”‡†‘—–ǡ–Š‘—‰Šǡ–Š”‘—‰Šƒ–‡•–†‘‡–Š‹”–› ›‡ƒ”• Žƒ–‡”ǡ –Šƒ– •Š‡ Šƒ† „‡‡ –”ƒ‰‹ ƒŽŽ› ‹•–ƒ‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› ‘– — Š –Šƒ– ‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ †‘‡ –‘ ’”‡˜‡– Š‹• ™”‘‰ˆ—Ž ‘˜‹ –‹‘Ǥ‡Šƒ˜‡†‘‡•‘‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‘„‡––‡”Ž‹‡—’• •‹ ‡ –Š‡Ǥ —– –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ •‘‡ ƒ•‡• ‹ ™Š‹ Š ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ ‘ˆ Ž‹‡–ǯ•‹‘ ‡ ‡™ƒ•‹–Š‡–ƒ–‡ǯ•Šƒ†•ǡƒ†ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ• ‘‹––‡† ‡‹–Š‡” •‡”‹‘—• ‹• ‘†— – ‘” ƒ –‡† ‹ ƒ ™ƒ› –Šƒ– ™ƒ• ”‡ Ž‡•• ‘” ‡‰Ž‹‰‡–Ǥ  ƒ ‰‘‹‰ –‘ –ƒŽ ƒ„‘—– ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡ ƒ•‡• –‘†ƒ›Ǥ

II MICHAEL MORTON

 › Ž‹‡–‹ Šƒ‡Ž‘”–‘™‡––‘’”‹•‘ˆ‘”–Š‡—”†‡”‘ˆŠ‹• ‘™™‹ˆ‡ˆ‘”–™‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•ǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ–”ƒ‰‡†›‘•‘ƒ›Ž‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ ‡‘–‘Ž›•—ˆˆ‡”‡†–Š‹•—‹ƒ‰‹ƒ„Ž‡Š‘””‘”‘ˆ‰‘‹‰–‘’”‹•‘ˆ‘” •‘‡–Š‹‰ Š‡ †‹†ǯ– †‘ǡ „—– Š‡ Ž‘•– Š‹• ™‹ˆ‡ǣ Š‡ ™ƒ• –Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž› ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡—”†‡”˜‹ –‹‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡••Ǥ—”‹‰–Š‡–‹‡Š‡™ƒ•    ͵

‹ ’”‹•‘ǡ ƒ‘–Š‡” ›‘—‰ ™‹ˆ‡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ™ƒ• —”†‡”‡† „› –Š‡ •ƒ‡’‡”•‘™Š‘ǯ†‹ŽŽ‡†‹ Šƒ‡Žǯ•™‹ˆ‡Ǥ‘–Š‡Žƒ›‡”•‘ˆ–Š‹•–”ƒ‰‡†› ƒ”‡ƒŽ‘•–‹†‡• ”‹„ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ‘ƒ‡‹–™‘”•‡ǡŽ‡•– „”‹‰›‘—†‘™–‘‘ — Šǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒŠƒ’’›‡†‹‰ǣŠ‡‰‡–•‘—–‹–Š‡‡†Ǥ—–™‡™‡”‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ †‹• ‘˜‡” Žƒ–‡” –Šƒ– ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ ‘ˆ Š‹• ‹‘ ‡ ‡ ™ƒ• ‹ –Š‡ –ƒ–‡ǯ•Šƒ†•ƒŽŽƒŽ‘‰ǡ‡˜‹†‡ ‡–Šƒ––Š‡’”‘•‡ —–‘”‡™ƒ„‘—–ƒ† †‹†ǯ– †‹• Ž‘•‡Ǥ ‘ ‹ Šƒ‡Ž •—ˆˆ‡”‡† –™‘ –”ƒ‰‡†‹‡•Ȅ‘– Œ—•– –Š‡ —”†‡”‘ˆŠ‹•™‹ˆ‡ǡ„—–Š‹•™”‘‰ˆ—Ž ‘˜‹ –‹‘ǤŠ‡Žƒ––‡”ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ǡ ‘—Ž†ƒ†•Š‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡’”‡˜‡–‡†Ǥ  ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ•‘•  ’‹ ‡† –Š‹• ƒ•‡ –‘ –ƒŽ ƒ„‘—– ™‹–Š –Š‹• ”‘™†‹•–Šƒ–›‘—ǡƒ• ‹˜‹ŽŽƒ™›‡”•ǡƒŽŽ—†‡”•–ƒ†ǡˆ‘”ƒŽŽ‹–•Šƒ••Ž‡•ǡ Œ—•–Š‘™‹’‘”–ƒ–’”‡–”‹ƒŽ†‹• ‘˜‡”›‹•Ǥ‘—™‘—Ž†ǯ–‰‘‹–‘ ‘—”– ‘–‘™‹‰‡‹–Š‡”™Šƒ––Š‡™‹–‡••‡•‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”•‹†‡™‡”‡‰‘‹‰ –‘•ƒ›‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–™Šƒ––Š‡›Šƒ†•ƒ‹†‹–Š‡’ƒ•–ǡ‘–‘™‹‰™Šƒ– –Š‡’Š›•‹ ƒŽ‡˜‹†‡ ‡‘”–Š‡†‘ —‡–ƒ”›‡˜‹†‡ ‡™ƒ•‰‘‹‰–‘„‡Ǥ ‡–‡–‡ŽŽ›‘—ǡ‹‡”‹ ƒǯ• ”‹‹ƒŽ ‘—”–•Ȅˆ‘”–Š‘•‡‘ˆ›‘—™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ǯ– „‡‡ –Š‡”‡ ‹ ƒ ™Š‹Ž‡Ȅ‹– ‘—Ž† ‘– „‡ ‘”‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ǥ  ‹ Šƒ‡Žǯ• ƒ•‡ǡ ™‘”‡†ˆ‘”‡‹‰Š–›‡ƒ”•™‹–Šƒ ‹˜‹Žƒ––‘”‡›™Š‘Šƒ† ƒ „ƒ ‰”‘—† ‹ ‡†‹ ƒŽ ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‹ ‡šƒ•ǡ ƒ ƒ––‘”‡› ƒ‡† ‘ŠƒŽ‡›ǢŠ‡ǯ•‘™ƒ†‡ƒ”ˆ”‹‡†‘ˆ‹‡Ǥ†Š‡™ƒ•Œ—•–•–—‡†Ǥ ‡ ‡’– •ƒ›‹‰ǡ Dz ‘” › Ž‹‡–• ƒ —•‡† ‘ˆ „”‡ƒ Š‹‰ ƒ ”‡ƒŽǦ‡•–ƒ–‡ ‘–”ƒ –ǡ™‡ǯŽŽ‰‡–‘”‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘„‡ˆ‘”‡™‡‰‘‹–‘ ‘—”––Šƒ™‡ ƒ ‰‡– ˆ‘” ›‘—” Ž‹‡–•™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ƒ —•‡† ‘ˆ—”†‡” ƒ† ˆƒ ‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Ž‹˜‡•‹’”‹•‘Ǥdz –‹•”‡ƒŽŽ›–”—‡ǣ–Š‡”‡‹•‘”‡ƒ•‘™Š›‹– •Š‘—Ž† „‡ –Šƒ– ™ƒ›Ǥ † –Šƒ–ǯ• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š‹‰• ™‡ǯ”‡ ™‘”‹‰ –‘ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ —– –Š‡ ‰‘‘† ‡™• ‹•ǡ ™‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ‹‰ •‘‡ ’”‘‰”‡•• ‹ ”‡ –‹ˆ›‹‰ȏ”‘ƒ†„Ž‘ •‹’”‡–”‹ƒŽ†‹• ‘˜‡”›ȐǡŽƒ”‰‡Ž›–Š”‘—‰Š•–‘”‹‡• Ž‹‡‹ Šƒ‡Žǯ•Ǥ

Ǥ”†‹ƒ”›ƒ›•  ‘ǡŽ‡–‡–‡ŽŽ›‘—ƒŽ‹––Ž‡„‹–ƒ„‘—–‹ Šƒ‡Žƒ†™Šƒ–Šƒ’’‡‡† ‹Š‹• ƒ•‡Ǥ ‡ƒ†Š‹•™‹ˆ‡ǡŠ”‹•–‹‡ǡ‡–ƒ– ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‹–Š‡Žƒ–‡ͳͻ͹Ͳ• ƒ– –‡’Š‡ —•–‹ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‹ ‡šƒ•Ǥ ‹ Šƒ‡Ž ƒ† Š”‹•–‹‡ ‰‘– Ͷ      

ƒ””‹‡† ”‹‰Š– ƒˆ–‡” ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ ƒ† ‘˜‡† –‘ —•–‹Ǥ Š‡› Šƒ† ƒ ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‡“—ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡™ƒ•ƒ™‘”‹‰™‘ƒƒ†–Š‡ƒ™‘”‹‰ ‘–Š‡”ǤŠ‡ƒ†‡‘”‡‘‡›–ŠƒŠ‡†‹†ǡƒ†‹ Šƒ‡Ž™ƒ•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ˜‡”›’”‘—†‘ˆ–Šƒ–ˆƒ –Ǥ ‡™ƒ•–Š‡ƒƒ‰‡”‘ˆƒƒˆ‡™ƒ› —’‡”ƒ”‡–Ǥ Š‡ ™‘”‡† ˆ‘” ƒ ‹•—”ƒ ‡ ‘’ƒ› ƒ† ™ƒ• ‘˜‹‰ —’ ‹ –Š‡ ”ƒ•Ǥ Š‡› Šƒ† ’Žƒ›ˆ—Ž „ƒ–‡”ǡ –Š‡› –‡ƒ•‡† ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡”ǡƒ†–Š‡›Šƒ†ƒ˜‡”›‰‘‘†Ž‹ˆ‡Ȅ™Šƒ–‹ Šƒ‡Ž™‘—Ž††‡• ”‹„‡ ƒ••‘”–‘ˆƒ˜‡”›ƒǯ•Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ  Š‡‹” Š‹Ž†ǡ”‹ ǡ™ƒ•„‘”ƒˆ‡™›‡ƒ”•‹–‘–Š‡‹”ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ǡƒ† –Š‡› Šƒ†ǡ ™Šƒ– –Š‡› ƒ– –Šƒ– –‹‡ –Š‘—‰Š–ǡ ™ƒ• –Š‡ ™‘”•– ’‘••‹„Ž‡ –Š‹‰ƒ’ƒ”‡– ‘—Ž†ˆƒ ‡ǡ•Š‘”–‘ˆƒ Š‹Ž†ǯ•†‡ƒ–Šǣ–Š‡•‡”‹‘—•‹ŽŽ‡•• ‘ˆ ƒ Š‹Ž†Ǥ ‡ ™ƒ• „‘” ™‹–Š ƒ ‘‰‡‹–ƒŽ Š‡ƒ”– †‡ˆ‡ –Ǥ ‘‡ ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡• †‘ ‘– •—”˜‹˜‡ –Šƒ– •–”‡••Ǣ ‹– ƒ†‡ –Š‡‹”• ‘Ž› •–”‘‰‡”Ǥ Š‡› „ƒ†‡† –‘‰‡–Š‡” ˆ‘” Š‹• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘” “—‹–‡ •‘‡ –‹‡Ǥ ‡ ™ƒ• —ƒ„Ž‡–‘”—ƒ†’Žƒ›ǤŠ‡›Šƒ†–‘™ƒ– ŠŠ‹‡˜‡”›‹—–‡ǤŠ‡› ™‡”‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•ƒˆ”ƒ‹†–Šƒ–Š‡‹‰Š–•–‘’„”‡ƒ–Š‹‰ǤŠ‡”‹ ™Š‡Š‡ ™ƒ• –™‘ǡ Š‡ ™ƒ• –‹›ǡ –‹›ǡ –‹› „‡ ƒ—•‡ Š‡ ™ƒ• ‘ •‘ ƒ› ‡†‹ ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† „‡ ƒ—•‡ Š‹• ‘˜‡‡– ™ƒ• ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž› •‘ ”‡•–”‹ –‡†Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ™Š‡ Š‡ ‰‘– „‹‰ ƒ† •–”‘‰ ‡‘—‰Šǡ Š‡ Šƒ† •—”‰‡”›ǡƒ†Š‡™ƒ•ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ„Ž‡–‘”—ƒ†’Žƒ›Ž‹‡ƒ‘”ƒŽ Š‹Ž†Ǥ – ™ƒ• –Š‡ –Šƒ– ‹ Šƒ‡Ž •ƒ‹† –Š‡‹” ™‘”Ž† „‡ ƒ‡ ”‹ Š ƒ† ˆ—ŽŽ ƒ‰ƒ‹Ǥ Š‡›™‡”‡ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ„Ž‡–‘•–ƒ”––‘‡Œ‘›–Š‡‹”Ž‹˜‡•Ǥ  Š‡‹”ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡™ƒ•‘–’‡”ˆ‡ –Ǥ –Šƒ†‹–••–”‡••‘”•ǣ–Š‡›Šƒ†ƒ Š‘—•‡ƒ†ƒ‘”–‰ƒ‰‡ƒ†–Š‡›™‡”‡™‘”‹‰–‘‘Šƒ”†ƒ†™‡”‡–‘‘ –‹”‡†Ǥ—–™Š‡›‘—Šƒ˜‡ƒ•‹  Š‹Ž†ǡ‹ Šƒ‡Ž•ƒ›•ǡ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰‡Ž•‡‹• ‹’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ

Ǥ—‰—•–‘ˆͳͻͺ͸  ‹ Šƒ‡ŽǡŠ”‹•–‹‡ǡƒ†”‹ Šƒ†‘˜‡†–‘‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•‘‘—–›ǡƒ •—„—”„‘—–•‹†‡‘ˆ—•–‹ǤŠ‡›Šƒ†„‘—‰Š–ƒ‡™Š‘—•‡Ǥ‹ Šƒ‡Žƒ† Š”‹•–‹‡ ™‡”‡ „”‡ƒ–Š‹‰ ‡ƒ•› ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– –‹‡ǡ ™ƒŽ‹‰ ‘ ƒ‹”Ǥ —‰—•– ͳʹǡ ͳͻͺ͸ǡ ™ƒ• ‹ Šƒ‡Žǯ• „‹”–Š†ƒ›Ǥ ‡ –‘‘ –Š‡ †ƒ› ‘ˆˆ ˆ”‘ ™‘”Ǥ ‡™‡–†‹˜‹‰ǡ‘‡‘ˆŠ‹•Š‘„„‹‡•ǤŠ‡–Š”‡‡‘ˆ–Š‡    ͷ

™‡–‘—–ˆ‘”ƒ„‹”–Š†ƒ›†‹‡”ǤŠ‡› ƒ‡Š‘‡Ǥ”‘„ƒ„Ž›•‘‡‘ˆ ›‘— ‹ –Š‡ ƒ—†‹‡ ‡ ™‹ŽŽ —†‡”•–ƒ† „‡‹‰ ƒ –Š‹”–›Ǧ•‘‡–Š‹‰ †ƒ† ™Š‘ǯ•ˆ‡Ž–Š‡†‹†ǯ–Šƒ˜‡“—‹–‡–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ‹–‹ƒ ›™‹–ŠŠ‹• ™‹ˆ‡–Šƒ–Š‡™ƒ–‡†ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‹–‡”•‘ˆˆ”‡“—‡ ›Ǥ –™ƒ•‹ Šƒ‡Žǯ• „‹”–Š†ƒ›ǢŠ‡–Š‘—‰Š–‹–™ƒ•‰‘‹‰–‘„‡ƒ„‹‰ǡ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹‰Š–Ǥ—–Š‹• ™‘”‹‰™‹ˆ‡ǡ‘ƒ• Š‘‘Ž‹‰Š–ǡ™ƒ•ƒŽ‹––Ž‡–‘‘–‹”‡†ǡƒ†•Š‡’ƒ––‡† Š‹•Šƒ†ƒ†•ƒ‹†ǡDz ‘‡›ǡ‹–ǯ•Œ—•–‰‘‹‰–‘Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡–‘‘””‘™Ǥdzȏ – Šƒ†‘–Š‡”™‹•‡„‡‡Ȑƒ‘”†‹ƒ”›†ƒ›ǡƒ†‹ Šƒ‡ŽŠƒ†‘”‡ƒ•‘–‘ –Š‹ –Šƒ– –Š‹‰• ™‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –Š‡ ‡š–Ǥ ‡ ™‡– –‘ „‡† Šƒ’’› ƒ† •ƒ‹† ‹– Šƒ† „‡‡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‡•– ‹‰Š–• ‘ˆ Š‹• Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ ”‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡••‘ˆȏ‘–Šƒ˜‹‰„‹”–Š†ƒ›•‡šȐǤ  —– –Š‡ ‡š– †ƒ›ǡ ‹ Šƒ‡Žǯ• ™‘”Ž† ˆ‡ŽŽ ƒ’ƒ”–Ǥ ‡ ™‘—Ž† Ž‡ƒ˜‡ ˜‡”›‡ƒ”Ž›‹–Š‡‘”‹‰ǡƒ–ƒ„‘—–ˆ‹˜‡‹–Š‡‘”‹‰ˆ‘”™‘”ǢŠ‡ Šƒ† –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› •Š‹ˆ–Ǥ Š‡ Š”‹•–‹‡ ™‘—Ž† –ƒ‡ ”‹  –‘ †ƒ› ƒ”‡Ǥ ‡ ™‘—Ž† ’‹  ”‹  —’ ‘ Š‹• ™ƒ› Š‘‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡› ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ †‹‡” –‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ – ƒ„‘—– ͵ ‘ǯ Ž‘ ǡ Š‡ ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ †ƒ› ƒ”‡ ‡–‡”ǡ ƒ†–Š‡ ™‘ƒ •ƒ‹†ǡ DzŠǡ ‘ǡ Š”‹•–‹‡ †‹†ǯ– „”‹‰ ”‹  –‘†ƒ›Ǥdz ‡ ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› ‡™ •‘‡–Š‹‰ ™ƒ• ™”‘‰ „‡ ƒ—•‡ Š”‹•–‹‡ ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽŽ‡†Š‹–‘•ƒ›”‹ ™ƒ••‹ Ǥ‘Š‡ƒ••—‡†–Šƒ–•‘‡–Š‹‰ –‡””‹„Ž‡—•–Šƒ˜‡Šƒ’’‡‡†–‘Š”‹•–‹‡Ǥ ‡—•‡†–Š‡’Š‘‡–‘ ƒŽŽ Š‘‡Ǥ  •Š‡”‹ˆˆ ƒ•™‡”‡†ǡ ™Š‘ •ƒ‹†ǡ Dz‹”ǡ ›‘— Šƒ˜‡ –‘ ‘‡ Š‘‡ ”‹‰Š–ƒ™ƒ›Ǥdz  ‡ ‰‘‡• Š‘‡ǡ •‡‡• Š‹• Š‘—•‡ ‘˜‡”‡† ‹ ”‹‡Ǧ• ‡‡ ›‡ŽŽ‘™ –ƒ’‡ǡŒ—•–ƒ•‹–Š‡‘˜‹‡•Ǥ ‡‰‘‡•‹ƒ†Š‡‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›•ƒ›•ǡDz • › •‘ ‘ƒ›ǫdz ‡ ‘™• –Šƒ– •‘‡–Š‹‰ —•– Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ’’‡‡† –‘ Š”‹•–‹‡„‡ ƒ—•‡•Š‡Šƒ†ǯ– ƒŽŽ‡†ǤŠ‡’‘Ž‹ ‡–‘‘‹ Šƒ‡Žǯ•ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ –‘ ƒ• ƒ„‘—– Š”‹•–‹‡ ƒ• ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ –Šƒ– Š‡ ‡™ •‘‡–Š‹‰ Šƒ† Šƒ’’‡‡†–‘Š‡”„‡ ƒ—•‡Š‡Šƒ††‘‡•‘‡–Š‹‰–‘Š‡”Ǥ  Š‹• ‹• ™Š‡”‡ ™‡ •‡‡ –Š‹• ’Š‡‘‡‘ ƒŽŽ‡† –—‡Ž ˜‹•‹‘ •–ƒ”– –‘ ‹  ‹Ǥ Š‡ Š—•„ƒ† ‘” –Š‡ „‘›ˆ”‹‡† ‹• —•—ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– •—•’‡ –Ǥ‘—Š‘’‡–Šƒ–‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‘”•™‹ŽŽ’—”•—‡–Šƒ–Š›’‘–Š‡•‹•„—– ‡‡’–Š‡‹”‹†•‘’‡–‘‘–Š‡”•Ǥ—–ǡˆ”‘–Š‡•–ƒ”–ǡ‹ Šƒ‡Ž™ƒ•–Š‡ ͸      

‘‡ƒ†‘Ž›•—•’‡ –ǡ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰ŠŠ‡˜‘Ž—–ƒ”‹Ž›–‘‘ƒ†’ƒ••‡†ƒ ’‘Ž›‰”ƒ’Š”‹‰Š–ƒ™ƒ›Ǥ   •Š‘—Ž† –‡ŽŽ ›‘— ƒ Ž‹––Ž‡ „‹– ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ”‹‡Ǥ Š”‹•–‹‡ ™ƒ• „Ž—†‰‡‘‡† –‘ †‡ƒ–Š ‹ –Š‡‹” „‡†”‘‘Ǥ Š‡ ™ƒ• •–‹ŽŽ ™‡ƒ”‹‰ Š‡” ‹‰Š–‰‘™Ǥ ––—”‡†‘—––Šƒ–ƒ‡‹‰Š„‘”ǡƒ„‘—–‘‘ǡŠƒ†•‡‡Ž‹––Ž‡ ”‹  ™ƒ†‡”‹‰ ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ •–”‡‡– ‹ Š‹• †‹ƒ’‡”ǡ ƒ†ǡ ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ • ‘‘’‡†Š‹—’„‡ˆ‘”‡Š‡™ƒ•Š‹–„›ƒ ƒ”ǡ‘”™‘”•‡ǤŠ‡‡‹‰Š„‘” „”‘—‰Š– ”‹  Š‘‡ ƒ† ˆ‘—† Š”‹•–‹‡ ‹ Š‡” „‡†”‘‘ǡ ‘˜‡”‡† ™‹–Š ƒ „Žƒ‡–ǡ ™‹–Š •‘‡ ˆ—”‹–—”‡ ’‹Ž‡† ‘ Š‡”Ǥ Š‡ Šƒ† „‡‡ „‡ƒ–‡ ™‹–Š •‘‡ •‘”– ‘ˆ „Ž—– ‹•–”—‡– ˜‡”› „ƒ†Ž› ƒ† ™ƒ• ƒŽ‘•–—”‡ ‘‰‹œƒ„Ž‡Ǥ  ‡•’‹–‡–Š‡’‘Ž›‰”ƒ’Šǡ‹ Šƒ‡Ž”‡ƒ‹‡†ƒ•—•’‡ –ˆ‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ™‡‡•ǤŠ‡•Š‡”‹ˆˆ•ƒ‹†–‘–Š‡‡™•‡†‹ƒǡDz ‘Ž•ǡ‘––‘™‘””›Ǥ‘ǯ– „‡–Š‹‹‰–Š‡”‡ǯ••‘‡•‡”‹ƒŽ‹ŽŽ‡”‘–Š‡Ž‘‘•‡Ǥ‡ǯ”‡˜‡”› Ž‘•‡ –‘•‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‹• ƒ•‡dzȄ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›–‡ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡™‘”Ž†–Šƒ––Š‡Š—•„ƒ† Šƒ†‹ŽŽ‡†Š‹•™‹ˆ‡‡˜‡„‡ˆ‘”‡‹ Šƒ‡Ž™ƒ•ƒ””‡•–‡†Ǥ  „‘—– •‹š ™‡‡• Žƒ–‡”ǡ –Š‡”‡ǯ• ƒ ‘  ‘ –Š‡ †‘‘”ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ •Š‡”‹ˆˆ •ƒ›• –Šƒ– Š‡ Šƒ• ƒ ™ƒ””ƒ– ˆ‘” ‹ Šƒ‡Žǯ• ƒ””‡•–Ǥ ‡ †‘‡•ǯ– ‡˜‡Ž‡–‹ Šƒ‡Ž ƒŽŽŠ‹•‘–Š‡”‘”ƒ›‘–Š‡”ˆƒ‹Ž›‡„‡”–‘ ‘‡ ’‹ —’”‹ ǢŠ‡Œ—•–Šƒ†•”‹ ‘ˆˆ–‘ƒ‡‹‰Š„‘”Ǥ”‹ ‹•Ž‹–‡”ƒŽŽ›–‘” ˆ”‘ Š‹• ˆƒ–Š‡”ǯ• ƒ”• ™‡‡• ƒˆ–‡” Ž‘•‹‰ Š‹• ‘–Š‡”ǡ ”›‹‰ ƒ† • ”‡ƒ‹‰Ǥ –™ƒ•’”‘„ƒ„Ž›ǡ‹ Šƒ‡Ž•ƒ›•ǡ—’–Š‡”‡ƒ‘‰–Š‡™‘”•– †ƒ›•‘ˆŠ‹•Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ

Ǥ‹ Šƒ‡Žǯ•”‹ƒŽ  ‹ Šƒ‡Ž –Š‡ ‰‘‡• –‘ –”‹ƒŽǤ Š‡ –Š‡‘”› ƒ– –”‹ƒŽ ‹• –Šƒ– ‹ Šƒ‡Ž ˆŽ‡™‹–‘ƒ Dz•‡š—ƒŽ”ƒ‰‡dz„‡ ƒ—•‡Š‹•™‹ˆ‡Šƒ†̵–Šƒ†•‡š™‹–Š Š‹ –Š‡ ‹‰Š– „‡ˆ‘”‡Ǥ Š‹• –Š‡‘”› ™ƒ• „ƒ•‡† ƒŽ‘•– ‡–‹”‡Ž› ‘ ƒ ‘–‡ ‹ Šƒ‡Ž Šƒ† Ž‡ˆ– Š‹• ™‹ˆ‡ •ƒ›‹‰ǡ Dz‡ƒ” Š”‹•–‹‡ǡ  Œ—•– ™ƒ– ›‘— ‘™›‘—ƒ†‡‡ˆ‡‡Ž‹†‘ˆ—™ƒ–‡†Žƒ•–‹‰Š–Ǥ †‘ǯ–™ƒ––‘ Šƒ˜‡ƒˆ‹‰Š–ƒ„‘—–•‡šǡ„—–‹–™ƒ•›„‹”–Š†ƒ›Ǥ Ž‘˜‡›‘—Ǥ‡–ǯ•–ƒŽ ƒ„‘—– ‹– Žƒ–‡”Ǥdz  ‹‘ —‘—• ‘–‡ǡ ƒ Ž‹––Ž‡ ‡„ƒ””ƒ••‹‰Ǥ Š‡ –ƒ–‡ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‘–‡™ƒ••‘‡–Š‹‰‹ Šƒ‡ŽŠƒ†•–ƒ‰‡†–‘    ͹

ƒ‡‹–Ž‘‘Ž‹‡Š”‹•–‹‡™ƒ••–‹ŽŽƒŽ‹˜‡™Š‡Š‡Ž‡ˆ–ǤŠ‹•”ƒ‹•‡•–Š‡ ‘„˜‹‘—•“—‡•–‹‘ǡ™Š‹ Š›ˆ‹”•–Ǧ›‡ƒ”Žƒ™•–—†‡–• ‘—Ž†•‡‡ǣŠ› ™‘—Ž†›‘—Ž‡ƒ˜‡–Šƒ–‹†‘ˆ‘–‡–Šƒ–”‡˜‡ƒŽ•›‘—”•—’’‘•‡†‘–‹˜‡ ‹ˆ›‘—ǯ”‡•–ƒ‰‹‰‹–ǫŠ›™‘—Ž†ǯ–›‘—Ž‡ƒ˜‡ƒ‘–‡Ž‹‡ǡDzŠƒ–™ƒ• –Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡•– „‹”–Š†ƒ› †‹‡” ǯ˜‡ ‡˜‡” Šƒ† ƒ† ›‘—ǯ”‡ –Š‡ ‘•– ’‡”ˆ‡ –™‹ˆ‡‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ƒ† ǯŽŽ•‡‡›‘—–‘‹‰Š–Ǥdz—–‹–™ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ ƒ› ‘„˜‹‘—•—ƒ•™‡”‡† “—‡•–‹‘• –Šƒ– ‹ –Š‹•”—•Š –‘ Œ—†‰‡– ‡˜‡”‰‘–• ”—–‹‹œ‡†Ǥ  –Š‡” –Š‹‰• ƒ„‘—– –Š‹• ƒ•‡ ™‡”‡ Œ—•– •‹’Ž› —„‡Ž‹‡˜ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ Šƒ–‡˜‡”•—’’‘•‡†”ƒ‰‡‹ Šƒ‡Ž‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡ˆŽ‘™‹–‘ƒ–Š”‹•–‹‡ ˆ‘””‡Œ‡ –‹‰Š‹•ƒ†˜ƒ ‡•ǡ™Š›™‘—Ž†Š‡Ž‡ƒ˜‡Š‹•‘‡ƒ†‘Ž› Š‹Ž† ƒ–Š‘‡—ƒ––‡†‡†Ǣ™Š›™‘—Ž†Š‡‘–Šƒ˜‡–ƒ‡”‹ –‘†ƒ› ƒ”‡ǡ •ƒ›‹‰Š”‹•–‹‡™ƒ••‹ ǫ‹ Šƒ‡ŽŠƒ†Šƒ†—––‡”Ž›‘”ƒŽ ‘–ƒ –ƒ– ™‘”–Š‡‡š–†ƒ›ǤŽŽŠ‹• ‘™‘”‡”••ƒ‹†Š‡™ƒ•’‡”ˆ‡ –Ž›‘”ƒŽǤ ‡Šƒ†‘Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡ǢŠ‡™ƒ• ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‡†— ƒ–‡†Ǥ ‡Šƒ†‡˜‡” ‡˜‡ Šƒ† ƒ —’ƒ‹† –”ƒˆˆ‹  –‹ ‡–Ǥ † –‘ ‰‘ ˆ”‘ ‘– ‡˜‡ œ‡”‘–‘ •‹š–›ǡ „—– œ‡”‘ –‘ ƒ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ƒ† „‡ƒ– ›‘—” ™‹ˆ‡ –‘ †‡ƒ–Š ™ƒ• Œ—•– •‹’Ž›‹ ”‡†‹„Ž‡Ǥ  Š‡†‡ˆ‡•‡–Š‡‘”›ǡƒ†™Šƒ–‹ Šƒ‡ŽƒŽ™ƒ›•‡™ǡ ™ƒ•–Šƒ– •‘‡‘‡ ‡Ž•‡ Šƒ† ‘‡ ‹–‘ –Š‡ Š‘—•‡ ƒ† ‹ŽŽ‡† Š”‹•–‹‡Ǥ ‘‡ •‘”–‘ˆ•‡”‹ƒŽ‹ŽŽ‡”ǡƒ‹–”—†‡”ǤŠ‡”‡™ƒ•ƒˆ‘‘–’”‹–‹–Š‡„ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡›ƒ”†–Šƒ–†‹†ǯ–ƒ– Š‹ Šƒ‡Žǯ•ƒ††‹†ǯ–ƒ– Šƒ›‘‡‡Ž•‡ǯ• ȏ™Š‘•‡’”‡•‡ ‡–Š‡”‡ ‘—Ž†„‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡†ȐǤŠ‡›Ž‹˜‡†ƒ†Œƒ ‡––‘ƒ ™‘‘†‡†ƒ”‡ƒǢ–Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒŽ‹––Ž‡ˆ‡ ‡–Šƒ–™ƒ•‡ƒ•›ˆ‘”•‘‡‘‡–‘ • ƒŽ‡ǤŠ‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ’ƒ–Š–Š”‘—‰Š™Š‹ Š•‘‡‘‡ ‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡‡• ƒ’‡† –‘–Š‡ƒ‹”‘ƒ†ǤŠ‡–Š‡‘”›™ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡‹–”—†‡”Šƒ† ‘‡‹–Šƒ– ™ƒ›ǡ–Š”‘—‰Šƒ—Ž‘ ‡†•Ž‹†‹‰Ǧ‰Žƒ••†‘‘”Ǣ‹ Šƒ‡Žƒ†Š”‹•–‹‡ Ž‹˜‡† ‹ ƒ •ƒˆ‡ ‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘† ƒ† ‘ˆ–‡ Ž‡ˆ– –Š‡ †‘‘” ‘’‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ —‘™ ˆ‹‰‡”’”‹–• ‘ –Š‡ ‰Žƒ•• †‘‘” ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‘ ƒ „Ž—‡ •—‹– ƒ•‡ ‘ –‘’ ‘ˆ Š”‹•–‹‡ǯ• „‘†›Ǥ – –Š‡ –‹‡ ‘ˆ ‹ Šƒ‡Žǯ• –”‹ƒŽǡ ™Š‘•‡’”‹–•–Š‡›™‡”‡Šƒ†‘–„‡‡†‡–‡”‹‡†ǡ„—––Š‡–ƒ–‡ǡŽ‡† „›ƒ†‹•–”‹ –ƒ––‘”‡›ƒ‡†‡†‡”•‘ǡƒ›‘—‰ƒ†ƒ„‹–‹‘—• ͺ      

ǤǤǡ ™Š‘ǯ† Œ—•– „‡‡ ‡Ž‡ –‡†ǡ •‡‡‡† ’”‡––› —–”‘—„Ž‡† „› –Šƒ– ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ‡˜‹†‡ ‡Ǥ  Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ”‡ƒŽŽ› ‹•ǡ ‘™ ‹ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ™ƒ• ‹ Šƒ‡Ž ‘˜‹ –‡†ǫ ‡Šƒ†•‘‡‘‡›ǡ‘–ƒŽ‘–ǡ„—–Š‹•ˆƒ‹Ž›• ”ƒ’‡†‹– –‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǣ Š‡ Šƒ† ˜‡”› ‰‘‘† Žƒ™›‡”•Ǥ Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ –™‘ –Š‹‰• ‹ ‹ Šƒ‡Žǯ• ƒ•‡ –Šƒ– ™‡ •‡‡ ‹ ƒ Ž‘– ‘ˆ ‘—” ƒ•‡•ǣ ‡ ™ƒ• –”—Ž› ‡””‘‡‘—• ˆ‘”‡•‹  ‡˜‹†‡ ‡Ǥ ‘”–›Ǧ•‡˜‡ ’‡” ‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ͵ʹͷ ‡š‘‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ–‘†ƒ–‡ǡŠƒ˜‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†•‘‡‹†‘ˆ‹’”‘’‡”Ž› †‘‡ ‘” ‘˜‡”•–ƒ–‡† ‘” ‹’”‘’‡”Ž› ƒƒŽ›œ‡† ˆ‘”‡•‹  ‡˜‹†‡ ‡Ǥ ƒ† ˆ‹‰‡”’”‹– ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ ‘Ǧ ƒŽŽ‡† „‹–‡Ǧƒ” ‘’ƒ”‹•‘•Ǥ  ‹ Šƒ‡Žǯ• ƒ•‡ǡƒ‡†‹ ƒŽ‡šƒ‹‡”ƒ‡†‘„‡”–ƒŽŽƒ”–‘•ƒ‹†–Šƒ–Š‡ ‘—Ž† –‡ŽŽǡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ †‹‰‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘‘†‹ Š”‹•–‹‡ǯ• •–‘ƒ Šǡ –Šƒ– •Š‡Šƒ††‹‡†‘Žƒ–‡”–Šƒͳǣͳͷ‹–Š‡‘”‹‰ǡ„ƒ•‡†Œ—•–‘Š‘™™‡ „”‡ƒ†‘™ˆ‘‘†ǤŠ‡”‡ǯ•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›‡‘”‘—•˜ƒ”‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ‘‰ƒŽŽ‘ˆ —• ‹ Š‘™ ™‡ „”‡ƒ †‘™ ˆ‘‘†Ȅ„ƒ•‡† ‘ ‘—” ƒ‰‡ǡ ‘—” „‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ Š‡‹•–”›ǡ™Šƒ–•‘”–‘ˆ‘‘†™‡ǯ”‡‹–Šƒ–†ƒ›ǡ‘—”’Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ ȏ‘•–‡š’‡”–•Ȑ•ƒ››‘— ‘—Ž†ˆ‹š‹–™‹–Š‹ƒ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ›„‡ƒ†ƒ›‘” –™‡Ž˜‡Š‘—”•Ǥ‘„‘†› ƒˆ‹š‹–™‹–Š‹–Š‡Š‘—”ǤƒŽŽƒ”–‘ǡ–Š‡†‘ –‘”ǡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›•ƒ‹†–Šƒ––Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ†‡ƒ–Š™ƒ•ƒ›™Š‡”‡ˆ”‘ͳͲǣͲͲƒǤǤ –‘͸ǣͲͲƒǤǤŠƒ–™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›ƒŽŽ‘™‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡Š‘—”ƒ–™Š‹ Š ‹ Šƒ‡Ž ™ƒ• Ž‘ ‡† ‹ ƒ– ™‘”Ǥ ‡ˆ‘”‡ –”‹ƒŽǡ ƒŽŽƒ”–‘ Šƒ‰‡† Š‹• –‡•–‹‘›ǡ ™‹–Š‘—– ‘–‹ ‡ –‘ –Š‡ †‡ˆ‡•‡ǡ ƒ† •ƒ‹†ǡ Dz –—ƒŽŽ›ǡ ǯ˜‡ ‘™”‡˜‹•‡†‹–ǡƒ†‹–ǯ•ͳǣͳͷ‹–Š‡‘”‹‰ǤdzŠ‹ Š‡ƒ•‹–ǯ•–Š‡ ‹††Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹‰Š–Ǣ‹ Šƒ‡Žǯ•–Š‡‘Ž›‘‡Š‘‡ǤƒŽŽƒ”–‘†‹†•ƒ›Ȅ ƒ†–Š‡–”‹ƒŽŽƒ™›‡”•ƒ‘‰›‘—™‹ŽŽ„‡Š‘””‹ˆ‹‡†–Šƒ–Š‡‰‘–ƒ™ƒ› ™‹–Š–Š‹•Ȅ–Šƒ–Š‹•‡•–‹ƒ–‡™ƒ•„ƒ•‡†‘Š‹•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ„—–‹–™ƒ• ‘– ƒ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  •–ƒ–‡‡–Ǥ ‘ǡ ™Š› ‹• –Š‹• ‡š’‡”– –‡•–‹ˆ›‹‰ –‘ •‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–Š‡ƒ†‹–•‹•‘–• ‹‡ ‡ǫ†™Š›™ƒ•–Š‡”‡‘–ƒ ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ ‹•–”‹ƒŽǫ ‘”•‡ǡ –Š‡ ǤǤ –Š‡ ™‡– ‘ ƒ†ǡ ‹ •—ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‰Ž‘••‡† ‘˜‡” –Š‹• ƒ˜‡ƒ– ƒ† •ƒ‹† –Šƒ– ‹ Šƒ‡Ž ‘”–‘ Šƒ†„‡‡• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›’”‘˜‡–‘„‡–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡”‘ˆŠ‹•™‹ˆ‡Ȅ•‘‡–Š‹‰ –Šƒ–™‡‘™‘™‹•‘––”—‡Ǥ    ͻ

 Š‡‘–Š‡”–Š‹‰–Šƒ–ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†–Š‹• ƒ•‡™ƒ•ƒ•‘”–‘ˆƒ•›•–‡‘ˆ Š—ƒ „‡‹‰•Ǥ Š‡ ‘—‹–›ǡ —†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ„Ž›ǡ ™ƒ–‡† –Š‹• ƒ•‡ •‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ˜‡”›„‘†›ˆ‡Ž–•ƒˆ‡”„‡Ž‹‡˜‹‰–Šƒ–‹–™ƒ•‘‡Š—•„ƒ†™Š‘ Šƒ†•ƒ’’‡†”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒƒ•‡”‹ƒŽ‹ŽŽ‡”‘–Š‡Ž‘‘•‡Ǥ –™ƒ•Œ—•–ƒˆƒ – ‘ˆŠ—ƒƒ–—”‡ǡƒ†–Š‡Œ—”‘”•ǡ™Š‡Žƒ–‡”™‡•’‘‡™‹–Š•‘‡‘ˆ –Š‡ǡ•ƒ‹†–Šƒ––Š‹•™ƒ•”‡ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡‹”‹†•Ȅ–Šƒ–‹ˆ‹–™ƒ•Œ—•––Š‡ Š—•„ƒ†ǡ –Š‡ –Š‡› ™‘—Ž† ƒŽŽ „‡ •ƒˆ‡Ǥ „˜‹‘—•Ž›ǡ –Šƒ–ǯ• •‘‡–Š‹‰ –Š‡›—†‡”•–ƒ†„‡––‡”‹Š‹†•‹‰Š––Šƒ–Š‡›†‹†ƒ––Š‡–‹‡Ǥ  † –Š‡ǡ ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡Ž› ™‹–ŠŠ‡Ž† Brady ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡͳ‡˜‹†‡ ‡‘ˆ‹ Šƒ‡Žǯ•‹‘ ‡ ‡ǡ™Š‹ Š ǯŽŽ–ƒŽƒ„‘—–Žƒ–‡”Ǥ

Ǥ‹ Šƒ‡Ž  ƒ” ‡”ƒ–‡†  ‘‹ Šƒ‡Ž‰‘‡•–‘’”‹•‘ǤŠ‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–Ž‘••–Šƒ–Š‡•—ˆˆ‡”‡†‘ˆ ƒŽŽǡ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ™ƒ•Š‹••‘ǡ”‹ Ǥ›‘ˆ›‘—™Š‘ƒ”‡’ƒ”‡–•™Š‘Šƒ˜‡ ›‘—”‹†•‰‘ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘›‘—ˆ‘”‡˜‡ƒ‹‰Š–‘”–™‘—†‡”•–ƒ†Š‘™ — Š›‘—‹••–Š‡Ǥ —•–‹ƒ‰‹‡Ž‘•‹‰–Š‡‹–Š‹•™ƒ›ǡˆ‘”–Š‹• Ž‘‰Ǥ † –Š‡ Š‹Ž† Šƒ• ƒŽ•‘ Ž‘•– Š‹• ‘–Š‡”Ǥ ‡ ™ƒ• ”ƒ‹•‡† „› Š”‹•–‹‡ǯ••‹•–‡”ǡ™Š‘„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†ǡƒ––Šƒ––‹‡ǡ–Šƒ–‹ Šƒ‡ŽŠƒ†‹ŽŽ‡† Š‡” •‹•–‡”Ǥ ‘ •Š‡ ™ƒ• Š‘•–‹Ž‡ –‘™ƒ”†•‹ Šƒ‡Žǡ †‹†ǯ– •ƒ› ƒ›–Š‹‰ ‰‘‘†ƒ„‘—–Š‹–‘Š‹••‘ǡƒ†‹ˆƒ –ǡˆ‘”—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡”‡ƒ•‘•ǡ †‹†ǯ–•‡‡–‘”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡–Š‡‹””‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’Ǥ”‹  ƒ‡–‘˜‹•‹–‹ Šƒ‡Ž —†‡” ƒ ‘—”– ‘”†‡” ƒ„‘—– ‘ ‡ ‡˜‡”› •‹š ‘–Š•ǡ ˆ‘” ƒ ˆ‡™ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ †–Š‡ǡ™Š‡”‹ ™ƒ•–™‡Ž˜‡ǡ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›—†‡”Š‹•ƒ—–ǯ•‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ǡ Š‡•ƒ‹†ǡ‘—‘™ǡ‹–ǯ•Œ—•––‘‘ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†ƒ†–‘‘Šƒ”†ƒ† †‘ǯ– ™ƒ– –‘ ‘‡ •‡‡ ›‘— ƒ›‘”‡Ǣ ǯ•‘””›Ǥ ‹ Šƒ‡Ž ƒ•‡† –Šƒ– ”‹  ‘‡–‘˜‹•‹–Š‹‘‡Žƒ•––‹‡•‘Š‡ ‘—Ž†Š‡ƒ”‹–ˆ”‘Š‹†‹”‡ –Ž›Ǥ ‡†‹†Ǥ†–Šƒ–™ƒ•™Š‡‹ Šƒ‡ŽŠ‹–„‘––‘Ǥ

ͳǤŠ‡†—‡Ǧ’”‘ ‡••”‹‰Š–•‘ˆ‘‡ƒ —•‡†‘ˆƒ ”‹‡”‡“—‹”‡–Š‡’”‘•‡ —–‹‘ –‘ †‹˜—Ž‰‡ –‘ –Š‡ †‡ˆ‡•‡ ƒ› ‡š —Ž’ƒ–‘”› ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ †‡ˆ‡†ƒ–ǯ• ‘˜‹ –‹‘ ‘” ’—‹•Š‡–Ǥ Brady v. Marylandǡ ͵͹͵ ǤǤ ͺ͵ ȋͳͻ͸͵ȌǤ ͳͲ      

 ‡–ƒŽ•‘‡–‹‡•ƒ„‘—–•‘‡„‘†›‰‡–•–‡›‡ƒ”•‹’”‹•‘ǡ •‘‡‘‡ ‰‡–• –™‡–› ›‡ƒ”• ‹ ’”‹•‘Ǥ ”‘ ‹ Šƒ‡Žǯ• ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ǡ ™Šƒ–Š‡‹••‡†ȏ‘•–™ƒ•Ȑ”‹ ƒ†ȏ”‹ ǯ•‰”‘™‹‰—’Ȑ†—”‹‰–Š‘•‡ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ ȏ„‘—– ƒ ›‡ƒ” „‡ˆ‘”‡ ‹ Šƒ‡Ž ™ƒ• —Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž› ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†ǡ ”‹  ƒ””‹‡† ƒ ™‘ƒǡ ƒ‰‰‹‡ǡ ™Š‘ ”‡•‡„Ž‡†Ȑ –Š‡ „‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž ™‘ƒ ™Š‘Šƒ†„‡‡Š‹•‘Ǥ

Ǥ‹ Šƒ‡Žǯ•‡Ž‡ƒ•‡  ‘ǡŽ‡–ǯ•‰‡––‘–Š‡‰‘‘†’ƒ”–Ǥ ǯ˜‡„”‘—‰Š–›‘—ƒŽŽ†‘™ǡƒŽ‘–Ǥ —––Š‡”‡‹•ƒˆƒ‹”Ž›Šƒ’’›‡†‹‰Ǥ‡–‘‘‹ Šƒ‡Žǯ• ƒ•‡‹ʹͲͲ͵ǡ •’‡–ƒ ‘—’Ž‡‘ˆ›‡ƒ”•”‡ƒ†‹‰‡˜‡”›’‹‡ ‡‘ˆ’ƒ’‡”™‡ ‘—Ž†‰‡–‘—” Šƒ†•‘ǡ–ƒŽ‹‰–‘ˆ‘”‡•‹ ‡š’‡”–•ƒ„‘—––Š‹•–‹‡Ǧ‘ˆǦ†‡ƒ–Š‹••—‡ǡ ƒ†—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›ˆ‹Ž‡†ƒ‘–‹‘ˆ‘”–‡•–‹‰‘ˆƒ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ –Šƒ– ™‡ –Š‘—‰Š– ‘—Ž† ‡š‘‡”ƒ–‡ ‹ Šƒ‡Ž ƒ† ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹ŽŽ‡”Ǥ  Š‡ƒ‹‡˜‹†‡ ‡™‡•‘—‰Š–™ƒ•ƒ„ƒ†ƒƒǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•ˆ‘—† ƒ„‘—–ͳͲͲˆ‡‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡Š‘—•‡ǡƒŽ‘‰–Š‡’ƒ–Š ‡–‹‘‡†–Šƒ–™‡– „‡Š‹†–Š‡Š‘—•‡ǡ‡ƒ”ƒ‘–Š‡”Š‘—•‡–Šƒ–™ƒ•—†‡” ‘•–”— –‹‘Ǥ – Šƒ†„Ž‘‘†‘‹–Ǥ –ƒŽ•‘Šƒ†ƒ—‘™Šƒ‹”‘‹–Ǥ––Š‡–‹‡ȏ‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‹‡Ȑǡ–Š‡„Ž‘‘† ‘—Ž†‘–„‡–›’‡†ǡ‡˜‡ˆ‘”„Ž‘‘†–›’‡ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡ ™ƒ•‘•— Š–Š‹‰ƒ•ˆ‘”‡•‹ –Šƒ–ƒ›‘‡™ƒ•—•‹‰‹ ‘—”–Ǥ ȏ—–‹ʹͲͲ͵ǡ™Š‡™‡‰‘–‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ǡȐ™‡•ƒ‹†ǡ‡†‘ǯ–‘™‹ˆ–Š‹• ‹• ‘‡ –‡† –‘ –Š‡ ”‹‡ǡ „—– ™Šƒ– ‹ˆ –Š‡ „Ž‘‘† ‘” –Š‡ Šƒ‹” ‹• Š”‹•–‹‡ǯ•ǫ†™Šƒ–‹ˆ–Š‡”‡‹•ˆ”‘–Š‡•™‡ƒ– ‡ŽŽ•‘”–Š‡•‹ ‡ŽŽ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ ‹ŽŽ‡” ‘ –Š‡”‡ǫ ‘—†• Ž‹‡ ƒ ‰‘‘† ‹†‡ƒǢ Ž‡–ǯ• †‘ƒ –‡•–Ǥ  ˆƒ –ǡ –Šƒ• –‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡ Ž‹‡ –Š‡  ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™‡ǡ –Š‡ ‘ ‡ ‡ ”‘Œ‡ –ǡ ™‹ŽŽ ’ƒ› ˆ‘” –Š‡ –‡•– •‘ ‹– ™‘ǯ– ‘•– –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ƒ †‹‡Ǥ‘•‹‘ˆˆ›‘—”‘•‡Ǣ ƒ™‡’Ž‡ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡–‡•–ǫ—–ǡƒ•‹•–”—‡ ‹ ƒ„‘—– ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ ‘—” ƒ•‡•ǡ –Š‡ ’”‘•‡ —–‹‘ •ƒ‹† ‘Ǥ ƒ†‡ —• ‰‘–‘ ‘—”–Ǥ ––‘‘—•ˆ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•‘ˆŽ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘–‘‰‡–permission–‘†‘ƒ –‡•–‘–Š‹•‡˜‹†‡ ‡Ǥ ™‹ŽŽ•ƒ›–Šƒ–‡šƒ•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›Šƒ•‘‡‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”‡Ǧ‰‡‡”‘—•Žƒ™•‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›ǡ™Š‹ ŠƒŽŽ‘™•ˆ‘”–‡•–‹‰‹ ƒ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•Ǥ —– ‡ƒ Š Žƒ™ ƒ „‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† ‘Ž› ‹ˆ –Š‡    ͳͳ

Œ—†‰‡•ƒŽŽ‘™‹–ǡƒ†™‡Šƒ†ƒŠ‘‡–‘™Œ—†‰‡™Š‘–—”‡†—•†‘™ ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡ˆ—•‡† –‘ ‹••—‡ ƒ ƒ’’‡ƒŽƒ„Ž‡ ‘”†‡”Ǥ ‘ ™‡ Šƒ† –‘ ƒ†ƒ—•Š‹Œ—•––‘‰‡–ƒ‘”†‡”–Šƒ–™‡ ‘—Ž†ƒ’’‡ƒŽ—’–‘–Š‡ ‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡ ƒ’’‡ŽŽƒ–‡ ‘—”–ǡ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ –‘‘ ƒ‘–Š‡” ›‡ƒ” ƒ† ƒ ŠƒŽˆ–‘†‡ ‹†‡–Š‡ ƒ•‡Ǥ  —–™‡™‡”‡ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ„Ž‡–‘•Š‘™–Šƒ––Š‡”‡™ƒ•‹ˆƒ –„Ž‘‘† ˆ”‘Š”‹•–‹‡‘–Šƒ–„ƒ†ƒƒǤŠ‡”‡™ƒ•–Š‡ˆ—ŽŽ’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ ‹ŽŽ‡” ‘ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” •‹†‡ ‘ˆ ‹–ǡ ƒ† ™‡ ™‡”‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ —Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž› ‡š‘‡”ƒ–‡‹ Šƒ‡Ž‹–Šƒ–™ƒ›Ǥ  Š‹Ž‡™‡™‡”‡™ƒ‹–‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘–Š‡„ƒ†ƒƒǡ™Š‹Ž‡‹– ™ƒ• ƒ– –Š‡ Žƒ„ ƒ† ™Š‹Ž‡ ™‡ ™‡”‡ ‹ Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™‡ ˆ‹Ž‡† ƒ ’—„Ž‹ Ǧ ”‡ ‘”†• ”‡“—‡•–Ȅ•‘‡–‹‡• –Š‡ ‘Ž› ™ƒ› ™‡ ƒ ‰‡– ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡šƒ•Šƒ•ƒ’”‡––›‰‘‘†’—„Ž‹ Ǧ”‡ ‘”†•Žƒ™ǡƒ†ǡ–‘‘—”‰”‡ƒ–†‡Ž‹‰Š–ǡ –Š‡ •Š‡”‹ˆˆǯ• ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ •‡– —• ƒ Š—‰‡ ˆ‹Ž‡Ǥ  •–ƒ”–‡† Šƒ˜‹‰ › Žƒ™ •–—†‡–• ‰‘ –Š”‘—‰Š ‹–ǡ ƒ† ™‡ †‹• ‘˜‡”‡† ƒ –‘–ƒŽ „‘„•Š‡ŽŽǤ – –—”‡†‘—––Šƒ–”‹ Šƒ†™‹–‡••‡†–Š‡‡–‹”‡ ”‹‡Ǥ ‡Šƒ†–‘Ž†Š‹• ƒ–‡”ƒŽ ‰”ƒ†‘–Š‡”ǡ ‹–ƒǡ ‹ †‡–ƒ‹Žǡ ™Š‘ –Š‡ –‘Ž† –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹ ‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”ǡ–Š‡Ž‡ƒ††‡–‡ –‹˜‡‘–Š‡ ƒ•‡ǡ™Š‘–Š‡–›’‡†‹–ƒŽŽ—’ǡ™”‘–‡ ‹–†‘™ǡƒ†‰ƒ˜‡‹––‘–Š‡’”‘•‡ —–‘”ǤŠ‡›’—–‹–‹ƒˆ‹Ž‡ƒ††‹†ǯ– •ƒ›ƒ™‘”†ƒ„‘—–‹–ˆ‘”–™‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•Ǥ ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›†‘ǯ–Šƒ˜‡–‹‡ –‘ ”‡ƒ† ›‘— –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡ –Š‹‰ „—– ȏŠ‡”‡ǯ• –Š‡ ‰‹•–Ȑǣ ”‹  •ƒ›•ǡ Dz‘›ǯ• ”›‹‰ǤdzŠ‹•™ƒ•”‹‰Š–ƒˆ–‡”‹–Šƒ’’‡‡†Ȅƒ„‘—––‡†ƒ›• ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ”‹‡ǡ ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ˆ—‡”ƒŽǤ ”‹  Šƒ† ”‡’”‡••‡† ƒ Ž‘– ‘ˆ‹–ǡ‘” ™ƒ•ǯ– –ƒŽ‹‰ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ •–ƒ”–‡† –‘ –‡ŽŽ Š‹• ‰”ƒ†‘–Š‡” ƒ„‘—– ƒ† ”‡‡ƒ – ‹–Ǥ ‡ Žƒ› †‘™ ƒ† •ƒ‹†ǡ Dz‘›ǯ• •Ž‡‡’‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ˆŽ‘™‡”•Ǥdz†–Š‡Š‡•–ƒ”–‡†–‘–ƒŽƒ„‘—–‹–ǡƒ„‘—––Š‡‘•–‡”™Š‘ –Š”‡™ƒ„Ž—‡•—‹– ƒ•‡‘–Š‡„‡†ǤŠƒ–ǯ•‡šƒ –Ž›Š‘™Š”‹•–‹‡™ƒ• ˆ‘—†Ǥ”‹ ‡™†‡–ƒ‹Ž•‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‹‡–Šƒ–‘‘‡™Š‘Šƒ†‘–„‡‡ ‹ –Š‡”‡ ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ‘™Ǥ ‡ ‡™ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘•–‡” Šƒ† Šƒ† ƒ „ƒ•‡–™‹–Š™‘‘†ǤŠ‡”‡™‡”‡™‘‘† Š‹’•‹Š”‹•–‹‡ǯ••—ŽŽƒ†‹ Š‡”Šƒ‹”ǡ•‘•Š‡Šƒ†ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›„‡‡Š‹–™‹–Šƒ™‘‘†‹•–”—‡–ǤŠ‡ǡ ”‹  •ƒ‹†ǡ –Š‡ ‘•–‡” Ž‡ˆ–Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‹–ƒ ƒ•‡† –Š‡ „‘„•Š‡ŽŽ “—‡•–‹‘ǡDzŠ‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ††›”‹ ǫƒ•ƒ††›–Š‡”‡ǫdzƒ†Š‡•ƒ›•ǡ ͳʹ      

Dz‘Ǥ‘›ƒ†”‹ ™ƒ•–Š‡”‡Ǥdz‘ǡ–Š‡ǡ‘–Š‹•–ƒ’‡–Šƒ–™‡‰‘– Žƒ–‡”ǡ‹–ƒ•ƒ›•–‘‰–Ǥ‘‘†ǡDz ǯ†‰‡–‘ˆˆ–Š‡†‘‡•–‹ –Š‹‰‘™ƒ† Ž‘‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‘•–‡”Ǥ† Šƒ˜‡‘‘”‡•—•’‹ ‹‘•‹›‹†–Šƒ– ‹‡†‹†‹–Ǥdz†‰–Ǥ‘‘†•ƒ›•ǡDzŠǡŠ—ŠǤdz†Š‡’”‘ ‡‡†•‘–Š‡ ”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ’‡–‘–ƒŽŠ‡”‘—–‘ˆ‹–ǡ•ƒ›‹‰ǡDz‡ŽŽǡ›‘—‘™Š‡‹‰Š– Šƒ˜‡„‡‡™‡ƒ”‹‰ƒƒ•Ǥ ‡‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†‹•‰—‹•‹‰Š‹•‡ŽˆǤdz Š‹•‘™Š‘—•‡‹–Š‡‹††Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹‰Š–ǫ –ƒ‡•‘•‡•‡Ǥ ™‹ŽŽ –‡ŽŽ›‘—ǡŽ‡•–›‘—–Š‹›™‘”Ž†‹•–‘‘†‡’”‡••‹‰ǡ™‡†‘ǯ–•‡‡–Š‹• ‹‡˜‡”› ƒ•‡Ǥ—–‹–‹••‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–™‡Šƒ˜‡•‡‡„‡ˆ‘”‡Ǥ  ‡ƒŽ•‘†‹• ‘˜‡”‡†–Šƒ–•‘‡‡‹‰Š„‘”•Šƒ†”‡’‘”–‡†Ȅƒ‰ƒ‹ •‘‡–Š‹‰ ‘– †‹• Ž‘•‡† –‘ –Š‡ †‡ˆ‡•‡Ȅ–Šƒ– ‘ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘ ƒ•‹‘• ’”‹‘”–‘–Š‡—”†‡”ǡƒ•—•’‹ ‹‘—•ƒŽ‡‹ƒ‰”‡‡˜ƒŠƒ††”‹˜‡—’ ƒ† ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ•‡† –Š‡ Š‘—•‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ™‘‘†‡† ƒ”‡ƒ „‡Š‹† –Š‡ Š‘—•‡ǤŠ‡’‡”•‘™Š‘™‡‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡”Šƒ†ƒ †ƒ” ›‡ŽŽ‘™ ˜ƒǤ ‡ –Š‹ ‹– ™ƒ• ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› ‹•‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ• ‰”‡‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–ˆ”‘–Š‡–”‡‡•Ǥ  Š‡ ƒ ™Š‘ ™‡ —Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž› ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡  †ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡™ƒ•ƒ”ŽŽ‡‘”™‘‘†Ǥ ‡Šƒ†ƒ”‡ ‘”†ˆ‘”ˆƒ‹”Ž›‹‘” –Š‹‰•Ȅ•‘‡ †”—‰ •–—ˆˆǡ ƒ ‘—’Ž‡ „”‡ƒǦ‹•ǡ ƒ „—”‰Žƒ”›Ǥ ‘ •‡”‹ƒŽǦ ‹ŽŽ‡”Š‹•–‘”›–Šƒ–™‡‡™ƒ„‘—–ƒ––Š‡–‹‡ǡ„—–Š‹•ˆ—ŽŽ’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ ™ƒ•‘–Šƒ–„ƒ†ƒƒǤ˜‡™Š‡™‡‰‘––Š‡ƒ– Š–‘‘”™‘‘†ǡƒ† ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š‹ƒ‘–Š‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ’‡”‹ Šƒ††‡• ”‹„‡†–Š‹•ƒ ƒ• ƒ „‹‰ ‘•–‡” ™‹–Š ƒ „‹‰ —•–ƒ Š‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ™Šƒ– ‘”™‘‘† Šƒ† –™‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡ ›‡ƒ”• ƒ‰‘ǡ ƒ– –Š‡ –‹‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ”‹‡ǡ –Š‡ ’”‘•‡ —–‘”™Š‘Šƒ†‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›‘’’‘•‡†‘—”–‡•–‹‰•ƒ‹†ǡDz‡ŽŽǡ  †‘ǯ– –Š‹ –Šƒ– ’”‘˜‡• ƒ›–Š‹‰Ǥ ‘”™‘‘† ™ƒ• ƒ ƒ”’‡– Žƒ›‡”Ǥ ‡ ‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡™‘”‡†‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒǤƒ›„‡Š‡†”‘’’‡†Š‹•„ƒ†ƒƒƒ† ›‘—” Ž‹‡– ’‹ ‡† ‹– —’ ƒ† —•‡† ‹– –‘ †ƒ„ —’ –Š‡ „Ž‘‘† ƒ† –Š‡ •–ƒ‰‡†‹––‘ƒ‡‹–Ž‘‘Ž‹‡ƒˆŽ‡‡‹‰‹ŽŽ‡”Ǥdz‹‰Š–ǡ‹–™‘—Ž†„‡ˆ—› ‹ˆ‹–™‡”‡ǯ–•‘•‡”‹‘—•Ǥ •‘‡–‹‡•–Š‹ ǯ‰‘‹‰™”‹–‡ƒ ‘ˆˆ‡‡Ǧ –ƒ„Ž‡„‘‘ ƒŽŽ‡†ǡDzProsecutor’s Excuses for DNA That Doesn’t Match the Clientǡdzƒ†‹–ǯ•‰‘‹‰–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ™Š‘Ž‡ Šƒ’–‡” ƒŽŽ‡†ǡDzŠ‡‹”–› ‘—•‡dzȄ–Š‡‹†‡ƒ„‡‹‰ǡ™Š‡™‡ˆ‹†‘–Š‡”‹–ǯ•ƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡ ƒ—•‡    ͳ͵

–Š‡Š‘—•‡‹•ˆ‹Ž–Š›ƒ†ƒŽŽ–Š‡•‡‘–Š‡”’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘‡‹Ǥ—––Š‡–ƒ–‡ ™ƒ• ™‘”‹‰ ™‹–Š ƒŽ‘•– ƒ› –Š‡‘”› ‹– ‘—Ž† ‰‡–ǡ ȏ•Š‘”– ‘ˆ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰‹ Šƒ‡Ž‹‘ ‡–ȐǤ  Š‡ –‹†‡ –—”‡† ‡˜‡ ‘”‡ ™Š‡ ™‡ †‹• ‘˜‡”‡†ǡ –Š”‘—‰Š Š‡ ‹‰ ‘”™‘‘†ǯ• ’”‹‘” ƒ††”‡••‡•ǡ –Šƒ– Š‡ Šƒ† Ž‹˜‡† ˆ‘—” „Ž‘ • ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ ƒ Žƒ–‡” ˜‹ –‹Ǥ  ’ƒ”ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ ™‘”‹‰ ˆ‘” › ‘ ‘—•‡Ž ‹ ‡šƒ• •‡– ‡ ƒ ‘‘‰Ž‡Ǧƒ’ Ž‹ǣ ‘”™‘‘† Šƒ† Ž‹˜‡† ˆ‘—” „Ž‘ • ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡• ‡‡‘ˆƒ‘–Š‡””ƒ’‡ƒ†—”†‡”‘ˆ™‘ƒƒ‡† ‡„”ƒ ƒ‡”ǡ ™Š‘ Šƒ† „‡‡ „Ž—†‰‡‘‡† –‘ †‡ƒ–Š ‹ Š‡” „‡† ‹ —•–‹ǡ –Š‡ ‡š– ‘—–› ‘˜‡”ǡ –™‘ ›‡ƒ”• ƒˆ–‡” ‹ Šƒ‡Ž Šƒ† ‰‘‡ –‘ ’”‹•‘ǤŠ‡Šƒ†„”‘™Šƒ‹”Ž‹‡Š”‹•–‹‡ǡ™ƒ•ƒ„‘—–Š”‹•–‹‡ǯ•ƒ‰‡ǡ ƒ†Šƒ†–™‘•ƒŽŽ Š‹Ž†”‡ǤŠ‡–Š‡’ƒ”ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ•‡–‡–Šƒ–Ž‹ǡ  ‘’‡‡† ‹– —’ ƒ† •ƒ‹†ǡ DzŠ‹• ‹• Œ—•– –‘‘ ”ƒœ› –‘ „‡ –”—‡Ȅ–Šƒ– ‘”™‘‘† Ž‹˜‡† •‘ ‡ƒ” ‡„”ƒ ƒ‡” ƒ– –Š‡ –‹‡Ǥ —– ‹–ǯ• ƒŽ•‘ –‘‘ ’‡”ˆ‡ ––‘„‡–”—‡ǡ•‘ †‘ǯ–‘™™Šƒ––‘–Š‹Ǥdz ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ‹‘—” „—•‹‡••ǡ™‡†‘ǯ–Šƒ˜‡–‘•’‡ —Žƒ–‡Ǥ‘‡–‹‡•ǡ‹ˆ™‡ǯ”‡Ž— ›ǡ–Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›  Ž‡ˆ– ‘˜‡”ǣ ‘‡ •‹‰Ž‡ •–”ƒ† ‘ˆ Šƒ‹” Ž‡ˆ– ‹ ‡„”ƒ ƒ‡”ǯ• „‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”‹‡Ǥ ‡ ™‡– –‘ –Š‡ ’”‘•‡ —–‘”• ‹ ”ƒ˜‹• ‘—–›ǡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‹• Šƒ† ‘ —””‡†ǡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† ‘—” •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ†ǡ –Šƒˆ—ŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡› †‹† ‘– •ƒ›ǡ Dz ‘ –‘ ‘—”– ƒ† ™‡ǯŽŽ •‡‡ ›‘— ‹ˆ‹˜‡ ›‡ƒ”•ǤdzŠ‡›•ƒ‹†ǡDz‡–ǯ•†‘–Š‡–‡•–Ǥdz‘–Š‡›†‹†–Š‡–‡•–ǡƒ†ǡƒ ˆ‡™™‡‡•Žƒ–‡”ǡ™‡ˆ‘—†‘—––Šƒ––Šƒ–Šƒ‹”™ƒ•ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –ƒ– Š–‘ ƒ” ‘”™‘‘†Ǥ Šƒ– –Šƒ– ‡ƒ– ™ƒ• –Šƒ– –Š‘—‰Š › Ž‹‡– ‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ †‘‡ ƒ Ž‘– –‘ •–ƒ‰‡ Š‹• ‘™ ”‹‡ • ‡‡ǡ Š‡‘„˜‹‘—•Ž› ™ƒ•ǯ– ‰‘‹‰–‘„‡•–ƒ‰‹‰ƒ ”‹‡• ‡‡–™‘›‡ƒ”•ƒˆ–‡”Š‡™‡––‘’”‹•‘Ǥ ˜‡ –Š‡ ’”‘•‡ —–‘” ‘ˆ ‹ Šƒ‡Žǯ• ƒ•‡ –Š‡ ƒ†‹––‡† –Šƒ– ‹ Šƒ‡Ž ™ƒ•‹‘ ‡–ǡƒ†‹ Šƒ‡Ž™ƒ•”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†ˆ”‘’”‹•‘ƒˆ‡™†ƒ›•Žƒ–‡”Ǥ  ‹ Šƒ‡Žǡ ƒ Ž‹––Ž‡ ‘Ž†‡”ǡ ™ƒ• ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡ ƒ”• ‘ˆ Š‹• ™‘†‡”ˆ—Žǡ„‡Ž‘˜‡†’ƒ”‡–•‹ –‘„‡”ʹͲͳͳǤ™‘‘–Š•Žƒ–‡”ǡ™‡ ™‡–„ƒ –‘ ‘—”––‘‰‡–‹ Šƒ‡Žǯ•Dz ‡”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ –—ƒŽ‹‘ ‡ ‡Ǥdz  ‡šƒ•ǡ –Š‡”‡ǯ• –Š‹• •–”ƒ‰‡ ’”‘ ‡†—”‡ǣ ›‘— ƒǯ– ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› „‡ †‡ Žƒ”‡† ‹‘ ‡– —–‹Ž –Š‡ ’’‡ƒŽ• ‘—”– •ƒ›• •‘ǡ •‘ ›‘— Šƒ˜‡ –‘ ͳͶ      

™ƒ‹–ƒ ‘—’Ž‡‘–Š•ǤŠƒˆ—ŽŽ›ǡ–Šƒ–•ƒ‹Ž‡†–Š”‘—‰Šǡƒ†–Š‡”‡™‡ ™‡”‡Ǥ  III REFLECTIONS AND REFORMS   —–ǡ ‘„˜‹‘—•Ž›ǡ ™‡ ‡™ –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ƒ Ž‘– ƒ„‘—– –Š‹• ƒ•‡ –Šƒ–™ƒ•˜‡”›ǡ˜‡”›–”‘—„Ž‹‰Ǥ‡ƒ––Š‡ ‘ ‡ ‡”‘Œ‡ –ƒ‡‹– ‘—”‹••‹‘–‘‹•—”‡ǡƒ•„‡•–™‡ ƒǡ–Šƒ–‘—” Ž‹‡–•ǯ•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰‹•‘– ‹˜ƒ‹ƒ†–Šƒ––Š‹•†‘‡•ǯ–‰‡–•™‡’–—†‡”–Š‡”—‰ǤŠ‹• ƒ•‡‰‘– Š—‰‡ƒ––‡–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ”‡ƒ•‘•ǣ„˜‹‘—•Ž›ǡ‹ Šƒ‡Ž‹•™Š‹–‡ǢŠ‡‹• ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‡†— ƒ–‡†ǢŠ‡Šƒ†‘ ”‹‹ƒŽ”‡ ‘”†ǤŠƒ–ƒ†‡Š‹‹ƒ› ™ƒ›• ƒ ˜‡”› •›’ƒ–Š‡–‹  Ž‹‡–Ǥ ‡ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ Ž‹‡–• Ž‹‡ ‹ Šƒ‡Žǡˆ”‘ƒŽŽ„ƒ ‰”‘—†•ǡƒ›‘ˆ™Š‘Šƒ˜‡‘”‡ ‘”†•Ǥ‘‡ †‘ Šƒ˜‡ ”‡ ‘”†•Ǣ –Šƒ–ǯ• Š‘™ –Š‡› ‰‡– ‹–‘ –Š‡ •›•–‡ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ’Žƒ ‡Ǥ—– –Š‹ǡ‹‹ Šƒ‡Žǯ• ƒ•‡ǡ–Šƒ–”ƒ ‡Ǧƒ†Ǧ Žƒ••ƒ•™‡”‹•ƒ Ž‹––Ž‡•‹’Ž‹•–‹ Ǥ –Š‹–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ›Žƒ›‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ‰‡†›ȄŠƒ˜‹‰ Ž‘•–Š‹•™‹ˆ‡ǡŠƒ˜‹‰Ž‘•–Š‹••‘ǡ–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–ƒ‘–Š‡”›‘—‰™‹ˆ‡ƒ† ‘–Š‡”™ƒ•‹ŽŽ‡†’‘••‹„Ž›ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡‹ ‘’‡–‡ ‡ǡ‘”™‘”•‡ǡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‘”•Ȅ”‡ƒŽŽ› „”‘—‰Š– ‹– Š‘‡Ǥ † –Š‡ǡ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• –Š‡ Š‘””‹ˆ‹  ˆƒ – –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’”‘•‡ —–‘” Šƒ† –Š‹• ‡˜‹†‡ ‡‘ˆ”‹ ǯ•‡›‡™‹–‡••ƒ ‘—–ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•‡˜‡”†‹• Ž‘•‡†ǡ‹ Š‹•‘™ˆ‹Ž‡Ǥ  ‘ –Š‡ ‰‘‘† ‡™• ‹• –Šƒ– ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ ˆ‘ —•‡† ‘ ƒ ˆ‡™ –Š‹‰•Ǥ ‡ǯ˜‡Šƒ†•‘‡•— ‡••‹‡šƒ•ǡƒ†™‡ǯ”‡‘™™‘”‹‰‹‘–Š‡” Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘•Ǥ Šƒ– ™‡ǯ˜‡ ˆ‘ —•‡† ‘ǣ ”‡ƒ–‡” ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ˆ‘” †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡‹• ‘†— –ǡƒ•‹‹ Šƒ‡Žǯ• ƒ•‡Ǥ ”‡ƒ–‡”–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›‹ –Š‡ ”‹‹ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ—•Ȅ–Šƒ–‹•ǡ’”‘•‡ —–‘”•™Š‘ƒ”‡ –”›‹‰ –‘ †‘ –Š‡‹” Œ‘„•ǡ™Š‘ ™ƒ– –‘ ‘’Ž› ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”—Ž‡• „—– ˆ‘” ™Š‘ ‡‹–Š‡” –Š‡ ”—Ž‡• ƒ”‡ǯ– –Šƒ– ‰‡‡”‘—•Ȅ›‘— ‘™ǡ ‹ ƒ ƒ†˜‡”•ƒ”‹ƒŽ•›•–‡‹–ǯ•Šƒ”†–‘‰‡–›‘—”ƒ†˜‡”•ƒ”›–‘†‘‘”‡–Šƒ‹• ”‡“—‹”‡†Ǥ ‘‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”• ”‡ƒŽŽ› †‘ǯ– Šƒ˜‡ ˜‡”› ‰‘‘† –”ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ Š‡› ™‡”‡ –”ƒ‹‡† „› ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™Š‘ †‘ǯ– —†‡”•–ƒ† Bradyǡ ™Š‘ †‘ǯ– —†‡”•–ƒ† ™Šƒ– —•– „‡ –—”‡† ‘˜‡” –‘ –Š‡ †‡ˆ‡•‡ǡ ‘” ™Š‘ǡ    ͳͷ

ˆ”ƒŽ›ǡ –‡ƒ Š –Š‡ „ƒ† Šƒ„‹–•Ǥ ‘‡–‹‡• –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”• ƒ”‡ Œ—•– ‘˜‡”™Š‡Ž‡†Ǥ‡ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘™‘”‹‰‘‰‡––‹‰ƒ‘”‡†‹”‡ –”‘Ž‡ˆ‘” –Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›‹•—’‡”˜‹•‹‰„‘–Š–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ†‹• ‘˜‡”›’”‘ ‡••ƒ† ‹Š‘Ž†‹‰ƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡–Š‡„ƒ†ƒ –‘”•™Š‘†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡Ž›˜‹‘Žƒ–‡‹–Ǥ  ‹ Šƒ‡Žǯ• ƒ•‡ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹”•––Š‹‰™‡†‹†Ȅ™‡™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ”‡‹•• ‹ˆ ™‡ †‹†ǯ– –”›Ȅ™ƒ• –‘ •‡‡ •‘‡ ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ’”‘•‡ —–‘”Ǥ‡†‡”•‘Šƒ†‰‘‡‘–‘„‡ ‘‡ƒŒ—†‰‡‹ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•‘ ‘—–›Ǥ ‡ ™ƒ• –Š‡ •‡‹‘” Œ—†‰‡ ‹ –Šƒ– ‘—–›ǡ ƒ ˜ƒ—–‡† ˆ‹‰—”‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‘—‹–›ǡ ˜‡”› ”‡•’‡ –‡†Ǥ ‡ —•‡†ƒ Ž‹––Ž‡Ǧ ‘™ ’”‘ ‡†—”‡Ȅ  †‘ǯ– –Š‹ ƒ› •–ƒ–‡ „—– ‡šƒ• —””‡–Ž› Šƒ• ‹–Ȅ ƒŽŽ‡† ƒ ‘—”– ‘ˆ “—‹”›ǡ ™Š‡”‡„› ƒ› ‹–‹œ‡ ƒ ’‡–‹–‹‘ ƒ› †‹•–”‹ –Œ—†‰‡‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡–‘Š‘Ž†ƒ’—„Ž‹ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡‹ˆ–Š‡”‡ ‹• ’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ—•‡ –‘ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– Š‡ ‘” •Š‡ „”‘‡ –Š‡ Žƒ™Ǥ –ǯ•ƒ ™‘†‡”ˆ—Ž’”‘ ‡†—”‡ǣ™‡ƒŽŽ‰‡–‘—”Ž‹––Ž‡•Š‡”‹ˆˆǯ•„ƒ†‰‡•‹ˆ™‡ ƒ ‰‘ ‹–‘ ‘—”– ƒ† ƒ‡ –Š‡ ƒ•‡ –Šƒ– ƒ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ Šƒ• ‘‹––‡† ‹• ‘†— –Ǥ Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ ‹• –Šƒ– ‘–Š‡” ’—„Ž‹  ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ• ‹‰Š– ‘– ’”‘•‡ —–‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‘™ǡƒ†•‘‡–‹‡•’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ‹–‹œ‡•‡‡†–‘ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡–Š‡’”‘ ‡••Ǥ  ‡™‡”‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›ƒ„Ž‡–‘Šƒ˜‡–Š‹•‘—”–‘ˆ “—‹”›Ǥ‡Šƒ†ƒ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ’”‘•‡ —–‘” ƒ’’‘‹–‡†ǡ ƒ‡† —•–› ƒ”†‹Ȅƒ ˆ‘”‡” ǤǤ ˆ”‘ ‘—•–‘ǡ™Š‘‹•™‘†‡”ˆ—ŽȄ–‘ ‘‡—’™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ•™‡”•Ǥ‡ ˆ‹”•–‰‘–ƒ’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ—•‡ˆ‹†‹‰ǤŠ‡™‡‡‡†‡†–‘ˆ‹‰—”‡‘—–Š‘™ ‹–Š‡™‘”Ž††‹†–Š‹•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•–ƒ›Š‹††‡Ǥ ‡šƒ•ǡ–Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ”—Ž‡ ƒ– –Š‡ –‹‡Ȅ™Š‹ Š Žƒ”‰‡Ž› •–‹ŽŽ ‡š‹•–•ǡ –Š‘—‰Š ‹–ǯ• „‡‡ •Ž‹‰Š–Ž› ƒ‡†‡† •‹ ‡ –Š‡Ȅ–Šƒ– ›‘— †‘ǯ– ‰‡– ƒ› †‹• ‘˜‡”›ǡ ƒ› ˆ‹Ž‡•ǡ ˆ”‘ƒ’‘Ž‹ ‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”—Ž‡••–Šƒ–™‹–‡••ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›–‡•–‹ˆ‹‡•Ǥ„˜‹‘—•Ž›ǡ •‘‡‘ˆ›‘—ƒ›”‡‡„‡”ǡ‹ˆ›‘—ǯ”‡‘– ”‹‹ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹–‹‘‡”•ǡ–Šƒ– Brady v. Maryland”‡“—‹”‡•’”‘•‡ —–‘”•–‘–—”‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ‡˜‹†‡ ‡–Šƒ– ‹• ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ƒ ƒ —•‡† ƒ† ’‡”–ƒ‹• –‘ –Š‡ ‹••—‡ ‘ˆ ‰—‹Ž– ‘” ’—‹•Š‡–Ǥ—–‹‡šƒ•ǡ‹ˆ‡˜‹†‡ ‡‹•ǯ––—”‡†‘˜‡”—†‡”Bradyǡ ›‘—†‘ǯ–ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›‰‡––Š‡”‡’‘”–•—Ž‡••–Š‡ȏ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡””‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘” ‘„–ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽȐ–‡•–‹ˆ‹‡•Ǥ ͳ͸      

 –Š‹• ƒ•‡ǡ‡†‡”•‘†‹†‘– ƒŽŽ–Š‡Ž‡ƒ††‡–‡ –‹˜‡ǡ‘ ‘‘†ǡ™Š‘Šƒ†‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡†–Š‡‰”ƒ†‘–Š‡”ǡ–‘–Š‡•–ƒ†Ǥ –™ƒ•ƒ •—”’”‹•‡†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǥ˜‡”›„‘†›•‡ŽŽ‡†ƒ”ƒ–ƒ––Š‡–‹‡Ǥ—––Š‡”‡™ƒ• ‘–Š‹‰–‘„‡†‘‡ƒ„‘—–‹–Ǥ†‡”•‘™ƒ•Žƒ–‡”ƒ•‡†ƒ––Š‡‘—”–‘ˆ “—‹”› ™Š› Š‡ Šƒ†ǯ– ƒŽŽ‡† ‘‘†ǡ ƒ† Š‡ •ƒ‹† Š‡ ‘—Ž†ǯ– ”‡‡„‡” ™Š› ‘–Ǣ Š‡ǯ† –Š‘—‰Š– Š‹• –‡•–‹‘› ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› ™ƒ•ǯ– ‡‡†‡†Ǥ ‘ ‘‡ Šƒ† Š‡ƒ”† ‘ˆ ƒ —”†‡” ƒ•‡ ‹ ”‡ ‡– ‡‘”› ‹ ™Š‹ Š–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‘”™ƒ•‘– ƒŽŽ‡†–‘–‡•–‹ˆ›Ǥ  ”ƒ†›ǡƒ• ‡–‹‘‡†ǡ‹••‡ŽˆǦ‡ˆ‘” ‹‰Ǥ‘„‘†›‡Ž•‡‹•Ž‘‘‹‰ ƒ––Š‡ˆ‹Ž‡–‘•‡‡‹ˆ–Š‡’”‘•‡ —–‘” ‘’Ž‹‡†™‹–ŠBrady—–‹Žƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ ˆƒ –ǡ ƒ– ™Š‹ Š ’‘‹– ›‘—” Ž‹‡–ǯ• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› „‡‡ ‘˜‹ –‡† ƒ† –Š‡ „—”†‡–Š‡•Š‹ˆ–•–‘›‘—–‘ƒ‡–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–•Š‘™‹‰–Šƒ–ƒ—”†‡” ‘˜‹ –‹‘„›ƒŒ—”›•Š‘—Ž†„‡‘˜‡”–—”‡†Ǥ‡†‡”•‘™ƒ•ƒ•‡† Žƒ–‡”ǡDz‹†›‘—†‹• Ž‘•‡–Š‹•ǫdzƒ†Š‡•ƒ‹†ǡDzŠ‡”‡ǯ•‘™ƒ›‘ ‘†ǯ• ‰”‡‡‡ƒ”–ŠdzȋŠ‡•ƒ‹†–Š‹•ƒ„‘—–ͳͲͲ–‹‡•ȔDz–Šƒ– ‡‹–Š‡”†‹†ǯ––‡ŽŽ –Š‡ †‡ˆ‡•‡ ƒ„‘—– ‹– ˜‡”„ƒŽŽ› ‘” †‹†ǯ– Šƒ˜‡ •‘‡ ”‡ƒ•‘ –‘ –Š‹ –Š‡› ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‡™ –Š‹• ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ǡ ’‡”•‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ ™‘—Ž† ‡˜‡” Š‘Ž† •‘‡–Š‹‰ Ž‹‡ –Š‹• „ƒ ǡ ‡˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š  †‘ǯ– –Š‹ ‹– ™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‡ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹–Š‡‡†„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–™ƒ•ƒ–Š”‡‡Ǧ›‡ƒ”Ǧ ‘Ž†Ǥdz ƒ† •‘ ˆ‘”–ŠǤ ••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡”‡ǯ• ‘ ”‡ ‘”† ‘ˆ ™Šƒ– Š‡ †‹† ‘” †‹†ǯ–†‘‡š ‡’–‹–•ƒ„•‡ ‡Ǥ  —†‰‡†‡”•‘ƒŽ•‘–‘Ž†–Š‡ ‘—”––Šƒ––Š‡Brady‘–‹‘™ƒ• ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ‘‘–Ǥ Š‡ †‡ˆ‡•‡ Šƒ† ˆ‹Ž‡† ƒ ‘–‹‘ •ƒ›‹‰ǡ ‡ ”‡ƒŽŽ› †‘ǯ––Š‹™‡ǯ˜‡‰‘––‡‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰™‡ǯ”‡‡–‹–Ž‡†–‘Ǥ†–Š‡ ‘—”– Šƒ†–—”‡†–‘†‡”•‘ǡ–Š‡ǤǤǡƒ†•ƒ‹†‹‘’‡ ‘—”–ǡDzŽŽ”‹‰Š–ǡ †‘›‘—Šƒ˜‡ƒ›–Š‹‰–Šƒ–ǯ•ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡–‘–Š‡ƒ —•‡†ǫdz††‡”•‘ ƒ•™‡”‡†ǡ•ƒ‹†ǡDz‘ǡ•‹”ǤdzŠ‹•™ƒ•—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›–Š‡ƒ•™‡”–Šƒ–™‘—Ž† Ž‡ƒ†‡†‡”•‘–‘Š‹• ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ™‡Šƒ†–Š‡†‡ˆ‡•‡ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ƒ• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆ‹Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‘ ‘‘†ǡ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‘”ǡ –‘ „‡ ”‡˜‹‡™‡† in cameraǤ Š‡ Œ—†‰‡ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ‹– ‹ ƒ •‡ƒŽ‡† ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡ǡ Ž‘‘‡†‹–ǡƒ†•ƒ‹†–‘–Š‡†‡ˆ‡•‡ǡDzŠ‡”‡ǯ•‘–Š‹‰–Š‡”‡Ǥdz  ™‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡ ›‡ƒ”• Žƒ–‡”ǡ ™‡ ‰‘– –Šƒ– •‡ƒŽ‡† ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š Šƒ†„‡‡’”‡•‡”˜‡†‘’‡ǡƒ†‹––—”‡†‘—––Šƒ––Š‡”‡™‡”‡•‹š’ƒ‰‡•    ͳ͹

‘ˆ‘–‡•Ȅƒ„•‘Ž—–‡Ž›‘–Š‹‰‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡”‹ ”‡’‘”–Ǥ†‡”•‘Šƒ† ‘––—”‡†‘˜‡”–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡ˆ‹Ž‡ǡƒ•Š‡ǯ†„‡‡†‹”‡ –‡†–‘†‘Ǥ‡ †‡”•‘ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ™‡– –‘ Œƒ‹Ž ˆ‘” –‡ †ƒ›•Ǥ  ‘™ –Šƒ– †‘‡•ǯ– •‘—†Ž‹‡ƒŽ‘‰–‹‡ǡ„—–ǡ–”—•–‡Ȅƒ›’”‘•‡ —–‘”ǯ•‰‘‹‰–‘Œƒ‹Žǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›•‘‡‘‡™Š‘ǯ•‘™ƒŒ—†‰‡ǡˆ‘”†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡Ž›˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡ Žƒ™ǡ™ƒ•ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ›„‹‰†‡ƒŽǤ‡™‡”‡‘–‘—––‘ƒ‡Š‹•‡”˜‡‡˜‡”› •‹‰Ž‡ †ƒ› –Šƒ– ‹ Šƒ‡Ž •‡”˜‡† ȋƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡”‡ǯ• ‡”–ƒ‹Ž› ƒ ƒ”‰—‡– –‘ „‡ ƒ†‡ –Šƒ– –Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ Œ—•–ȌǤ —– ƒ• ƒ †‡–‡””‡– –‘ –Š‘•‡ ™Š‘‹‰Š– ƒŽ•‘ –Š‹ƒ„‘—– ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ Žƒ™ǡ‹– •—ˆˆ‹ ‡†Ǥ ‡ ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ† Š‹• ƒ” ƒ”† –ƒ‡ ƒ™ƒ›Ǥ Š‡ Ž‘”‹†ƒ ƒ” ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†ƒƒ –‹‘ƒ†ǡ„ƒ•‡†Žƒ”‰‡Ž›‘–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–†‡”•‘Šƒ† ˆƒŽ•‡Ž›–‘Ž†–Š‡Œ—†‰‡–Šƒ–Š‡Šƒ†‘Brady ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡŠ‡•–‡’’‡††‘™ ˆ”‘–Š‡„‡ Šƒ†Ž‘•–Š‹•Žƒ™Ž‹ ‡•‡Ǥ  ‘Š ”ƒ†Ž‡›ǡ –Š‡ ’”‘•‡ —–‘” ™Š‘ ‘’’‘•‡† —• ‹ ‘—” ”‡“—‡•– ˆ‘”  –‡•–‹‰ǡ Ž‘•– ‹ –Š‡ ʹͲͳʹ ’”‹ƒ”› ˆ‘” ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•‘ ‘—–› ‹•–”‹ – ––‘”‡›Ǥ  –Š‡ ‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ ’”‹ƒ”› ‹ –Š‡ ‘•– ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘—–›‹‡šƒ•ǡ–Š‡˜‘–‡”•–Š”‡™Š‹‘—–Ǥ ˆ›‘—”‡ƒ† –Š‡ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ǡDzŠ›”ƒ†Ž‡›‘•–ǡdzʹ‹–ǯ•”‡ƒŽŽ›ƒŽŽƒ„‘—–‘—” ƒ•‡Ǥ  ‡ –Š‡ ™‡– „ƒ  ƒ† ƒ‡†‡† –Š‡–ƒ–‡ ƒ” ‘†‡ –‘ Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ •–ƒ–—–‡ ‘ˆ Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘• Šƒ‰‡† •‘ –Šƒ– ‘™ǡ ‹ˆ ’”‘‘ˆ ‘ˆ Brady ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘• ‘‡•‘—–ƒ†›‘— ƒǯ–‰‡–ƒ ‘–‡’–Ǧ‘ˆǦ ‘—”–ˆ‹†‹‰ǡ ƒ•™‡†‹†™‹–Š‡†‡”•‘ǡ›‘—Šƒ˜‡ƒˆ”‡•Š Ž‘ –Šƒ–”—•ˆ”‘ –Š‡ †ƒ–‡ ƒ ™”‘‰ˆ—ŽŽ› ‘˜‹ –‡† ’‡”•‘ ‹• ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡† ˆ”‘ ’”‹•‘ǡ ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒˆ”‘–Š‡†ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‘ˆˆ‡•‡Ǥ  ʹͲͳʹǡ–Š‹• ƒ•‡ƒ‰ƒ‹Ž‡†–‘Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‘”• ”‘••‹‰–Š‡ƒ‹•Ž‡‘˜‡” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ „ƒ””‹‡”•Ǥ ‘†‡› ŽŽ‹•ǡ –Š‡ „‘ƒ”† Šƒ‹” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ ‡ ‡ ”‘Œ‡ – ‹• –Š‡ †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  †‡ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –ƒ–‡ ‡ƒ–‡Ǥ ‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ• ‰‘– –‘‰‡–Š‡” ƒ† ’ƒ••‡† ƒ Žƒ™ ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ˆ‘” — Š „”‘ƒ†‡”†‹• ‘˜‡”›ǤŠ‡”‡ǯ•‘™‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›™Šƒ–ǯ• ƒŽŽ‡†Dz‘’‡ˆ‹Ž‡dz ‹ ‡šƒ•ǡ •‘ –Š‡ †‡ˆ‡•‡ ƒ •‡‡ ‘•–ǡ –Š‘—‰Š ‘– ‡–‹”‡Ž› ƒŽŽǡ‘ˆ ™Šƒ–ǯ•‹–Š‡’”‘•‡ —–‹‘ǯ•ˆ‹Ž‡•ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•‡ƒ„Ž‡†„›™Šƒ–ǯ• ƒŽŽ‡†

ʹǤ™™™Ǥ–‡šƒ•Ȁ‘–ŠŽ›Ǥ ‘Ȁ•–‘”›Ȁ™Š›ǦŒ‘ŠǦ„”ƒ†Ž‡›ǦŽ‘•–Ǥ ͳͺ      

–Š‡ ‹ Šƒ‡Ž‘”–‘  –ǡƒ† ‹– ™ƒ• –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– Žƒ™‹  ‡””› •‹‰‡† „ƒ ‹–Š‡ʹͲͳʹ•‡••‹‘Ǥ  ‹ Šƒ‡Ž™ƒ•”‡ƒ””‹‡†–‘ƒ™‘†‡”ˆ—Ž™‘ƒƒ‡†›–Š‹ƒǡ ™Š‘Š‡‡–‹ Š—” Šƒ„‘—–ƒ›‡ƒ”ƒˆ–‡”Š‹•”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ǡƒ†Š‡‹•‘™ ƒ ‰”ƒ†ˆƒ–Š‡” –‘ „ƒ„› Š”‹•–‹‡ǡ ƒ‡† ƒˆ–‡” Š‡” ‰”ƒ†‘–Š‡”Ǥ ‹ Šƒ‡Ž Šƒ• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› •–ƒ”–‡† •’‘‹Ž‹‰ Š‡” ”‘––‡ ƒ† Šƒ• •‡– —’ ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ ˆ—† ˆ‘” Š‡”Ǥ ‡ ™ƒ• ƒ™ƒ”†‡† ̈́ʹ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ‹ ‘’‡•ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡šƒ•ǡ™Š‹ Š‘„˜‹‘—•Ž›†‘‡•ǯ––ƒ‡ƒ™ƒ›™Šƒ–Š‡ǯ• Ž‘•–ǡ„—– ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›ƒ‡•–Š‡–”ƒ•‹–‹‘‡ƒ•‹‡”Ǥ  ‹ Šƒ‡ŽŠƒ•„‡‡ƒ–‹”‡Ž‡••ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡ˆ‘””‡ˆ‘”Ǥ ‡Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ ™‘†‡”ˆ—Ž•’‘‡•’‡”•‘ˆ‘”‘—”™‘”Ǥ  ‘—Ž†ǯ–”‡ƒŽŽ›†‘‹ Šƒ‡Žǯ• •–‘”›Œ—•–‹ ‡‹ŠƒŽˆƒŠ‘—”ǡ„—–‹ Šƒ‡ŽŠƒ•’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ™‘†‡”ˆ—Ž ‡‘‹” ƒŽŽ‡†Getting Lifeǡ™Š‹ Š —”‰‡›‘—ƒŽŽ–‘”‡ƒ†Ǥ͵  ™‹ŽŽ–‡ŽŽ›‘—‘‡Žƒ•–ƒ‡ †‘–‡–Šƒ– Ž‘˜‡–‘•Šƒ”‡ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ• ˜‡”›‘˜‹‰–‘‡Ǥ ™ƒ•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹‰™‹–Š‹ Šƒ‡Ž‹ˆ”‘–‘ˆƒ•ƒŽŽ ‰”‘—’ ‘ˆ †‘‘”• –‘ ‘—” ’”‘Œ‡ – ™Š‘ Šƒ† •—’’‘”–‡† ‘—” ™‘”ǡ ƒ† ’‡‘’Ž‡™‡”‡ƒ•‹‰Š‹ǡDz ‘™†‘‡•‹–ˆ‡‡ŽǫdzDz ‘™‹•‹–ǡ†ƒ›–‘†ƒ›ǫdz ƒ†Š‡•ƒ‹†ǡDz‡ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹–•‘—†•Ž‹‡ƒ Ž‹ Š±ǡ„—–‡˜‡”›†ƒ›”‡ƒŽŽ›‹•ƒ ‰‹ˆ–Ǥdz ‡•ƒ‹†ǡDz ™ƒ•Œ—•–†‘‹‰Žƒ—†”›Žƒ•–™‡‡ƒ† ™ƒ•ˆ‘Ž†‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‘–Š‡• ƒ† –Š‹‹‰ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‘Ž‘”• ƒ† Š‘™  ™‘”‡ ƒ ™Š‹–‡ Œ—’•—‹–ˆ‘”–™‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•Ǥ ™ƒ•–Š‹‹‰ƒ„‘—–Š‘™•‘ˆ––Š‡•‡ Ž‘–Š‡• ™‡”‡Ǥ † –Š‡  ”‡‡„‡”‡† Š‘™ǡ ™Š‡  ™ƒ• ƒ –‹”‡† ™‘”‹‰ ˆƒ–Š‡”ǡ  —•‡† –‘ ‘’Žƒ‹ ƒ„‘—– †‘‹‰ –Š‡ Žƒ—†”›Ǥ  ™‹ŽŽ ‡˜‡” ‘’Žƒ‹ ƒ„‘—– †‘‹‰ Žƒ—†”› ƒ‰ƒ‹Ǥdz  ƒ •‘‡‘‡ ™Š‘ ‘’Žƒ‹• ƒ Ž‘– ƒ„‘—– †‘‹‰ Žƒ—†”›ǡ •‘  –‘‘ –Šƒ– –‘ Š‡ƒ”–Ǥ Šƒ– ”‡‹†‡† ‡ǡ –Šƒ– •ƒŽŽ ‘‡–ǡ •–‹ŽŽ ”‡‹†• ‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‹†•– ‘ˆ –Š‹•„‹‰–”ƒ‰‡†›ǡŒ—•–Š‘™’”‡ ‹‘—•–Š‡Ž‹„‡”–‹‡•–Šƒ– ‘‡™‹–Š„‡‹‰ ˆ”‡‡ ‹–‹œ‡•–”—Ž›ƒ”‡ƒ†Š‘™™‡‡ƒ ŠŠƒ˜‡ƒ‹†‡’‡†‡–‘”ƒŽ ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘–‘†‘™Šƒ–™‡ ƒ–‘ƒ‡•—”‡–Šƒ–™Šƒ–Šƒ’’‡‡†–‘ ‹ Šƒ‡Ž†‘‡•ǯ–Šƒ’’‡–‘ƒ›‘‡‡Ž•‡Ǥ 

͵ǤŠ‡”‡ǯ•ƒŽ•‘ƒ†‘ —‡–ƒ”›ǡAn Unreal Dream.See Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥƒ—”‡ƒŽ †”‡ƒǤ ‘Ȁ™”‘‰ˆ—ŽǦ ‘˜‹ –‹‘•ȀǤ REPRESENTING HIGH-PROFILE DEFENDANTS IN THE AGE OF TWITTER*

Blair Bernholz Berk**   ‹‰Š– ‘™ǡ ‹ › •ƒŽŽ –‘™ ‘ˆ ‡˜‡”Ž› ‹ŽŽ•ǡ  Ž‹˜‡ ƒ– –Š‡ ‹–‡”•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‘—” —Ž–—”‡ǯ••‡‡‹‰‘„•‡••‹‘™‹–Š ‡Ž‡„”‹–› ”‹‡ ƒ†™Šƒ– Ž‹‡–‘”‡ˆ‡”–‘ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‘—”–‡‡ǦŠ—†”‡†Ǧƒ†Ǧˆ‘”–›Ǧ‹—–‡ ‡™• › Ž‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ǯ• ‘ ‡• ƒ’‹‰ –Š‡ ”ƒ’‹† Šƒ‰‡ ™‡ǯ˜‡ •‡‡ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ Žƒ•– –‡ ›‡ƒ”• ‹ ‘—” •‘ ‹‡–›ǯ• Š—‰‡” ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ– ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹•–ƒ–‡™•ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›™Š‡‹– ‘‡•–‘Ž‡‰ƒŽ ƒ•‡•Ǥ ‘™–Šƒ–ǡ ˆ‘”–Š‡„‡•–ƒ‘‰—•ǡ–Š‡‹•–‹ –‹•–‘ƒŽ™ƒ›•–ƒ‡–Š‡Š‹‰Š”‘ƒ†ƒ† „‡ †‹•‹••‹˜‡ ‘ˆ ƒ› ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’”‡•• ‹ ƒ› ‘‡ ‘ˆ ‘—” ƒ•‡•ǡ‘ƒ––‡”Š‘™Š‹‰Š–Š‡’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡Ǥ‡– ǯ˜‡ ‘‡–‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ƒˆ–‡” — Š”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘–Šƒ––Š‹•‹•ƒ‘˜‡”Ž›•‹’Ž‹•–‹ ™ƒ›–‘˜‹‡™‘†‡” Œ‘—”ƒŽ‹•ƒ†‹–•‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ Ž‹‡–ǯ• ƒ•‡Ǥ –ǯ•„‡––‡”ǡ ǯ˜‡ ‘‡–‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ǡ–‘ƒ ‡’–‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡’”‡••ƒ†–‘”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡ Š‘™ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†ƒ†—ƒ ‡†–Šƒ–‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‡‡†•–‘„‡‹‘”†‡” –‘‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›”‡’”‡•‡–‘‡ǯ• Ž‹‡–•Ǥ  •–ƒ”–‡†–Š‹•Œ‘—”‡›‹–Š‹•„‹œƒ””‡’Žƒ ‡ ™Š‡”‡ Ž‹˜‡ƒ•ƒ ›‘—‰ Žƒ™›‡” †—”‹‰ –Š‡ Ǥ Ǥ ‹’•‘ †‡„ƒ Ž‡Ǥ  ™ƒ– Š‡† ƒ• › „”‘–Š‡”•ƒ†•‹•–‡”•‹–Š‡‘•‰‡Ž‡•„ƒ”’—•Š‡†‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”‘—–‘ˆ –Š‡ ™ƒ› –‘ ‰‡– ‘ ƒ‡”ƒ ƒ† †‹• —•• –Š‡ ‹’•‘ ƒ•‡Ǥ ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ™‡”‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‹’•‘ ƒ•‡ ƒ• ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡•ǡ ‡‹–Š‡” ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ ”Ǥ ‹’•‘ ‘” ™‘”‹‰ ˆ‘” –Š‡ †‹•–”‹ – ƒ––‘”‡›ǯ• ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡Ǥƒ– Š‹‰–Š‡™ƒ•ƒ™‘†‡”ˆ—Ž‡†— ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ– †‹†‘–‰‡–‹ Žƒ™• Š‘‘Žǡ‘–‘Ž›ƒ„‘—–™Šƒ––‘†‘„—–ǡ‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ™Šƒ– ™‡•Š‘—Ž†ǯ–„‡†‘‹‰ǣ‰‹˜‡‹–‘–Š‡Š—‰‡”–‘„‡ƒ–ƒŽ‹‰Š‡ƒ†ǡ–‘

ȗ †‹–‡† –”ƒ• ”‹’– ‘ˆ ƒ††”‡•• †‡Ž‹˜‡”‡† ƒ– –Š‡ —ƒŽ ‘˜‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›‘ˆƒ””‹•–‡”•ǡ‡›‹• ƒ›‡ǡ Ž‘”‹†ƒǡͳʹƒ” ŠʹͲͳͷǤ ȗȗƒ”–‡”ǡƒ”Ž‘™Ƭ‡”ǡǡ‘•‰‡Ž‡•ǡƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǤ

ͳͻ ʹͲ     

–ƒŽƒ„‘—–›‘—”„”‘–Š‡”Ǧƒ†•‹•–‡”ǦŽƒ™›‡”•ǯ ƒ•‡•™Š‡›‘—‹‰Š– ‘– ‘™ ƒ›–Š‹‰ ƒ„‘—– –Š‘•‡ ƒ•‡•Ǥ Š‡ ™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡•• ‘ˆ ‘—” ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•‹–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ„ƒ”–‘‘ˆˆ‡”–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•—’ƒ†•ƒ›Œ—•–ƒ„‘—– ƒ›–Š‹‰‹–Š‡Ǥ Ǥ ƒ•‡ Šƒ‰‡† ƒ”‡‡”•ǡƒ†‘–ˆ‘”–Š‡„‡––‡”ǤŠ‡ ƒ”‡‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™›‡”•”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰”Ǥ‹’•‘•—ˆˆ‡”‡†ƒˆ–‡”–Šƒ– ƒ•‡Ǣ ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›ǡ–Š‡’”‘•‡ —–‘”ǯ• ƒ”‡‡”•—ˆˆ‡”‡†ƒˆ–‡”–Šƒ– ƒ•‡Ǥ† ‡˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š ”Ǥ ‹’•‘ ™ƒ• ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡ ‹ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ ‹ –Šƒ– ƒ•‡–‘™‹ƒƒ “—‹––ƒŽǡ ǯ‘–•—”‡–Šƒ–ƒ “—‹––ƒŽ ƒ‡‹ƒ› ™ƒ› „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ Žƒ™›‡”‹‰ ‹ ˆ”‘– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‡••Ǥ Šƒ– ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†”‘˜‡‡–‘–Š‹Šƒ”†ƒ„‘—–Š‘™ ™ƒ–‡†–‘ ‘†— – ›•‡ŽˆǤ  Šƒ† ‰‘––‡ ƒ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ •‡‡ ›•‡Žˆ ‹ •‹‹Žƒ” ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•Ǥ ™ƒ•–™‡–›Ǧ•‹šǡƒ† ™ƒ•‹˜‹–‡†‘–‘ƒ•Š‘™ƒ––Š‡ –‹‡ ƒŽŽ‡†Dz”‘••ˆ‹”‡dz™‹–Šƒ–— Šƒƒ‘Ǥ ™ƒ•‹˜‹–‡†‘ –‘†‡„ƒ–‡”Ǥ— ŠƒƒǤ Ž‘˜‡†‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ƒ„‘—–‹–Ǥ Ž‘˜‡†Š‘™–Š‡› –”‡ƒ–‡†‡Ǥ Ž‘˜‡†Šƒ˜‹‰ƒˆ‘”—Ǥ Šƒ†„‡‡ƒ†‡„ƒ–‡”•‹ ‡ ™ƒ•ƒ ‹†Ǥ Ž‘˜‡†‡˜‡”›ƒ•’‡ –‘ˆ‹–‡š ‡’–ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–™Š‡ ‰‘–„ƒ  Š‘‡ ƒ† ™ƒŽ‡† ‹–‘ ‘—”– –Š‡ ‡š– ™‡‡ǡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ –”‡ƒ–‡† ‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›Ǥ Š‡ Ž‡”• –”‡ƒ–‡† ‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›Ǥ Š‡ Œ—†‰‡• ™‡”‡ –”‡ƒ–‹‰‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›Ǥ Šƒ†ǡ‹ƒ›„‡ƒ‹—–‡ƒ†ƒŠƒŽˆǡ Šƒ‰‡† –Š‡‹”’‡” ‡’–‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ•ƒƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡ǡƒ•ƒƒ––‘”‡›Ǥ‘—Šƒ˜‡–‘ –Š‹ Ž‘‰ ƒ† Šƒ”† ƒ„‘—– Ž‡––‹‰ •‘‡–Š‹‰ Ž‹‡ –Šƒ– Šƒ’’‡Ǥ ‘” ‡ǡ‹– ™ƒ• ‘–‡˜‡ ƒ Ž‘•‡ ƒŽŽǤ  ‡™‘”‡ –Šƒ ƒ›–Š‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†  ™ƒ–‡† –‘ „‡ –Š‡ „‡•– ”‹‹ƒŽǦ†‡ˆ‡•‡ Žƒ™›‡”  ‘—Ž† „‡ǡ ƒ†›„‡‹‰ƒ–ƒŽ‹‰Š‡ƒ†ǡˆ”ƒŽ›ǡ™ƒ•‹ ‘•‹•–‡–™‹–Š–Šƒ–Ǥ—– ‹–ƒŽ•‘‰ƒ˜‡‡‰”‡ƒ–‹•‹‰Š–‹–‘Š‘™–Š‡’”‡••‘’‡”ƒ–‡•ƒ†Š‘™  ‹‰Š– ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž› —•‡ –Š‡ ’”‡•• ‘ „‡ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ › Ž‹‡–• ™‹–Š‘—– ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›„‡‹‰ƒ–ƒŽ‹‰Š‡ƒ†›•‡ŽˆǤ   ‘™ –Šƒ– ™‡ ƒ• ƒ––‘”‡›• •‘‡–‹‡• ”‹‰‡ ™Š‡ ™‡ •‡‡ Žƒ™›‡”• ‰‹˜‹‰ ’”‡•• ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡‹” ƒ•‡•Ǥ  †‘ǯ– –Š‹ Žƒ™›‡”•™Š‘ƒ”‡‹–Šƒ–•’‘–Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ–‡”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡–Šƒ––Š‡› ‘—Ž†‰‡– –Š‡‹” ‡••ƒ‰‡ ƒ ”‘•• •‘ — Š ‘”‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ‹ˆ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‘– –Š‡ ‘‡•Šƒ˜‹‰–Š‡’”‡•• ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǥ ‘™–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ ‹˜‹ŽŽƒ™›‡”•‘—–    Ǧ   ʹͳ

–Š‡”‡ ™Š‘ ™‘—Ž† †‹•ƒ‰”‡‡ ™‹–Š ‡Ǥ  Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ˆ”‡“—‡– ‘’’‘‡– ‹ ‘•‰‡Ž‡•ǡ Ž‘”‹ƒŽŽ”‡†ǡ™Š‘Šƒ• ‘‡–‘ ƒ•‡•ȏ ǯ–”›‹‰Ȑǡ•ƒ–‹ –Š‡ ˆ”‘– ”‘™ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—”–”‘‘ ƒ† †‡ƒ†‡† –‘ „‡ Š‡ƒ”† „› –Š‡ ‘—”–Ǥ Šƒ˜‡•–‘‘†—’ƒ†•ƒ‹†’‘Ž‹–‡Ž›ǡDz‘—” ‘‘”ǡ †‘ǯ–„‡Ž‹‡˜‡ •ǤŽŽ”‡†‹•ƒ’ƒ”–›–‘› ƒ•‡ǤdzŠ‡Œ—†‰‡™‹ŽŽ‘Ž‡••’‘Ž‹–‡Ž› ”‡‹† •Ǥ ŽŽ”‡† –Šƒ– •Š‡ǯ• ‘– ƒ ’ƒ”–› –‘ –Š‡ ƒ•‡ǡ ƒ† •Š‡ǯŽŽ ‰‘ ‘—–•‹†‡ƒ†Šƒ˜‡ƒ’”‡•• ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ƒ„‘—–Š‘™ ǯ˜‡ ‘•’‹”‡†™‹–Š –Š‡Œ—†‰‡–‘‡‡’Š‡”˜‘‹ ‡•‹Ž‡–‹–Š‡ ‘—”–”‘‘Ǥ †‘‘–ƒ• ”‹„‡ ‘ˆ–Šƒ–• Š‘‘Ž‘ˆƒ†˜‘ ƒ ›Ǥ †‘ǯ––Š‹‹–ǯ•‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ –‡†•—’„‡‹‰ ƒŽŽƒ„‘—–youǤ‡‘’Ž‡Ž‘•‡•‹‰Š–‘ˆ™Š‹ Š˜‹ –‹ Ž‘”‹ƒ‹•”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ ‘ ‡†‡•†ƒ› ˜‡”•—• –Š‡ ‘‡ •Š‡ǯ• ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ ‘ Š—”•†ƒ›ǣ –Š‡›ǯ”‡ •‡‡‹‰ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ’”‡•• ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‘˜‡” ƒ† ‘˜‡” ƒ‰ƒ‹Ǥ ǯ •—”‡ Ž‘”‹ƒ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡• –Šƒ– –Š‹• ‹• ƒ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ™ƒ› –‘ †‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’”‡••Ȅƒ ‘˜‡”Ž› ‡š’Ž‹ ‹– ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’”‡••Ȅ„—– ‹ › ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ›‘— ƒ†‘‰”‡ƒ–†ƒƒ‰‡Ǥ  ‘— ƒ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ ˜‡”› ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ†˜‘ ƒ › „› ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‹‰ Š‘™ –Š‡ ’”‡•• ™‘”• ‹ ʹͲͳͷȄƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ‹ › ‘—‹–›ǡ ‘• ‰‡Ž‡• ‘—–›Ǥ –Š‡ˆ‹”•–ǡ‡ƒ”Ž›•–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆƒ ƒ•‡‘ƒŠ‹‰ŠǦ’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ ƒ––‡”ǡ Š‘™ –Š‡ ‡••ƒ‰‡ ‰‡–• ‘—– ‹• ”‹–‹ ƒŽǤ ‘™ǡ ƒ• ƒ ”‹‹ƒŽǦ†‡ˆ‡•‡ ƒ––‘”‡›ǡ  ‘ˆ–‡ Šƒ˜‡ –‘ ‘–‡† ™‹–Š Žƒ™ ‡ˆ‘” ‡‡– ƒ† –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ™Š‘ƒ”‡–Š‡‘•–‰‡‡”‘—•Ž‡ƒ‡”•‘ˆƒŽŽ–‹‡Ǥ Šƒ˜‡ƒ ƒ•‡”‹‰Š–‘™‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡Ž‡ƒ††‡–‡ –‹˜‡‘–Š‡ ƒ•‡™‹ŽŽŽ‹–‡”ƒŽŽ›„‡ ‘ –Š‡ ’Š‘‡ ™‹–Š ͳ ™Š‡  ƒŽŽ –‘ –ƒŽ –‘Š‹ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ƒ•‡Ǥ ‡ǯŽŽ’‹ —’ƒ†•ƒ›–‘‡ǡDzŽƒ‹”ǡ ƒ›‘—Œ—•–Š‘Ž†ǫ ǯ˜‡‰‘– ƒ”˜‡› ‡˜‹ ‘ –Š‡ Ž‹‡Ǥdz Š‡”‡ǯ• ‘ •Šƒ‡Ǥ  ‰‘˜‡”‡– ’”‘•‡ —–‘” ‘” Žƒ™Ǧ‡ˆ‘” ‡‡– ƒ‰‡– ‘ Ž‘‰‡” ˆ‡‡Ž• ƒ› ‹† ‘ˆ Šƒ‰”‹ ƒ„‘—– ˆ‡‡†‹‰ –Š‹• „‡ƒ•– ƒ† ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‹‰ –Šƒ– †‘‹‰ •‘ Šƒ• ”‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•Ǥ ‘ › ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡• ”‹‰Š–Ž› •ƒ›ǡ Dz‘‘ǡ ‘ ƒ––‡” Š‘™ Š‹‰ŠǦ’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ –Š‹• ƒ•‡ ‹•ǡ  ƒ ‘– ‰‘‹‰ –‘ ˆ‡‡† –Š‡ ‡†‹ƒ „‡ƒ•–Ǥdz Š‡”‡ƒ”‡”‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•›‘— ƒ‰‡–ƒ‡••ƒ‰‡‘—–‹›‘—” Ž‹‡–ǯ•„‡•– ‹–‡”‡•– ™‹–Š‘—– ‘˜‡”–Ž› ˆ‡‡†‹‰ –Š‡ „‡ƒ•–ǣ –Š‘•‡ ‹ Ž—†‡ Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ

ͳǤDz‡Ž‡„”‹–› ‘••‹’ƒ†–‡”–ƒ‹‡–‡™•ǡdz™™™Ǥ–œǤ ‘Ǥ ʹʹ     

‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡› ‡†‹ƒ ‘—–Ž‡–•Ȅ–ƒŽ‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ †‡ ‹•‹‘ƒ‡” Œ‘—”ƒŽ‹•–• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ”‡••ǡ ‡˜‡ –Š‘•‡ ˆ‘” ƒ†–Š‡‡–™‘”•Ȅƒ†‘™‹‰ ™Š‡”‡–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ –Š‡‡†‹ƒ ˆ‡‡†•‘ˆˆǤ†Ž‡–‡Œ—•–•ƒ›‹–Šƒ–”‡‰ƒ”†Ȅ‘†‡”Œ‘—”ƒŽ‹•–•ǡ ‘† Ž‘˜‡–Š‡Ȅ–Š‡›ǯ”‡ƒ’”‡––›Žƒœ›„— ŠǤŠ‡›”‡ƒŽŽ›™ƒ––‘„‡•’‘‘ ˆ‡†ǡƒ†–Š‡›–›’‹ ƒŽŽ›™ƒ––‘Œ—•–”‹’‘ˆˆ™Šƒ–‡˜‡”–Š‡™‹”‡•–‘”›‹•ǡ ™Šƒ–‡˜‡”‹•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‘—––Š‡”‡–Šƒ–ǯ•’”‡’ƒ ƒ‰‡†ǤŠ‡‘”‡›‘—ƒ• ƒ ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡ ƒ ’”‡’ƒ ƒ‰‡ –Šƒ– ‡••ƒ‰‡ǡ ›‘—”•‡Žˆǡ –Š‡ „‡––‡” ›‘— ƒ ‘–”‘Ž™Šƒ–‡˜‡”‹–‹•›‘—™ƒ––‘‡••ƒ‰‡Ǥ  ‘™ǡ‹–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•–•–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆƒ ƒ•‡ǡ›‘—Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž„‡ ƒ—•‡ƒ›–‹‡•‹–ǯ•‘– Ž‡ƒ”™Šƒ–›‘—”‡••ƒ‰‡‹•‰‘‹‰ –‘„‡›‡–Ǥ‘— ƒƒ‡ƒ–‡””‹„Ž‡ƒ†‹””‡˜‘ ƒ„Ž‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹ ‹•–ƒ‡‹ˆ ›‘—‰‘‘—––‘‘‡ƒ”Ž›ǡ„‡ˆ‘”‡›‘—”‡ƒŽŽ›‘™–Š‡ˆƒ –•‘ˆ›‘—” ƒ•‡ ƒ†‘™™Šƒ–›‘—™ƒ––‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡Ǥ Šƒ†ƒ˜‡”›‡ƒ”Ž›Ž‡••‘‹–Šƒ–Ǥ  ™ƒ• –”›‹‰ ƒ —”†‡” ƒ•‡ —’ ‹ ƒ‡”•ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǤ  Šƒ†ƒ ‡š‹•–‹‰ Ž‹‡–ʹ ™Š‘ Šƒ† „‡‡ ƒ —•‡† ‘ˆ ƒ ˆ‡Ž‘›Ǥ Š‡ Šƒ† Œ—•– ˆ‹‹•Š‡† •Š‘‘–‹‰ ȏƒȐ ‘˜‹‡ ˆ‘” ™Š‹ Š •Š‡ ™ƒ• ƒ ›‡ƒ” ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ „‡‹‰‘‹ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”ƒ ƒ†‡›™ƒ”†Ǥ—–•Š‡Šƒ†„‡‡ƒ —•‡† ‘ˆ ƒ ˆ‡Ž‘› Š‹– ƒ† ”—Ǥ Š‡ ƒŽŽ• ‡ —’ ‹ ƒ‡”•ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǣ  Šƒ˜‡‘ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ‰‡– „ƒ  †‘™ –‘ ǤǤ Š‡ Šƒ•ǯ– „‡‡ ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ› Šƒ”‰‡† ™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‡Ž‘›ǡƒ†–Š‡ǤǤǯ•‘ˆˆ‹ ‡Šƒ•ƒ‰”‡‡†–‘™ƒ‹–—–‹Ž ǯ„ƒ  ‹ǤǤ•‘–Šƒ–  ƒƒ‡ƒ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ•–‘™Š›•Š‡•Š‘—Ž†ǯ–„‡ Šƒ”‰‡†™‹–Šƒˆ‡Ž‘›Ǥ‘ ‰‡–ƒ ƒŽŽˆ”‘ȏ–Š‡ Ž‹‡–ȐǤ –™‡––Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ Œ—†‰‡ǯ• Šƒ„‡”•ǡ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›ǡ —’ ‹ ƒ‡”•ˆ‹‡Ž† ™Š‹Ž‡ ™‡ ™‡”‡ –”›‹‰–Š‹•—”†‡” ƒ•‡ǡƒ†•Š‡•ƒ›•ǡDzŽƒ‹”ǡ †‘ǯ–™ƒ––‘„‘–Š‡” ›‘—„—– Œ—•–™ƒ–‡†–‘Ž‡–›‘—‘™›ˆ”‹‡†’”ƒŠŠƒ•‰‘––‡ –Š‹•‰”‡ƒ–‰—›™Š‘‹•ƒŒ—”›Ǧ–”‹ƒŽ ‘•—Ž–ƒ––‘Œ‘‹‘—”–‡ƒǤdzȋDz—” –‡ƒdz ‡ƒ‹‰ my –‡ƒǤȌ Dz† Š‡ǯ• ‰‘‹‰ –‘ „‡ ‰”‡ƒ–Ǥ ‹• ƒ‡ ‹• Š‹Žƒ†Š‡ǯ•ˆ”‘ ‘—•–‘ƒ†Š‡ǯ•”‡ƒŽŽ›•ƒ”–Ǥdz •ƒ‹†Dz ”‡ƒ–Ǥ ƒ˜‡ Š‹ ƒŽŽ ‡Ǥdz Š‡ •ƒ›•ǡ DzŠǡ  †‘ǯ– ™ƒ– Š‹ –‘ „‘–Š‡” ›‘—Ǥ ‡ǯ• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›†‡ ‹†‡†–‘†‘ƒˆ‡™–Š‹‰•ƒ† –Š‹‹–™‹ŽŽ„‡Œ—•–™Šƒ–™‡

ʹǤŽ‹‡–ǯ•ƒ‡”‡†ƒ –‡†ƒ–•’‡ƒ‡”ǯ•”‡“—‡•–Ǥ    Ǧ   ʹ͵

‡‡†–‘†‘Ǥdz •ƒ‹†ǡDz‡ŽŽǡ™Šƒ–Šƒ•Š‡†‡ ‹†‡†–‘†‘ǡ‡šƒ –Ž›ǫdzŠ‡ •ƒ‹†ǡDz‡ŽŽǡ›‘—‘™›ˆ”‹‡†’”ƒŠǤdz •ƒ‹†ǡDz‡•ǤdzŠ‡•ƒ‹†ǡDz‡ŽŽǡ Š‹Ž Šƒ• †‡ ‹†‡† –Šƒ–  ‡‡† –‘ ‰‡– › •–‘”› ‘—–ǡ •‘ –‘‘””‘™ ‘”‹‰ ǯ •‹––‹‰ †‘™ ˆ‘” ƒ Š‘—” ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ ‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ –‡Ž‡˜‹•‹‘ǡ Ž‹˜‡ǡ ™‹–Š ’”ƒŠǤdz  –Š‹ ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› –Š‡ Œ—†‰‡ǡ ™Š‘ ™ƒ• –Š‘—‰Š–ˆ—ŽŽ›•–ƒ†‹‰‘—–•‹†‡‘ˆŠ‹• Šƒ„‡”•‹–Š‡ŠƒŽŽ–‘‰‹˜‡‡ƒ Ž‹––Ž‡’”‹˜ƒ ›ǡ•ƒ™›Š‡ƒ†ƒ„‘—––‘‡š’Ž‘†‡ǤŠ‡Š‹Ž™ƒ•”ǤŠ‹Žǡ ™Š‘†‹†ǯ–Šƒ˜‡“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•–Š‡ƒ††‘‡•ǯ–Šƒ˜‡“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‘™Ǥ –™ƒ• ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›ƒ‡ƒ”Ž›Ž‡••‘‹–Š‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽƒ–—”‡‘ˆ Ž‹‡– ‘–”‘Ž™Š‡ •ƒ‹†–‘› Ž‹‡–ǡDz‘—™‹ŽŽnot„‡‰‹˜‹‰ƒ‘‡ǦŠ‘—”ǡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ –‡Ž‡˜‹•‹‘ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ –‘‘””‘™ ‘”‹‰ —Ž‡•• ›‘— ™ƒ– ƒ›„‡ƒ‘–Š‡”Žƒ™›‡”–‘Š‡Ž’›‘—Ǥdz  Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‡‘”‘—•ƒ‘—–‘ˆ’”‡••—”‡‹Š‹‰ŠǦ’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ ƒ•‡• ‡ƒ”Ž› ‘ǡ ™Š‡”‡ ›‘— Šƒ˜‡ ‘– ‘Ž› –Š‡ Ž‹‡– „—– ƒ› ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‹‡– ™Š‘ ‘ˆ–‡–‹‡• ”‡ƒŽŽ› –”—Ž› „‡Ž‹‡˜‡Ȅ ƒ† –Š‹–Šƒ–„‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‘‡•ˆ”‘ƒ‰‡—‹‡Ž›‰‘‘†’Žƒ ‡Ȅ–Šƒ–™‡ ‡‡†–‘‰‡–ƒ•–ƒ–‡‡–‘—–Ǥ‡Šƒ˜‡–‘–ƒŽǤ‡ ƒǯ–Œ—•–„‡•‹Ž‡–Ǥ ‡ Šƒ˜‡ –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ’”‡•• ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǥ ›’‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‹–ǯ• –Š‡ Ž‹‡– ™Š‘ ˆ‡‡Ž••Š‡Šƒ•–‘ƒ††”‡••–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ǡ„—––Šƒ–Œ—•–•‹’Ž›‹•ǯ–•‘ǡƒ†‹– ƒ†‘‰”‡ƒ–ƒ†‹””‡˜‘ ƒ„Ž‡†ƒƒ‰‡–‘›‘—” ƒ•‡ƒ†›‘—” Ž‹‡–ǯ• ƒ•‡Ǥ‘——•–„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘‡š’Žƒ‹–Šƒ–ƒ†–‘‰‡–ƒ ”‘••–‘–Š‡ Ž‹‡– –Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‹‰•Ž‹‡ǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ•—””‘‰ƒ–‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š–‘›‹†‹‘†‡”Œ‘—”ƒŽ‹•ƒ†‘†‡”’”ƒ –‹ ‡‹•‘‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡™ƒ›•™‡ ƒ‰‡–ƒ Ž‹‡–ǯ•‡••ƒ‰‡‘—–ǤȋŠƒ–  ‡ƒ „› •—””‘‰ƒ–‡• ƒ”‡ –Š‘•‡ „”‘–Š‡”• ƒ† •‹•–‡”• ‹ –Š‡ „ƒ” ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡†‡ ‹†‡†–Š‡›likeƒ’’‡ƒ”‹‰‡˜‡”›†ƒ›‘‘”„‡‹‰–Š‡‰‘Ǧ –‘ ’‡”•‘ ‹ –Š‡ New York Times ™Š‡ –Š‡ Times™”‹–‡•ƒ„‘—– ”‹‹ƒŽ ƒ•‡•‘” ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡† ‹˜‹Ž‡†‹ ƒŽǦƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ƒ•‡•‘”–Š‡ Ž‹‡ǤȌ  ˆ–‡–‹‡•ǡ–‘‘ǡ‹–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•–•–ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ ƒ•‡ǡ–Š‡ˆƒ –• Šƒ‰‡ ˜‡”›”ƒ’‹†Ž›Ǥ ˆ›‘—Ž‘•‡›‘—” ”‡†‹„‹Ž‹–›ƒ––Šƒ–‡ƒ”Ž›•–ƒ‰‡ǡ›‘—†‘ǯ– Ž‘•‡‹–Œ—•–‹–Š‡ ‘—”–‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ ‘’‹‹‘ƒ•–Š‡ƒ––‘”‡›‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡Ǥ ‘— Ž‘•‡ ‹– ™‹–Š –Š‘•‡ ™Š‘ ”‡ƒŽŽ› ƒ––‡” –‘ ›‘—” ƒ•‡ǣ Œ—†‰‡• ƒ† ʹͶ     

’”‘•‡ —–‘”• ‘” ‘–Š‡” ’ƒ”–‹‡•ǡ‘–Š‡” Žƒ™›‡”• ‹ –Š‡ Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ † ‹ˆ ›‘—Ž‘•‡–Šƒ– ”‡†‹„‹Ž‹–›ǡ›‘—†‘ǯ–‰‡–‹–„ƒ ǤŠ‹•‹••‘„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ –Š‡’”‡••ǡƒ„‡ƒ•––Šƒ–‡‡†•–‘„‡ ‘•–ƒ–Ž›ˆ‡†Ǥ”‹•–‘–Ž‡•—‡† ‹– —’ „‡•– ‹ •ƒ›‹‰ –Šƒ– ƒ–—”‡ ƒ„Š‘”• ƒ ˜ƒ ——Ǥ ˜‡ –Š‡ ƒ–‹ǡ horror vacuiǡ‹•ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –‡š’”‡••‹‘ˆ‘”™Š‡”‡™‡ƒ”‡™‹–Š‘†‡” Œ‘—”ƒŽ‹•„‡ ƒ—•‡ǡƒ•”‹•–‘–Ž‡†‡• ”‹„‡†ǡ™Š‡ƒ–—”‡†‘‡•Šƒ˜‡ ƒ‡’–›•’ƒ ‡ǡƒ–—”‡”‡“—‹”‡•–Šƒ–•’ƒ ‡–‘„‡ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†Ǥ˜‡‹ˆ‹–‹• ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Šƒ‹”ǡ‹–—•–„‡ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†Ǥ‘†‡”Œ‘—”ƒŽ‹•Ž‘˜‡•–Šƒ–˜ƒ —— ƒ† Ž‘˜‡• ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰ –Šƒ– ˜ƒ ——ǡ ƒ† ‹– †‘‡•ǯ– ƒ––‡” ‹ˆ ‹–ǯ• ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰ ‹– ™‹–Š‹ƒ —”ƒ–‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  ‹‰Š– ‘™ǡ ǯ ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ ”— ‡ ‡‡”ǡ ™Š‘ ‹• „‡‹‰ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† ƒ† ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› „‡‹‰ ’”‘•‡ —–‡† ˆ‘” ˜‡Š‹ —Žƒ” ƒ•Žƒ—‰Š–‡”Ǥ ǯ‘–‰‘‹‰–‘‰‘‹–‘ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ•‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ •ǡ„—–  ™ƒ••–”— „›™Šƒ–™‡–‘‹–Š‡‡†‹ƒ‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ˆ‹˜‡Š‘—”•ƒˆ–‡” ƒ•‹’Ž‡–”ƒˆˆ‹ ƒ ‹†‡–Šƒ’’‡‡†‹ƒŽ‹„—ǡƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǡƒˆ‡™™‡‡• ƒ‰‘Ǥ –Š‡ˆ‹”•–ˆ‹˜‡Š‘—”•ǡ›‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”‡ ‘”†‡†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡™••–‘”‹‡• ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣŠ‡ˆ‹”•–‡™••–‘”›–‘ ‘‡‘—–™ƒ•–Šƒ–”Ǥ ‡‡”Šƒ† „‡‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ƒ Š‹‰ŠǦ•’‡‡† Šƒ•‡ ™‹–Š ’ƒ’ƒ”ƒœœ‹ǡ Šƒ† ”ƒ•Š‡†ǡ ƒ†Šƒ†‹ŽŽ‡†•‘‡„‘†›Ǥ ˆƒ –ǡ”Ǥ ‡‡”Šƒ†„‡‡‹–”ƒˆˆ‹ ‰‘‹‰ ƒ„‘—–ˆ‘”–›‹Ž‡•ƒŠ‘—”‘–Š‡ƒ ‹ˆ‹ ‘ƒ•– ‹‰Š™ƒ›ƒ†™ƒ•‘– „‡‹‰ Šƒ•‡† „› ’ƒ’ƒ”ƒœœ‹Ǥ Š‡ •‡ ‘† •–‘”› –‘ ‘‡ ‘—– ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› ƒˆ–‡” ȋ–Š‹• ™ƒ• ‘ ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡–™‘”ǡ ”‡’‘”–‹‰ Ž‹˜‡Ȍ ™ƒ•–Šƒ–”Ǥ ‡‡”Šƒ†Šƒ†–Š‡ƒ ‹†‡–ƒˆ–‡””‡ ‡‹˜‹‰‹Œ‡ –‹‘• ˆ‘”ˆ‡ƒŽ‡Š‘”‘‡•ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†‹’ƒ‹”‡†Š‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘†”‹˜‡Ǥ †‘ǯ– ‘™ ‹ˆ ›‘— ‡™ –Šƒ–Ǥ ǯ •‹––‹‰ –Š‡”‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ †‡–‡ –‹˜‡ ‘ –Š‡ ’Š‘‡ǡ™Š‘ǯ•†‘‹‰‡˜‡”›ˆ‡ƒŽ‡†”‹˜‹‰Œ‘‡–Šƒ–ǯ•‡˜‡”„‡‡†‘‡ǡ „—–Š‹•Ž‹•–ƒ†›Ž‹•–‘ˆ‹’ƒ‹”‹‰•—„•–ƒ ‡•†‹†ǯ–‹ Ž—†‡ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ Š‘”‘‡•ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡•–‘”›ǡƒ†‹–ƒŽ•‘™ƒ•—–”—‡Ǥ‹–Š‹ ƒŠ‘—”‘ˆ–Šƒ–•–‘”›ǡ–Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ–Š‹”†•–‘”›ǡƒ˜‡”›†ƒƒ‰‹‰•–‘”›ǡ –Šƒ– ”Ǥ ‡‡” Šƒ† „‡‡ ‘ ƒ ‡ŽŽ’Š‘‡ ƒŽŽ ƒ– –Š‡ –‹‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ ‹†‡–Ǥ ‘– –”—‡Ǥ ‘”–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡ ‹—–‡• Žƒ–‡” –Šƒ– •–‘”› ‘”’Š‡†‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡™•–‘ ”Ǥ ‡‡”ǯ•–‡š–‹‰™Š‹Ž‡†”‹˜‹‰Ǥ›‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ”‡ ‘”†‡†ƒ’ƒ‡Ž‘ˆŽƒ™›‡”•™Š‘™‡”‡†”ƒ‰‰‡†‹„‡ ƒ—•‡™‘”†‘ˆ    Ǧ   ʹͷ

–Š‡ ƒ ‹†‡– Šƒ† Œ—•– Š‹– –Š‡ ‡˜‡‹‰ ‡™• › Ž‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡› ™‡”‡ ’‘–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‰‘Š‘™— Š•–ƒ–‡’”‹•‘”Ǥ ‡‡”™ƒ•‰‘‹‰–‘†‘ ƒˆ–‡” –‡š–‹‰ ƒ† †”‹˜‹‰ ƒ† ‹ŽŽ‹‰ •‘‡‘‡Ǥ ‹˜‡ Š‘—”• ƒˆ–‡”ƒ ƒ ‹†‡–Ǥ  Šƒ–†‘›‘—†‘ƒ•ƒ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡‹†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š–Šƒ–ǫ ‡ŽŽǡ™Šƒ–›‘—don’t†‘‹•–”›–‘’Žƒ›™Šƒ ǦƒǦ‘Ž‡’—„Ž‹ Ž›Ǥ ˆ›‘—ǯ”‡ ‘•–ƒ–Ž›•Š‘‘–‹‰†‘™‡˜‡”›ˆƒŽ•‡•–‘”›ǡ›‘—ǯ”‡Œ—•– Šƒ•‹‰›‘—” –ƒ‹ŽǤ ‘’‡ˆ—ŽŽ›ǡ ™Šƒ– ›‘— †‘ ‹• ›‘— Šƒ˜‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• ™‹–Š‡›‡†‹ƒ’Žƒ›‡”•ƒ†›‘—Šƒ˜‡•‘‡‘‡–‘–ƒŽ–‘Ȅƒ‡†‹–‘” ƒ– –Š‡ L.A. Times ‘” ƒ ”‡’‘”–‡” ˆ‘” –Š‡ ǤǤȄ™Š‘‡˜‡” ‹ ›‘—” ‘—‹–› ™‹–Š ™Š‘ ›‘— Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ƒ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ ”‡†‹„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† –”—•–Ǥ†›‘—ƒ‡•—”‡–Šƒ–™Š‘‡˜‡”‹•”‡’‘”–‹‰‘›‘—” ƒ•‡‹• Š‡ ‹‰ ‹ ™‹–Š ›‘— „‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ •–‘”› ‰‘‡• ‘—–Ǥ ‘” –Š‘•‡ ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ‰‡––‹‰‹–™”‘‰ǡ›˜‹‡™‹•–Šƒ–›‘—•Šƒ‡–Š‡Š‡ŽŽ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ† ƒ‡ •—”‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡› ’”‘˜‹†‡ –Š‡ ƒ —”ƒ–‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ• •‘‘ ƒ• ’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ  —–ǡƒ•ˆƒ”ƒ• ǯ ‘ ‡”‡†ǡ‹–ǯ•‘––Š‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•–•–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆƒ ƒ•‡ –Šƒ– ’”‘˜‹†‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘•– ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡† ƒ† –Š‡ ‘•– —ƒ ‡†’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ ›™‘”Ž†ǡ–Š‘•‡ƒ”‡‘ ‡›‘—” Ž‹‡–‹• Šƒ”‰‡† ™‹–Šƒ ”‹‡Ȅ–Š‡’”‘•‡ —–‹‰ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Šƒ•†‡ ‹†‡†–‘ˆ‹Ž‡ Šƒ”‰‡•Ȅƒ†–Š‡”‡ǯ•’‡†‹‰ ”‹‹ƒŽ‡š’‘•—”‡Ǥ ‘” ‹˜‹ŽŽƒ™›‡”•ǡ  ‰—‡••ǡ ‹– ™‘—Ž† „‡ ‘ ‡ –Š‡ Žƒ™•—‹– ‹• ˆ‹Ž‡†Ǥ ‡ ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ˜‡Ȅ •‘‡–Š‹‰  –ƒ‡ ˜‡”› •‡”‹‘—•Ž›Ȅƒ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘•–”— – ‹ ™Š‹ Š ™‡ Šƒ˜‡–‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡Ǥ –ǯ•‘ƒ––‡”™Šƒ––Š‡‰‡‡”‘—•’”‘‘— ‡‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡• —’”‡‡ ‘—”– ‹ Gentile͵ƒ”‡ƒ„‘—–‘—”

͵Ǥ ‡–‹Ž‡ ˜Ǥ –ƒ–‡ ƒ” ‘ˆ ‡˜ƒ†ƒǡ ͷͲͳ ǤǤ ͳͲ͵Ͳ ȋͳͻͻͳȌǤ ‘—”• ƒˆ–‡” Š‹• Ž‹‡–ǯ• ‹†‹ –‡–ǡ ‡–‹Ž‡ Š‡Ž† ƒ ’”‡•• ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š Š‡ ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡† –Š‡–ƒ–‡ƒ†Dz ”‘‘‡†dz’‘Ž‹ ‡ˆ‘”•‡‡‹‰–‘ ‘˜‹ –ƒ‹‘ ‡–ƒǤIdǤƒ– ͳͲ͵ͶǤ ‡ ™ƒ• Žƒ–‡” ”‡’”‹ƒ†‡† ˆ‘” ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‰ ƒ •–ƒ–‡ „ƒ” ”—Ž‡ ȋ— Š Ž‹‡  ‘†‡Ž —Ž‡ ‘ˆ ”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ‘†— – ͵Ǥ͸Ȍ ’”‘Š‹„‹–‹‰ ƒ Žƒ™›‡” ˆ”‘ ƒ‹‰‡š–”ƒŒ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡‡–•–Šƒ–Š‡‘™•‘”•Š‘—Ž†”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž›‘™ ƒ”‡ •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ› Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ ’”‡Œ—†‹ ‡ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•Ǥ Š‡ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– †‡–‡”‹‡†–Šƒ– ‡–‹Ž‡ǯ• ”‹–‹ ‹•™ƒ• ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽŽ›’”‘–‡ –‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ •’‡‡ Šƒ†”‡˜‡”•‡†–Š‡‡˜ƒ†ƒ—’”‡‡‘—”–ǯ•ƒˆˆ‹”ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ʹ͸     

‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ Ž‡˜‡Ž –Š‡ ’Žƒ›‹‰ ˆ‹‡Ž† ‘ ‡ –Š‡”‡ǯ• ’”‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘—––Š‡”‡Ǥ‡ƒ•Žƒ™›‡”•Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡ ƒ”‡ˆ—Žƒ„‘—–™Šƒ– ™‡ ƒ”‡ •ƒ›‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ’”‡••Ǥ ƒ› –‹‡•ǡ Žƒ™›‡”• †‘ǯ– ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡ ™Šƒ––‘‘Ž•–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡‹–Š‡’”‡••Ǥ  ƒ”‡Ž›ǡ‹ˆ‡˜‡”ǡ†‘ Šƒ˜‡ƒ›–Š‹‰‘–Š‡”–Šƒƒ‘ˆˆǦ–Š‡Ǧ”‡ ‘”† ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š ƒ ”‡’‘”–‡”Ǥ —–  ‰‘ ‹–‘ –Šƒ– ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ ƒ••—‹‰ –Šƒ–  ™‹ŽŽ Š‡ƒ” „ƒ  ‡‹–Š‡” ‹ ƒ •–‘”›ǡ ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›ǡ ‘” „› •‘—” ‹‰™Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡•ƒ‹†‹–Šƒ–’Š‘‡ ƒŽŽǤŠ‡”‡”‡ƒŽŽ›‹•‘•— Š –Š‹‰ƒ•ƒ‘ˆˆǦ–Š‡Ǧ”‡ ‘”† ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ǡ•‹ ‡ƒ”‡’‘”–‡”ǯ•ƒ••—”ƒ ‡• ‹ –Š‹• ”‡‰ƒ”† ƒ”‡ ‡‹–Š‡” †‡’‡†ƒ„Ž‡ ‘” ‡ˆ‘” ‡ƒ„Ž‡Ǣ „—– •— Šƒ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ ƒǡ–‘›‹†ǡ„‡ƒ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡™ƒ›–‘‰‡–‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –‘–Š‡’”‡••Ǥƒ™›‡”•ƒŽ•‘‡‡†–‘„‡ ‘ˆ‹†‡–‹–Š‡™ƒ›–Š‡›†‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š”‡’‘”–‡”•ǣ”‡’‘”–‡”•‡‡†›‘—‘”‡–Šƒ›‘—‡‡†–Š‡ǡƒ† –Š‡”‡ǯ•‘„‡‡ˆ‹–—Ž‡••–Š‡”‡ǯ•„‡‡ˆ‹––‘–Š‡ Ž‹‡–ǤȋŠƒ–ǯ•ƒ‘–Š‡” ‹••—‡–Šƒ– –Š‹Šƒ•‰‘––‡ Ž‘—†‡†™‹–Šƒ––‘”‡›•ƒ†–Š‡’”‡••ǣ ‹–ǯ• ‘– ƒ„‘—– ›‘— ƒ† ‹– •Š‘—Ž† ‡˜‡” „‡ ƒ„‘—– ›‘—Ǥ  †‘ǯ– –Š‹ǡ ™‹–Šƒ†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†„‘†›Ž‹‡–Š‡ƒ””‹•–‡”•–Šƒ– ‡‡†–‘”‡‹† ƒ›„‘†›‘ˆ–Š‹•Ǥ—–Žƒ™›‡”•“—‹ Ž›Ž‘•‡•‹‰Š–‘ˆ‹–ǤȌ  ›–‹‡ ›‘— ‘’‡ ›‘—” ‘—–Š –‘ ƒ ”‡’‘”–‡”ǡ ›‘— Šƒ˜‡ –‘ †‡ ‹†‡ –Šƒ– ‹ †‘‹‰ •‘ǡ ‘Ž› „‡‡ˆ‹– ™‹ŽŽ ‘‡ –‘ –Š‡ Ž‹‡–Ǥ Š‹• ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘Ȅ–Šƒ– ƒ›–Š‹‰ •ƒ‹† —•– „‡ –‘ –Š‡ Ž‹‡–ǯ• ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡Ȅ ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ›”‡•–”ƒ‹‘‡ǯ•™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡••–‘–ƒŽ–‘”‡’‘”–‡”•Ǥ ›™‘”Ž†ǡ–Š‡”‡ǯ•”ƒ”‡Ž›‡˜‡”ƒ„‡‡ˆ‹––‘”‡’‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‡ƒŽŽ‡‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ƒŽ‘ƒ–Š‡–‘‡˜‡” ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ‡™• › Ž‡‘›‘™„‡ ƒ—•‡ƒŽŽ–Šƒ– Šƒ’’‡•‹• –Šƒ–ǡ‹ –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ† ’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Šǡ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹ ‹• ”‡‹†‡† –Šƒ– › Ž‹‡–‹•ƒ —•‡†‘ˆ†”—‰‰‹‰ƒ†”ƒ’‹‰—Ž–‹’Ž‡™‘‡ǤŠ‡”‡ǯ• ‘„˜‹‘—•Ž›‘„‡‡ˆ‹––‘–Šƒ–ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›„‡ ƒ—•‡‘„‘†›”‡‡„‡”• ™Šƒ–ǯ• ‹ ’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š –™‘ ‘” –Š”‡‡ ‘” ˆ‘—”Ǥ  Šƒ˜‡ –‘ ‘™  Šƒ˜‡ƒ

†‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”› „‘ƒ”†ǯ• ”‡’”‹ƒ†Ǥ  •‘ †‘‹‰ǡ –Š‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘–‡†–Šƒ–‘Ž› ”ƒ”‡Ž›†‘‡•’”‡–”‹ƒŽ’—„Ž‹ ‹–›’”‡Œ—†‹ ‡ƒ ƒ•‡ǡ‰‹˜‡„‘–Š˜‘‹” †‹”‡ ƒ† Œ—”‘”•ǯ‹ Ž‹ƒ–‹‘–‘„ƒ•‡–Š‡‹”˜‡”†‹ –•‹•–‡ƒ†‘–Š‡‡˜‹†‡ ‡’”‡•‡–‡† ƒ––”‹ƒŽǡƒ†‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆƒ ”‹‹ƒŽǦ†‡ˆ‡•‡ƒ––‘”‡›ǡ‡˜‹†‡ ‡‹•Žƒ ‹‰ –Šƒ–‹–‡˜‡”Šƒ•ǤSeeidǤƒ–ͳͲͷͷȂͷ͸Ǥ    Ǧ   ʹ͹

”‡ƒŽŽ›‹’‘”–ƒ–’‹‡ ‡‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–‘ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡„‡ˆ‘”‡ ‹˜‹–‡ –Šƒ–‡š–‡™• › Ž‡Ǥ ”‘–Š‡†‡ˆ‡•‡’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ǡ™‡•‘‡–‹‡• Ž‘•‡•‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹‹–‡†‰‘‘†–Šƒ– ƒ ‘‡ˆ”‘‰‹˜‹‰ƒ”‡’‘”–‡” ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡–‘‘—” Ž‹‡–ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡„ƒŽƒ ‡‘ˆƒƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ™‹ŽŽƒŽ™ƒ›•‹ Ž—†‡–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ǯ•˜‹‡™‘”–Š‡’Žƒ‹–‹ˆˆǯ•˜‹‡™‘ˆ –Š‡‡˜‹†‡ ‡ǡƒ†–Šƒ–ǯ•‘–‰‘‹‰ƒ™ƒ›Ǥ‘—ǯ”‡‘–‰‘‹‰–‘–”‹ –Š‡ Œ‘—”ƒŽ‹•–‹–‘Œ—•–•’‘‘Ǧˆ‡‡†‹‰Š‹‘”Š‡”›‘—”˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ –• ƒ†–Š‡‘–Šƒ˜‡–Š‡Œ‘—”ƒŽ‹•–”‡’‡ƒ–‹•‘‡™ƒ›–Š‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ ›‘—ǯ”‡ –”›‹‰ –‘ ‰‡– ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ƒ ‰‘‘† –Š‹‰ –‘ ”‡‡„‡” „‡ˆ‘”‡›‘—‡˜‡” ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ‡™• › Ž‡‘›‘—”‘™Ǥ  ‡ ƒƒŽ•‘—•‡•—””‘‰ƒ–‡•‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ˆ‘”‘—” Ž‹‡–•‹’”‡–”‹ƒŽ Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ȅ•—””‘‰ƒ–‡• „‡‹‰ –Š‘•‡ Žƒ™›‡”• ‹ –Š‡ ‘—–”› ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ –›’‹ ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ ‰‘Ǧ–‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡ „‡‹‰ ƒ•‡† ƒ„‘—– ƒ•‡•Ǥ Š‡”‡ǯ• ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡Ž›‘–Š‹‰™”‘‰ǡ‹ˆ›‘—ˆ‡‡Žƒ•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ–”—•–‘”Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ™‹–Š ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡ ˆ‘Ž•ǡ –‘Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ƒ„‘—–›‘—” ƒ•‡ǡ–‘‰‹˜‡–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–ǯ•‘„˜‹‘—•Ž›‹ –Š‡’—„Ž‹ ”‡ ‘”†ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘–‘‡†— ƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ„‘—–›‘—” ƒ•‡Ǥ – ƒ„‡ ƒ ‹ ”‡†‹„Ž› ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ –‘‘Ž ‹ˆ ƒ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† –Š‹”†Ǧ’ƒ”–›ǡ ‹†‡’‡†‡– ˜‘‹ ‡ ‹• –ƒŽ‹‰ ƒ„‘—– ƒ –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ›‘—” ƒ•‡ ƒ† ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‹‰ˆ‘”–Šƒ––Š‡‘”›Ǥ‘‡–‹‡•™‡‹••‘—–‘Š‘™‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ –Šƒ– ƒ„‡‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ  –ǯ•ƒŽ•‘–”‹ ›ƒ†›‡–‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡–‘—•‡›‘—”„”‹‡ˆ‹‰‹ƒ ƒ•‡ ƒ†–‘„‡ ‘‰‹œƒ–ƒ„‘—–™Š‡”‡›‘—”‘–‹‘•’”ƒ –‹ ‡‡†•—’Ǥ  › ‘—‹–›ǡ‹–ǯ•Šƒ”†–‘‰‡–ƒ›–Š‹‰ˆ‹Ž‡†—†‡”•‡ƒŽǡƒ† ’”‘•‡ —–‘”•‹› ƒ•‡•–›’‹ ƒŽŽ›†‘ǯ–‡‡†–‘‰‘‘—–‹–Š‡–‘™ •“—ƒ”‡ ƒ† Š‘Ž† ƒ ’”‡•• ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǥ Š‡› •‹’Ž› ’—– –‘‰‡–Š‡” –Š‡ ‘•–‹ˆŽƒƒ–‘”›’Ž‡ƒ†‹‰‹ƒ‰‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ Šƒ†‘‡Œ—•–Žƒ•–™‡‡‘ ƒ ƒ•‡‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡’”‘•‡ —–‘”ǡ—†‡”–Š‡’”‡–‡•‡‘ˆƒ•‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡ ‘’Žƒ‹‹‰™‹–‡••‡•ǯƒ‡•„‡‡’– ‘ˆ‹†‡–‹ƒŽǡ—•‡†–Šƒ–ƒ•ƒ ‰—‹•‡–‘Žƒ›‘—––Š‡‘•–’”‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽǡ†ƒƒ‰‹‰„—–‘–Ǧ›‡–Ǧƒ†‹––‡† ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ•‡Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘•‡ —–‘” ’”‡•‡–• ‡ ™‹–Š ƒ ’Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ ƒ†•ƒ›•ǡDz ǯˆ‹Ž‹‰–Š‹•–‘‘””‘™Ǥ Œ—•–™ƒ–‡†–‘Ž‡–›‘—‘™Ǥdz Š‡›‘—”‡ƒ†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡–Š‹”–›’ƒ‰‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡ǯ•ƒ„‘—–ȏ‘‡Ȑ•‹‰Ž‡ ʹͺ     

’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡’”‘•‡ —–‘”‹•ƒ•‹‰ˆ‘”™Šƒ–•Š‡™ƒ–•ǡƒ† –Šƒ–ǯ•ˆ‘”–Š‡Œ—†‰‡–‘‘”†‡”–Š‡ƒ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘’Žƒ‹‹‰™‹–‡••–‘ ”‡ƒ‹ ‘ˆ‹†‡–‹ƒŽǤ ‘  ƒŽŽ —’ –Š‹• ’”‘•‡ —–‘”ǯ• •—’‡”˜‹•‘” ƒ†  •ƒ›ǡ Dz‘— ‘™ ™Šƒ–ǫ •Ǥ ‹–Š Œ—•– Šƒ†‡† ‡ –Š‹• ‘–‹‘ǡ ƒ ‰”‡ƒ–‘–‹‘ǡ„—–™‡ǯ”‡Œ—•–‰‘‹‰–‘•–‹’—Žƒ–‡Ǥdz Dz–‹’—Žƒ–‡ǫdz Dz‡ƒŠǤ Šƒ˜‡‘’”‘„Ž‡‡‡’‹‰–Š‡ƒ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘’Žƒ‹‹‰ ™‹–‡•• ‘ˆ‹†‡–‹ƒŽǤdz DzŠǡ ǯ‘–•—”‡we ƒ•–‹’—Žƒ–‡–‘–Šƒ–Ǥdz Dz‡ŽŽ ™Š› ‘—Ž†ǯ– ›‘— •–‹’—Žƒ–‡ǫ Š‡”‡ǯ• ‘ ‡‡† –‘ ˆ‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ‘–‹‘Ǥdz Dz‡ŽŽ™‡ǯŽŽŠƒ˜‡–‘”‡˜‹‡™–Šƒ–Ǥdz ‘™ǡ›‘— ƒǯ–ƒŽ™ƒ›••–‹’—Žƒ–‡–‘™Šƒ––Š‡‘–Š‡”’ƒ”–›‹•ƒ•‹‰ˆ‘”ǡ „—– ›‘— ƒ †ƒ ™‡ŽŽ ‰‘ –‘ –Š‡ Œ—†‰‡ ƒ† ‡š’‘•‡ ‡šƒ –Ž› ™Šƒ–ǯ• ‰‘‹‰‘Ǥ ˆ›‘—ǯ”‡•—„–Ž‡ǡ›‘— ƒƒŽ•‘—•‡–Šƒ–•ƒ‡–Š‹‰‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ˆ‘”›‘—” Ž‹‡––‘ǡ •Š‘—Ž†•ƒ›ǡŽ‡˜‡Ž–Š‡’Žƒ›‹‰ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ ‡ •Š‘—Ž† ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡ –Šƒ– ƒ›–Š‹‰ ™‡ ’—– ‹ –Š‡ ’Ž‡ƒ†‹‰•ǡ —Ž‡••‹–ǯ•—†‡”•‡ƒŽǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡–‘‡š’‡ –‹•‰‘‹‰–‘‰‡––‘–Š‡’”‡••ǡ ƒ† ‹–ǯ• ‰‘‹‰ –‘ „‡ ”‡’‘”–‡† ‘Ǥ  –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ™ƒ› ”‡’‘”–‡”• Ž‹‡ •’‘‘Ǧˆ‡† ™‹”‡ •–‘”‹‡• –‘ ”‡’”‹– ‘” ƒ •’‘‘Ǧˆ‡†  •–‘”› –‘ ”‡’”‹–ǡ –Š‡› Ž‘˜‡ ”‡’”‹–‹‰ –Š‡ ‘–‡– ‘ˆ ’Ž‡ƒ†‹‰•Ǥ ‘ ›‘—” ™”‹––‡ ™‘” ‹ ƒ ƒ•‡ „‡ ‘‡• ”‹–‹ ƒŽǣ ‹–ǯ• ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‘” ›‘—–‘ —†‡”•–ƒ†™Šƒ–›‘—ƒ”‡‹ˆƒ –‡••ƒ‰‹‰Ǥ  –ǯ•ƒŽ•‘ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡†›ƒ‹ •‹–Š‡ ‘—”–”‘‘Ǥ ‡ •Š‘—Ž†ǯ– Œ—•– ‰‹˜‡ ‹ –‘ ƒ‡”ƒ• „‡‹‰ ‹ ‘—”–”‘‘•Ǥ  †‘ǯ– ‘™ ‹ ›‘—” ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡ Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘• Š‘™ ›‘— ƒŽŽ †‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š –Š‡Ǥ ƒ‡”ƒ• ƒ”‡ ƒƒ–Š‡ƒ ‹ –Š‡ ‘—”–”‘‘Ǥ ‹Ž‹‰ ‹ ƒ ‘—”–”‘‘ Šƒ‰‡• ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰Ǥ ˆ ™‡ ‹‰‘”‡ –Šƒ–ǡ ™‡ ”‡ƒŽŽ› ƒ”‡ †‹••‡”˜‹‰‘—” Ž‹‡–•Ǥ  ‘„Œ‡ – ‘•‹•–‡–Ž› –‘ ˆ‹Ž‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ‘—”–”‘‘Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘’Ž‡–‡–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›™‹–Š’”‹–”‡’‘”–‡”•‹ƒ ‘—”–”‘‘Ǥ˜‡‹ˆ ›‘— ƒ‡ ‹ ƒ† –‘‘ ƒ ‘—’Ž‡ ‘ˆ •–‹ŽŽ •Š‘–• ‹ –Š‡ „‡‰‹‹‰ǡ ›‘— ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›‰‡–™Šƒ–›‘—‡‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ‹”•–‡†‡–    Ǧ   ʹͻ

–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›‹ƒ ‘—”–”‘‘Ǥ ‹Ž‹‰’”‘•‡ —–‘”•ƒ†Œ—†‰‡•ƒ† †‡ˆ‡•‡Žƒ™›‡”•ƒ††‡ˆ‡†ƒ–•‘” ‹˜‹Ž’ƒ”–‹‡•‹ƒ ‹˜‹Ž ƒ•‡ƒ‡• ‡˜‡”›‘‡‹–Šƒ– ‘—”–”‘‘ƒ –†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›ǤŠ‡”‡ǯ•‘†‡›‹‰‹–ǡƒ† ‹–ǯ•‘–ˆ‘”–Š‡„‡––‡”ǤŠ‡”‡ǯ•‰”ƒ†•–ƒ†‹‰ǤŠ‡”‡ǯ• Šƒ‘•ǤŠ‡”‡ǯ•ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†›ƒ‹ ‹–‡”•‘ˆŠ‘™ƒŒ—†‰‡™‹ŽŽ”—Ž‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡Œ—†‰‡‘™”—Ž‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡ ƒ‡”ƒƒ†‘–ˆ‘”–Š‡’ƒ”–‹‡• ƒ†–Š‡‡”‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‰—‡–Ǥ –”—Ž›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ–Ǥƒ›–‹‡•ǡŽ‘ ƒŽ ”—Ž‡•”‡“—‹”‡–Š‡’”‡••–‘ˆ‹Ž‡’‡–‹–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• –‘ ‘˜‡”ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹—„‡”‘ˆ†ƒ›•ƒ†•–ƒ–‡’”‘ ‡†—”ƒŽŽ‹‹–•‘Š‘™–Š‡›†‘‹–Ǥ †— ƒ–‡›‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ„‘—––Š‘•‡”—Ž‡•Ǥ‹‡–‹‡•‘—–‘ˆ–‡ǡ „Ž‘  ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡‹–Š‡ ‘—”–”‘‘„ƒ•‡†Œ—•–‘–Š‘•‡Ž‘ ƒŽ”—Ž‡•Ǥ  —–  ™‹ŽŽ –‡ŽŽ ›‘—ǡ —ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ •‹ ‡ Ǥ Ǥǡ Œ—†‰‡• Šƒ˜‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽŽ› Šƒ‰‡†–Š‡‹”ƒ––‹–—†‡ƒ„‘—–ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ ƒ‡”ƒ•‹–Š‡ ‘—”–”‘‘Ǥ ƒ ‡ –‘ǡ –Š‡ Œ—†‰‡ ‹ –Šƒ– ƒ•‡ǡ ’”‡––› — Š Šƒ† Š‹• ƒ”‡‡” †‡•–”‘›‡† „› ‹˜‹–‹‰ –Š‘•‡ ƒ‡”ƒ• ‹Ǥ ‘” ƒ„‘—– ˆ‹ˆ–‡‡ ›‡ƒ”• ƒˆ–‡” Ǥ Ǥǡ ‘ Œ—†‰‡ ‹ ǤǤ ‘—–› ™‘—Ž† Ž‡– ƒ ƒ‡”ƒ ‹ƒ ‘—”–”‘‘Ǥ —†‰‡•–Š‘—‰Š–‹–™ƒ•Œ—•–ƒ†‡ƒ–Š™‹•Šˆ‘”–Š‡‹” ƒ”‡‡”Ǥ ‹–Š‡‘”‘—•’”‡••—”‡ˆ”‘–Š‡’”‡••ǡ–Šƒ–”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡Šƒ•‡”‘†‡†ǡ ƒ† ‘™ Œ—†‰‡• ƒ”‡ ”‡ƒŽŽ› Ž‘ƒ–Š‡ not –‘ ƒŽŽ‘™ ƒ‡”ƒ• ‹ –Š‡ ‘—”–”‘‘ǡ ƒ† –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ˜‘ ‹ˆ‡”‘—• ƒ„‘—– ƒ› ƒ––‡’– –‘ „Ž‘  ƒ‡”ƒ•‹–Š‡ ‘—”–”‘‘Ǥ Šƒ†ƒŒ—†‰‡–Š‡‘–Š‡”†ƒ›‹‘—”Žƒ”‰‡•– ‘—”– ‹ ǤǤ ‘—–›Ȅ‘—” ‰‹ƒ–ǡ ˆ‡Ž‘›Ǧƒ””ƒ‹‰‡– ‘—”–Ǥ Š‡ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ƒ– ˆ‹”•– †‡‹‡† –Š‡ ƒ‡”ƒ• ˆ‘” ‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡˜‡”•‡† Š‡” ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘˜‡”‹‰Š–Ǥ  Š‡” ”‡˜‡”•ƒŽ •Š‡ ‘†‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ ‘”†‡” ƒ† •ƒ‹† •Š‡™ƒ•‰‘‹‰–‘ƒŽŽ‘™ˆ—ŽŽ ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•ǡ‡š ‡’––Šƒ– ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—”–•–ƒˆˆ™ƒ•–‘„‡ˆ‹Ž‡†ǡ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒŽŽ‡”›ǡ‡ƒ‹‰ ƒ›ƒ––‡†‡‡•–‘–Š‡ ‘—”–’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰ǡ™‡”‡–‘„‡ˆ‹Ž‡†ǡƒ†‘‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡•Š‡”‹ˆˆǯ••–ƒˆˆ™ƒ•–‘„‡ˆ‹Ž‡†Ǥ‘”™ƒ•–Š‡Œ—†‰‡–‘„‡ˆ‹Ž‡†Ǥ Š‹ ŠŽ‡ˆ–‡ƒ†› Ž‹‡––‘„‡ˆ‹Ž‡†Ǥ ™ƒŽ‡†—’–‘Š‡” ‘‘” ƒ† •ƒ‹†ǡDz‘—” ‘‘”ǡƒ• ”‡ ƒŽŽ–Š‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ’”‡•• ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡‹ –Š‡ ‘—”–”‘‘ǡ™‡™‡”‡˜‡”›ˆ‡ƒ”ˆ—Ž‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ” Šƒ„‡”Ǥ –Šƒ•–‘†‘ ™‹–Š–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›‘ˆ–Š‡‹‡”™‘”‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—”–Ǥ –Šƒ•‘–Š‹‰–‘†‘™‹–Š™Šƒ––Š‡†‡ˆ‡†ƒ–‹•†‘‹‰Ǥ –Šƒ•–‘ ͵Ͳ     

†‘ ™‹–Š ™Šƒ– ›‘—ǡ ›‘—” ‘‘”ǡ ƒ”‡ †‘‹‰ ‹ –Š‹• ‘—”–”‘‘Ǥ ‘ǯ– ›‘— –Š‹ ‹–ǯ• ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‹ˆ ›‘—ǯ”‡ ‰‘‹‰ –‘ ƒŽŽ‘™ –Š‹• ‘˜‡” ‘—” ‘„Œ‡ –‹‘–‘Šƒ˜‡–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›ƒ•–‘™Šƒ–›‘—ǯ”‡†‘‹‰ǫdzŠ‡•ƒ›•ǡ Dz‹••‡”ǡ ‘‡—’Š‡”‡ǡdzƒ†•–ƒ”–•’‘—†‹‰‘Š‡”†‡•ǤDz‹•• ‡”ǡ ǯŽŽŠƒ˜‡ǡ›‘—‘™ǡ Šƒ˜‡ƒ–™‡Ž˜‡Ǧ›‡ƒ”Ǧ‘Ž††ƒ—‰Š–‡”™Š‘ ǯ –‘Ž†Ž‘‘••–ƒ”–Ž‹‰Ž›Ž‹‡‡ǡdz•Š‡•ƒ›•ǡDzƒ† ƒ‘–‰‘‹‰–‘Šƒ˜‡ –Š‘•‡ ƒ‡”ƒ•ˆ‹Ž‡‹–Š‹• ‘—”–”‘‘Ǥdz •ƒ‹†ǡDz‘—” ‘‘”ǡ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ –Š‹”–‡‡Ǧ›‡ƒ”Ǧ‘Ž† †ƒ—‰Š–‡” ™Š‘ ǯ –‘Ž†ǡ —ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž› ˆ‘” Š‡”ǡ Ž‘‘• ƒ Ž‘– Ž‹‡ ‡ǡdz ƒ†  •—‰‰‡•–‡† –‘ Š‡” ‘‘” –Šƒ– Ž‹‡‡•• ™ƒ•ǯ– ƒ Ž‡‰ƒŽ „ƒ•‹• –‘ †‡› ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‘—”–”‘‘Ǥ —– –Šƒ–ǯ• ™Š‡”‡ ™‡ ƒ”‡Ǥ ‘ǡ ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‹‰ –Šƒ–ǡ ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ ‹–ǯ• ‘–ƒ ƒŽŽǦ‘”Ǧ‘–Š‹‰ ’”‘’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ™‡ƒ•Žƒ™›‡”•Šƒ˜‡–‘ˆ‹‰Š–„ƒ Ǥ  ‡ ƒ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ‘–”‘Ž ™Š‡”‡ –Š‘•‡ ƒ‡”ƒ• ƒ”‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‘—”–”‘‘Ǥ ˆ›‘—ǯ”‡‰‘‹‰–‘ƒŽŽ‘™ƒ ƒ‡”ƒ‹–Š‡ ‘—”–”‘‘ǡ–Š‡ ƒ‡”ƒ‹•‘–‰‘‹‰–‘„‡•–ƒ‰‡†Ž‹‡ƒ”‡ƒŽ‹–›Ǧ•Š‘™•‘–Šƒ–‹–ǯ• Ž‘•‡Ǧ—’• ‘ˆ ‡˜‡”›„‘†›Ǥ Š‘–• •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‘ˆƒ ‡„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  ‘‹‰ –‘ ‘—”–Ǥ Šƒ–ǯ• ™Šƒ– ƒŽŽ –Š‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ’”‡ ‡†‡––ƒŽ•ƒ„‘—–ǣ–‘ƒŽŽ‘™–Š‡ ƒ‡”ƒ–‘„‡–‘•—„•–‹–—–‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‹–‹œ‡ ™Š‘ ƒǯ– ‘‡ –Š‡ ‘—”–”‘‘ –Šƒ– †ƒ›Ǥ Šƒ–ǯ• ƒŽŽ ™‡ŽŽ ƒ† ‰‘‘†ǡ„—––Š‡–Šƒ– ƒ‡”ƒǯ•„ƒ ‹–Š‡‰ƒŽŽ‡”›Ǥ –ǯ•‘–™‹–Šƒ–™‘Ǧ •Š‘–„›–Š‡Œ—†‰‡ǯ•„‡ Š•‘–Šƒ–‹– ƒ ‘•–ƒ–Ž›†‘ Ž‘•‡Ǧ—’•‘ˆ‘—” Ž‹‡–•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ‡”ƒ ˜‹‡™ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ˆ”‘ „‡Š‹† –Š‡ †‡ˆ‡†ƒ– ‘” ˆ”‘„‡Š‹†„‘–Š’ƒ”–‹‡•ȋƒ•— Šƒ•‹–’ƒ‹•‡–‘•ƒ›–Šƒ–ǡ‰‹˜‡ –Šƒ– †‘ǯ–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›Ž‹‡–‘„‡ˆ‹Ž‡†ˆ”‘„‡Š‹†ȌǤ „”‹‰–Š‹•—’ ‘Ž›–‘”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡–Šƒ–›‘— ƒǯ–„—”››‘—”Š‡ƒ†‹–Š‡•ƒ†Ǥ•ƒ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡ǡ›‘— ƒǯ–†‡ ‹†‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ǯ•‘–Š‹‰–‘„‡†‘‡ „—– ‘– ’Žƒ› „ƒŽŽǤ Š‡”‡ǯ• ‰‘– –‘ „‡ ƒ ‹††Ž‡ ‰”‘—†Ǥ ‘— Šƒ˜‡ –‘ ‘™ ƒ† —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ ‡‡›ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ› –‹‡• ‹• •ƒ–—”ƒ–‡† ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ›‘—” ƒ•‡Ǥ‘—Šƒ˜‡–‘–Š‹Ž‘‰ƒ†Šƒ”†ƒ„‘—–Š‘™–‘ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ‰‡– ›‘—” ‡••ƒ‰‡ ‘—– ‹ ™ƒ›• ‘˜‡” ™Š‹ Š ›‘— ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› Šƒ˜‡•‘‡ ‘–”‘ŽǤ  Š‡”‡ǯ•ƒ‰”‡ƒ–™ƒ˜‡‹–Š‹• ‘—–”›‘ˆŽƒ™ˆ‹”•ǯ„”‹‰‹‰‹ ƒ‰‡ ‹‡•Ȅ ”‹•‹•’—„Ž‹ ‹•–•Ȅ–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š–Š‡‹” ƒ•‡•Ǥ‡Šƒ˜‡–‘    Ǧ   ͵ͳ

„‡ ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž ƒ„‘—– †‘‹‰ –Šƒ–Ǥ ‘‡–‹‡• –Š‡”‡ǯ• ƒ ‹–‹‹†ƒ–‹‘ ˆƒ –‘”Ȅƒ Žƒ™›‡”ǯ• ‹•‡ —”‹–›Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ™›‡” ƒ› „‡ ‘‡ ™Š‘ Šƒ• –Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ– „‡‡ˆ‹– ‘ˆ ‘– Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ Ž‘– ‘ˆ Š‹‰ŠǦ’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ ƒ•‡•ǡ •‘ •Š‡ ˆ‡‡Ž•ǡ ƒ›ǡ–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ‹•–™‹ŽŽ‘™‘”‡ƒ„‘—––Š‹•–Šƒ †‘ǤŠƒ–ǯ•–Š‡ ™‘”•–‹•–ƒ‡–Š‡Žƒ™›‡” ƒƒ‡Ǥ‘—‘™‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰›‘—‡‡† –‘‘™ƒ„‘—–™Šƒ–ǯ•‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ†™Šƒ–ǯ•‘–‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ‘”›‘—” Ž‹‡–ǡƒ†‹ˆ›‘—„”‹‰ƒ’—„Ž‹ ‹•–ǡƒ ”‹•‹•’—„Ž‹ ‹•–ǡ‹–‘›‘—” ƒ•‡ǡ –Šƒ–’‡”•‘‹•„‡‹‰’ƒ‹†ǡ‹–Š‡‘”›ǡ–‘do•‘‡–Š‹‰Ǥ†ǡ„‘›ǡƒ”‡ –Š‡›‰‘‹‰–‘™ƒ––‘†‘•‘‡–Š‹‰Ǥ‘—ǯ˜‡‰‘––‘„‡”‡ƒŽŽ› ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž ƒ„‘—––Šƒ–†›ƒ‹ „‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ‹•–‹•–Š‹‹‰Š‡ǯ•†‘‹‰Š‹• Œ‘„ ‹ˆ Š‡‹•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ’—„Ž‹ ‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ ‡˜‡–•‹ ›‘—” ƒ•‡Ǥ ‘‡–‹‡• –Š‡„‡•–’Žƒ›‹•‘––‘†‘ƒ›–Š‹‰ǡƒ†–Šƒ–ǯ•ƒ˜‡”›Šƒ”††›ƒ‹ –‘ ™‘” ™‹–Š ™Š‡ ›‘—ǯ˜‡ ‰‘– •‘‡„‘†› ‘ •–ƒˆˆ ‹ ›‘—” ƒ•‡ ™Š‘ǯ• ’ƒ‹†–‘†‘‘Ž›–Šƒ–Ǥ  ‘••‘ˆ ‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”’—„Ž‹ ‹–›ƒ•‹†‡ǡŽƒ™›‡”•‡‡†–‘„‡ ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž ƒ„‘—– ƒ› ƒ––‘”‡›Ȃ Ž‹‡– ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™‘”Ǧ’”‘†— – ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Šƒ–ǯ•–”ƒ•‹––‡†–‘ƒ›‘Žƒ™›‡”‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡Ǥˆ–‡–‹‡•™‡•‡‡ –Š‹‰•”—ƒ‘™Š‡–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ‹•–‹•‘—––Š‡”‡ƒ••’‘‡•’‡”•‘ˆ‘” –Š‡ Ž‹‡– •ƒ›‹‰ –Š‹‰• –Šƒ– •Š‘—Ž†ǯ– „‡ •ƒ‹†Ǥ ƒ› –‹‡•ǡ ‹–ǯ• –Š‡ Žƒ™›‡”• •ƒ›‹‰ –Š‹‰• –Š‡› •Š‘—Ž†ǯ– „‡ •ƒ›‹‰Ǥ ƒ”–Šƒ –‡™ƒ”– ‹‰Š– ‘– ‡˜‡” Šƒ˜‡ ‰‘––‡ ‹†‹ –‡† ‘” ‰‘‡ –‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ ’”‹•‘ǡŠƒ† ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡‡–• ƒ† ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† •–ƒ–‡‡–• ‘– „‡‡ ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡† „› ‘—•‡Ž‹–Šƒ– ƒ•‡ǤŠ‹ƒ„‘—––Šƒ–Ǥ –Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›•–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–Šƒ– ƒ•‡ǡ –Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒˆˆ‹”ƒ–‹˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•ƒ†‡ ‹–Š‡˜‘‹ ‡‘ˆƒ”–Šƒ–‡™ƒ”––Šƒ–™‡”‡Žƒ–‡”—•‡†–‘’”‘•‡ —–‡Š‡”Ǥ  ƒ™›‡”•‰‡–‹–‘–”‘—„Ž‡™Š‡–Š‡›ǯ”‡ƒ‹‰ƒ›•–ƒ–‡‡–• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ ’—„Ž‹ ‹œ‹‰ –Šƒ– ‘—Ž† ‡˜‡ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽŽ› „‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ‡š–‘”–‹˜‡Ǥ ‡ ‘—Ž† „‡ ‘ –Š‡ —•’ ‘ˆ ƒ ™Š‘Ž‡ ‡™ ™ƒ˜‡ ‘ˆ ˜‡”› •‡”‹‘—•Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‹„‘–Š–Š‡ ‹˜‹Ž„ƒ”ƒ†–Š‡ ”‹‹ƒŽ„ƒ”‘˜‡”™Šƒ– ƒ†Š‘™Žƒ™›‡”•–Š‹–Š‡› ƒ†‡ƒ†–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†„‡ ‘•–”—‡†ƒ• ‡š–‘”–‹˜‡Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ •ƒ› Žƒ™›‡”• ƒ”‡ ‹ •‡––Ž‡‡– †‹• —••‹‘• ‘˜‡” ƒ ƒ•‡ǡ ƒ† ‘‡ Žƒ™›‡” ƒŽŽ• —’ ‘” ™”‹–‡• ƒ Ž‡––‡” –‘ –Š‡ ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘•ƒ›‹‰–Š‡’”‡••†‘‡•ǯ–Šƒ˜‡–Š‹•‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘”‹‰Š–‘™ǣ ͵ʹ     

Dz ǯ•—”‡™‡ ƒ™‘”•‘‡–Š‹‰‘—–Ǥ ǯ•—”‡–Š‹•™‘—Ž†„‡“—‹–‡ ‡„ƒ””ƒ••‹‰ –‘ ›‘—” Ž‹‡– ‹ˆ –Š‹• ™‡”‡ ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†Ǥdz Š‡”‡ †‘ ›‘— †”ƒ™–Š‡Ž‹‡‘™Šƒ– ‘•–‹–—–‡•‡š–‘”–‹‘ƒ†™Šƒ–‹•ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –Ž› ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ǡ ‹˜‹Ž†‡ƒ†Ž‡––‡”ǫ‡ǯ”‡‰‘‹‰–‘Šƒ˜‡–‘•‘”––Š”‘—‰Š ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‹••—‡•‹–Š‡ ‘‹‰›‡ƒ”•Ǥ –”‡ƒŽŽ›‹•ǯ–‡‹–Š‡”Ȃ‘”Ǥ –‹•ƒ —ƒ ‡† †‹• —••‹‘ ƒ† •‘‡–Š‹‰ ™‡ ƒ• ƒ––‘”‡›• •Š‘—Ž† Ž‘‘ ƒ– ƒ†–Š‹ƒ„‘—–ƒ†–ƒŽƒ„‘—–ƒ‘‰•–‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•Ȅ†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š‹– ”ƒ–Š‡”–ŠƒŒ—•–Š‘’‹‰‹–™‹ŽŽ‰‘ƒ™ƒ›Ǥ  QUESTIONS &ANSWERS   Q:•Ǥ‡”ǡŠƒ˜‡›‘—‘–‹ ‡†™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ’”‡••ǡƒ•‹ –Š‡ ƒ›Ž‡‡ –Š‘› ƒ•‡ ‘” –Š‡ –Š‘› ‹‡”ƒ ƒ•‡ǡ Šƒ• ƒ—•‡† ’”‘•‡ —–‘”• –‘ ˆ‹Ž‡ Šƒ”‰‡• –Šƒ– ›‘— –Š‘—‰Š– ™‘—Ž† ‘– ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ˆ‹Ž‡†ǫ  A: ‘— ’‹  —’ ‘ •‘‡–Š‹‰ –Šƒ– ‹• ƒ ”‡ƒŽ ‘ ‡”Ǥ  –Š‹ –Š‡”‡ǯ•‡‘”‘—•’”‡••—”‡‘–Š‡’”‘•‡ —–‹‰ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ”‡ƒ–‡†„›ƒ ‘–‘”‹‘—• ƒ•‡Ǥ ǯ†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Šƒ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘”‹‰Š–‘™‹™Š‹ Šǡ‹ˆ› Ž‹‡– ™ƒ• ƒ‡† ‘Š ‹–Šǡ –Š‡”‡ ™‘—Ž†ǯ– „‡ ƒ Šƒ ‡ ‹ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† Š‡ ™‘—Ž† „‡ ’”‘•‡ —–‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘†— – –Šƒ–ǯ• „‡‹‰ ‘•‹†‡”‡†„›–Š‡’”‘•‡ —–‹‰ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ—– ‘™ˆ‘”ƒˆƒ ––Šƒ–ǡ ‡˜‡”› †ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‡‡ǡ –Š‡ ‘• ‰‡Ž‡• ‘—–› ‹•–”‹ – ––‘”‡›ǯ• ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‰‡–• ƒŽŽ•ˆ”‘–Š‡’”‡•••ƒ›‹‰ǡDzŠƒ–ƒ”‡›‘—†‘‹‰ǫdzDzŠƒ– ƒ”‡ ›‘— †‘‹‰ǫdz DzŠƒ– ƒ”‡ ›‘— †‘‹‰ǫdz Dz”‡ ›‘— –”‡ƒ–‹‰ Š‹ •’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǫdz Dz”‡ ›‘— –”‡ƒ–‹‰ Š‹ —ˆƒ‹”Ž›ǫdz DzŠƒ– ƒ„‘—– –Š‹• ’‡”•‘ǫdzDzŠƒ–ƒ„‘—––Šƒ–’‡”•‘ǫdzŠƒ–doesŠƒ˜‡ƒ˜‡”›”‡ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‡ –Ǥ  ƒǯ– †‡› ‹–Ǥ Š‡ —”„ƒ ›–Š ‹• –Šƒ– ‡Ž‡„”‹–‹‡• ‰‡– –”‡ƒ–‡† •’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›Ǥ ‡ŽŽǡ –Š‡› do ‰‡– –”‡ƒ–‡† •’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ „—– ‹–ǯ• –Š‡ ”‡˜‡”•‡Ǥ  Šƒ˜‡Šƒ† ƒ•‡•ƒ†™‹ŽŽ ‘–‹—‡–‘Šƒ˜‡ ƒ•‡•–Šƒ–‹˜‘Ž˜‡˜‡”›Ž‘™Ǧ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘†— –ǡ„—–„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡’‡”•‘‹•ˆƒ‘—•ǡ–Š‡‡šƒ –‘’’‘•‹–‡ Šƒ’’‡•Ǥ ǯˆ‹‰Š–‹‰‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡–‹‡Œ—•––‘‰‡–„ƒ –‘–Š‡†‹‰‰‹‰ ‘ˆ›•‡Žˆ‘—–‘ˆƒŠ‘Ž‡ƒ†‰‡––‹‰„ƒ –‘–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž’Žƒ›‹‰ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ  –”—Ž› †‘ Šƒ˜‡ ’”‘•‡ —–‘”• •ƒ› –‘ ‡ǡ DzŽƒ‹”ǡ ǯ •‘””›ǡ ™‡ Šƒ˜‡–‘    Ǧ   ͵͵

–Š‹ ƒ„‘—– Š‘™ –Š‹• Ž‘‘•Ǥdz † ǯŽŽ •ƒ›ǡ DzŠƒ– †‘ ›‘— ‡ƒ Š‘™ –Š‹•Ž‘‘•ǫdz‘—‡‹–Š‡”†‡ ‹†‡–‘’”‘•‡ —–‡ƒ ƒ•‡‘‹–•‡”‹–•‘”›‘— †‘ǯ–Ǥ —– ™‡ǯ˜‡ •‡‡ •‘‡ ˜‡”› ™”‘‰Š‡ƒ†‡† †‡ ‹•‹‘• –‘ ’”‘•‡ —–‡ǡ™Š‹ Š–‡†–‘‡†„ƒ†Ž›ǤŠ‡”‡‹•ƒ ƒ—•‡ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ ’—„Ž‹ ‘’‹‹‘ǡ’—„Ž‹ ’”‡••—”‡–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‡†‹ƒǡƒ†ƒ›–‹‡• –Š‡‡†‹ƒŒ—•–™ƒ–•ƒ•–‘”›ǤŠ‡›ǯ”‡Œ—•––”›‹‰–‘•‡ŽŽ–‹ ‡–•Ǥ‹‰Š–ǫ –ǯ•‘–„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡‘‡™ƒ›‘”–Š‡‘–Š‡”ǤŠ‡›Œ—•–™ƒ––‘ ‡‡’ –Š‡ •–‘”› ‰‘‹‰ǡ ƒ† ›‘— ƒǯ– ‡‡’ –Š‡ •–‘”› ‰‘‹‰ ‹ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘•‡ —–‹‰ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› †‡ ‹†‡• ‘– –‘ ’”‘•‡ —–‡Ǥ –ǯ• ‘– — Š ‘ˆ ƒ •–‘”›Ǥ‘—”ƒ‹•‡ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ›‹’‘”–ƒ–’‘‹–Ǥ   Q: Š‡ ›‘— Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› ‰ƒ„„› ’”‘•‡ —–‘” ‘” †‡–‡ –‹˜‡ǡ Šƒ˜‡ ›‘— Šƒ† ƒ› •— ‡•• •‡‡‹‰ ƒ ’”‘–‡ –‹˜‡ ‘”†‡” ‘” ™Šƒ– ™‡ ƒŽŽ ƒ ‰ƒ‰ ‘”†‡” •‡‡‹‰ –‘ ‡ˆ‘” ‡ –Š‡  •–ƒ†ƒ”†• ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡ǫ‘‡•–Šƒ–™‘”ƒ–ƒŽŽǫ  A: Šƒ˜‡Ǥ ƒ‰‘”†‡”•ƒ”‡ƒŽ‡ –—”‡—–‘–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǣ›‘—Šƒ˜‡ –‘ „‡ ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž ™Šƒ– ›‘— ƒ• ˆ‘”Ǥ ˆ ›‘—ƒ•‡† ‘˜‡”‘”  ‘‡ŽŽǯ• Žƒ™›‡”‹‹”‰‹‹ƒǡ ƒ•„‹ŽŽƒ– ‘‡•ƒ›ǡ™Šƒ–Š‡–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆ‰ƒ‰ ‘”†‡”• ƒˆ–‡” –Šƒ– –”‹ƒŽ ‹ ‹”‰‹‹ƒǡ Š‡ǯ† Šƒ˜‡ ƒ Ž‘– –‘ •ƒ› ƒ„‘—– ƒ ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡ „ƒ•‹ ƒŽŽ› ‰ƒ‰‰‹‰ –Š‡ †‡ˆ‡•‡ „—– ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ ’”‘•‡ —–‹‘ –‘ ‘–‹—‡ –‘ Ž‡ƒǤ Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ǡ ƒ– „‘––‘ǡ ‹• –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡•• ‘ˆ ‰ƒ‰ ‘”†‡”• ƒ† ‹ –Š‡ ‡† ™Š‘ –Š‡› Š‡Ž’ ƒ† ™Š‘ –Š‡› Š—”–Ǥ  › Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘ǡ Œ—†‰‡• ƒ”‡ ˜‡”›ǡ ˜‡”› ™ƒ”› ‘ˆ ‹’‘•‹‰‰ƒ‰‘”†‡”•ƒ†”ƒ”‡Ž›†‘Ǣ™Š‡–Š‡›†‘ǡ–Š‘—‰Šǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‹ ›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ‹–Š—”–•‘Ž›–Š‡†‡ˆ‡•‡Ǥ ˆ –Š‘—‰Š––Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡– ™‘—Ž†–”—Ž›„‡‰ƒ‰‰‡†ǡ ǯ†‰‘ˆ‘”‹–Ǥ—––Š‡›ǯ”‡‘–Ǥ  ƒ‘––‡ŽŽ›‘— Š‘™— Š’”‘•‡ —–‘”•Ž‘˜‡–‘–ƒŽ „‡Š‹†–Š‡• ‡‡•–‘–Š‡’”‡••Ǥ Š‡›‹†–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǣDz‡ŽŽǡ‹–™ƒ•ǯ––Š‡ƒ••‹‰‡†–”‹ƒŽŽƒ™›‡”™Š‘ †‹† ‹–ǡ‹– ™ƒ•ƒ›„‡ •‘‡„‘†› ‡Ž•‡‹ –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ –Š”‡‡ –Š‘—•ƒ† ’”‘•‡ —–‘”•Ǥdz –ǯ•–Š‡‹†‘ˆ–Š‹‰™Š‡”‡›‘—Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡˜‡”› ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž ƒ„‘—–ƒ‹‰ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡ ‘—”–ƒ†‘™‹‰‡šƒ –Ž›™Šƒ–›‘— ™ƒ–Ǥ ͵Ͷ     

  Q: ˆ ›‘— ™‡”‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ ‹ŽŽ ‘•„›ǡ ™Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† ›‘—” ƒ†˜‹ ‡„‡ǫ  A: ‹•ƒ––‘”‡›ǡƒ”–›‹‰‡”ǡ‹•ƒˆ”‹‡†‘ˆ‹‡ǡ•‘ ™ƒ––‘ „‡ ƒ”‡ˆ—Žƒ„‘—–™Šƒ– •ƒ›Š‡”‡Ǥ –™ƒ••ƒ†–‘™ƒ– Š‹ƒ ‘—’Ž‡‘ˆ –Š‘•‡ ˆ‘—”–‡‡ǦŠ—†”‡†Ǧƒ†Ǧˆ‘”–›Ǧ‹—–‡ǡ ʹͶǦŠ‘—” ‡™• › Ž‡• ™Šƒ– ™ƒ• ƒ ƒ ™Š‘ ™ƒ• ˆƒ†‹‰ ˆ”‘ „‡‹‰ ƒ ‹ ‘ǡ ƒ ‡”‹ ƒ ‹ ‘™‹–Šƒ‰”ƒ†Ž‡‰ƒ ›ǡƒ†ƒŽ‘•–‘˜‡”‹‰Š–„‡ ‘‹‰ƒ”‡˜‹Ž‡† •‡š—ƒŽ ’”‡†ƒ–‘”Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ„‡Ž ‹‰Š– „‡ †‡•‡”˜‡† ‘” ‹– ‹‰Š– ‘– „‡ †‡•‡”˜‡†ǡ„—–™‡†‘ǯ–‘™ǡ•‹––‹‰‘—–Š‡”‡Ǥ‘‡‘ˆ—•‘™•ǤŠ‡ “—‡•–‹‘‹•™Š‡–Š‡”™Šƒ–Šƒ•„‡‡†‘‡™ƒ•‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ†™Š‡–Š‡” •‘‡–Š‹‰ ‡Ž•‡ ‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ †‘‡ –Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‘”‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ † –Šƒ– ”‡ƒŽŽ› Šƒ• –‘ †‘ ™‹–Š ™Šƒ– –Š‡ ˆƒ –• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ƒ”‡Ǥ ›’‘–Š‡–‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ‘– — Š –Šƒ– ‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ •ƒ‹† ‘” †‘‡ ™‹–Š‘—– ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ‘”‡ ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ Š‡ •‘”–• ‘ˆ ƒ––‡’–• ›‘—ǯ˜‡ •‡‡ „› ‘•„› ‘” Š‹• •—””‘‰ƒ–‡• ‘” Š‹• Žƒ™›‡” –‘ ‘‡‘—–Šƒ˜‡ ‘‡‘ˆˆ˜‡”›‘††Ž›ǤŠ‡”‡ǯ•„‡‡ƒ–‘‡†‡ƒˆ‡••–‘ –Š‡‘„‡–ƒŽ‹–›‹–Šƒ– ƒ•‡”‹‰Š–‘™Ǥ   –Š‹ ™Šƒ– ‹•• ŽŽ”‡† Šƒ• †‘‡ ‹ Š‘•–‹‰ ƒ ’”‡•• ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡™‹–Š–Š”‡‡™‘‡™Š‘ƒŽŽ‡‰‡†–Š‡›ǯ†„‡‡ƒ••ƒ—Ž–‡†„› ‘•„› ‹• •Šƒ‡ˆ—ŽǤ  –Š‹ ‹–ǯ• †‹•‰—•–‹‰Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‘”‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡•• ‹ ƒŽŽ‹‰ Š‡” ‘—– ˆ‘” ™Šƒ– •Š‡ǯ• †‘‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‘•‡ƒŽŽ‡‰ƒ–‹‘•–—”‡†‘—–‘––‘„‡™Šƒ––Š‡ƒŽŽ‡‰ƒ–‹‘• ‡˜‡™‡”‡Ǥ‡™‘ƒƒ––Š‡’”‡•• ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡™ƒ•”‡’‘”–‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ Žƒ‹‹‰”ƒ’‡ǡ„—–‹––—”•‘—––Šƒ–ƒ–ƒ–‡‹•‡˜‡–ǡ”Ǥ‘•„› Šƒ† ƒŽŽ‡‰‡†Ž› ‰”ƒ„„‡† Š‡” ‡‡ ƒ– ƒ ‘ –ƒ‹Ž ’ƒ”–›ǡ ™Š‹ Šǡ –Š‡ Žƒ•– –‹‡  Š‡ ‡†ǡ™ƒ•ǯ–ƒ”ƒ’‡ƒŽŽ‡‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ †‘ǯ––Š‹–Š‡”‡ǯ•ƒ›‡ƒ•› ƒ•™‡”Ǥ    INSIDE THE ART WORLD* Dan Cameron** and Jonathan Ferrara †

I DAN CAMERON:THE MARKET FOR ART  ‡ ƒ”‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ ‹ ƒ –‹‡ ™Š‡ –Š‡ ƒ”– ƒ”‡– ‹• ’‡”Šƒ’• –Šƒ– ƒ•’‡ – ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ƒ”– ™‘”Ž† –Šƒ– ”‡ ‡‹˜‡• –Š‡ ‘•– ƒ––‡–‹‘Ǥ ʹͲͳʹǡForbes Magazine ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒ”–ƒ”‡–Dz–Š‡ ™‘”Ž†ǯ••–”‘‰‡•–‡ ‘‘›Ǥdzƒ ‹ʹͲͲ͹ǡ–Š‡ƒ”–ƒ”‡–™ƒ•”‹†‹‰ ˜‡”›ǡ˜‡”›Š‹‰Šǡƒ–̈́͸͹„‹ŽŽ‹‘‹ƒ—ƒŽ–—”‘˜‡”ǡŒ—•–•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›Š‹‰Š‡” –Šƒ ‹– ‹• –‘†ƒ›ǡ ƒ– ̈́͸͸ „‹ŽŽ‹‘Ǥ – ƒŽ•‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡† ƒ •–ƒ‰‰‡”‹‰ ‘””‡ –‹‘ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ʹͲͲͻȂʹͲͳͲ ’‡”‹‘†ǡ ™Š‡ ’”‹ ‡• ƒ ”‘•• –Š‡ „‘ƒ”† ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”– ™‘”Ž† †”‘’’‡† ‹ –™‡Ž˜‡ ‘–Š• „› ƒ •–ƒ‰‰‡”‹‰ ˆ‘”–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡’‡” ‡–ǡ•Š‘™‹‰–‘•‘‡†‡‰”‡‡–Š‡˜‘Žƒ–‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž† –Šƒ–™‡™‘”‹Ǥ‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ–Š‡ƒ”–ƒ”‡–ǯ•”‡ ‘˜‡”›‘˜‡”–Š‡’ƒ•– ˆ‘—”›‡ƒ”•Šƒ•„‡‡‘–Š‹‰•Š‘”–‘ˆ†”ƒƒ–‹ Ǥ‹ ‡ʹͲͳͳǡ–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ –—”‘˜‡”‘ˆƒ”–™‘”•Šƒ•‡ƒ”Ž›†‘—„Ž‡†ǡƒ†‹ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›ƒ”–ǡ ‘—” ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ –Š‡ ͳͲͲ Š‹‰Š‡•–Ǧ‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ”–‹•–• Šƒ˜‡ –‘‰‡–Š‡” ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ‘˜‡” ƒ „‹ŽŽ‹‘ †‘ŽŽƒ”• ‹ •ƒŽ‡• ƒ—ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‘’ƒ”‡† ™‹–Š Œ—•– ̈́ͳͲͲ ‹ŽŽ‹‘–‡›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘Ǥ‡ƒ”–‹•–ǡ ‡ˆˆ‘‘•ǡƒƒ‡–Šƒ–ǯ•’”‘„ƒ„Ž› ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ” –‘ ‘•– ’‡‘’Ž‡ Š‡”‡ǡ „”‘—‰Š– ‹ ̀͵ͺǤͺ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ˆ‘” ƒ •‹‰Ž‡ ™‘”‘ˆ• —Ž’–—”‡•‘Ž†ƒ–ƒ— –‹‘‹ʹͲͳͶǤŠ‡‰”‘™–Š‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ‹–Š‡ ƒ”–ƒ”‡–Šƒ•‘—–•–”‹’’‡†–Šƒ–‘ˆ‡ƒ”Ž›‡˜‡”›‘–Š‡”ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ•‡ –‘” ‹–Š‡Žƒ•–ˆ‡™›‡ƒ”•Ǥ ƒ” ŠʹͲͳͶǡŽ‘‘„‡”‰”‡’‘”–‡†ƒ‡‹‰Š–Ǧ ’‡” ‡– ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ ƒ”‡– ‘˜‡” –™‡Ž˜‡ ‘–Š•Ǥ ‡–™‡‡

ȗ †‹–‡†–”ƒ• ”‹’–‘ˆƒ††”‡••†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†ƒ––Š‡—ƒŽ‘˜‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›‘ˆƒ””‹•–‡”•ǡ‡›‹• ƒ›‡ǡ Ž‘”‹†ƒǡͳʹƒ” ŠʹͲͳͷǤ ȗȗŠ‹‡ˆ—”ƒ–‘”ǡ”ƒ‰‡‘—–›—•‡—‘ˆ”–ǡ‡™’‘”–‡ƒ ŠǡǤ Ș”–‹•–ǡƒ”–Ǧ‰ƒŽŽ‡”›‘™‡”ǡ ‘—‹–›ƒ –‹˜‹•–ǡƒ”–•‡–”‡’”‡‡—”ǡ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ•ǡǤ

͵ͷ ͵͸      

—Ž›ʹͲͳ͵ƒ† —‡ʹͲͳͶǡƒ”–’”‹ ‡Ǥ ‘ȋ †‹†ǯ–‡˜‡‘™–Š‡”‡™ƒ• •— Š ƒ –Š‹‰Ȍ ”‡’‘”–‡† ƒ –™‡Ž˜‡Ǧ’‡” ‡– ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ –Š‡ ’”‹ƒ”› ”‡•‡ŽŽƒ”‡–•ˆ‘”ƒ”–Ǥ  ‡ ƒ”‡ •‹––‹‰ ‹ ‹ƒ‹ǡ ™Š‡”‡ Œ—•– ‹‡–› †ƒ›• ƒ‰‘ǡ ƒ„‘—– ͳͲͲǡͲͲͲ’‡‘’Ž‡†‡• ‡†‡†‘–Š‡ ‹–›ƒ†‹ˆ‹˜‡†ƒ›•”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†™‡ŽŽ ‹ ‡š ‡•• ‘ˆ ƒ „‹ŽŽ‹‘ †‘ŽŽƒ”• ‹ •ƒŽ‡• ƒ– –Š‡ ˜‡”› ˆƒ‘—• ”– ƒ•‡Ž ‹ƒ‹ ‡ƒ Š ‡˜‡– ƒ† ƒ– ‘”‡ –Šƒ ƒ †‘œ‡ •ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡ ƒˆˆƒ‹”• ƒ† ‡˜‡–• –Šƒ– Šƒ’’‡‡† ƒ”‘—† –Š‡Ǥ ˆ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ‘” ‡• –Šƒ– ‘‡ ‹–‘ ’Žƒ› ƒ† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ› ˜‡ –‘”• –Šƒ– ‡‡– ‹ –Š‡ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›ƒ”–™‘”Ž†ǡ –Š‘—‰Š– •Š‘—Ž†–ƒŽˆ‹”•–ƒ„‘—– –Š‡”– ƒ•‡Ž‡˜‡––‘‰‹˜‡ƒˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‹™Š‹ Š™‡™‘”Ǥ –‹• ™Š‡”‡–Š‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–‹ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›ƒ”–ƒ†–Š‡”ƒ’‹† ‰”‘™–Š ‘ˆ ƒ „—›‹‰ ƒ† ˜‹‡™‹‰ ƒ—†‹‡ ‡ ˆ‘” –Šƒ– • ‡‡ ‘ƒŽ‡• ‡Ǥ ƒ• ƒ›‘‡ Š‡”‡ǡ „› –Š‡ ™ƒ›ǡ ‹ ‡ ‡„‡”ǫ –ǯ• ‘™ „‡ ‘‡ –Š‡ „‹‰‰‡•–‡˜‡–‹–Š‡‹ƒ‹›‡ƒ”ǤŽŽ–Š‡”‡•–ƒ—”ƒ–•ƒ”‡‘˜‡”„‘‘‡†Ǥ ŽŽ–Š‡Š‘–‡Ž•ƒ”‡ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†ǤŠ‡ ƒ—•‡™ƒ›•ƒ”‡Œƒ‡†Ǥ ǯ‘–•—”‡ ǯ ‘‹‰„ƒ Ǥ ‘ƒ–Šƒǡ‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ™‹ŽŽ„‡ ‘‹‰Ǥ  II JONATHAN FERRARA:MARKETING THE ARTIST   —”‡Ǥ ǯŽŽ„‡ ‘‹‰Ǥ  —–  ™ƒ– –‘ ˆŽ‹’ „ƒ ™ƒ”†• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ ”‘ ˜‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›ƒ”–ƒ”‡–ƒ†‰‹˜‡›‘—ƒŽ‹––Ž‡„‹–ƒ„‘—–›’‡”•‘ƒŽ –”ƒŒ‡ –‘”› ƒ† Š‘™ –Šƒ– ˆ‹–• ‹–‘ –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡” • ƒŽ‡ ‘ˆ ™Šƒ– ™‡ǯ”‡ –ƒŽ‹‰ ƒ„‘—–Ǥ  ™ƒ• ƒ „ƒ‡” ‹ ‘•–‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘˜‡† –‘ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ•–‘„‡ ‘‡ƒ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ˆ—†”ƒ‹•‡”Ǥ †‹†–Šƒ–ˆ‘”ƒ„‘—––™‘ ›‡ƒ”•‹‡™”Ž‡ƒ•Ǥƒ›ͳ͹ǡͳͻͻ͵ǡ “—‹–›Œ‘„ǡ•‘Ž†›•’‘”–• ƒ”ǡ ƒ† †‡ ‹†‡† –‘ ’—”•—‡ › ƒ”– ™‘”Ǥ  Ž‹˜‡† ‘ˆˆ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ „‡–™‡‡™Šƒ–›†‡„–™ƒ•ƒ†™Šƒ–›’ƒ›‘ˆˆ™ƒ•Ǥ ”‘†‡ƒ„‹ › Ž‡ ˆ‘” ˆ‹˜‡ ›‡ƒ”• ƒ† ™ƒ‹–‡† –ƒ„Ž‡•Ǥ  –Šƒ– ’”‘ ‡••ǡ  ‘’‡‡† › ˆ‹”•– ‰ƒŽŽ‡”›ǡƒ ‘Ǧ‘’ǡ–‘‰‹˜‡›‘—‰‡”ƒ”–‹•–•Ž‹‡›•‡Žˆƒ‘’’‘”–—‹–›ǡƒ ˜‘‹ ‡ǡ‹™Šƒ– •ƒ™–‘„‡ƒŠ‹‡”ƒ” Š‹ ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡Ǥ     ͵͹

 ›ˆ‹”•–‰ƒŽŽ‡”›™ƒ•‹–Š‡ǯŠ‘‘†ǡ™‹–ŠǦͶ͹‰—ˆ‹”‡‰‘‹‰‘ˆˆǤ  –”‹‡†–‘ˆ‹‰—”‡‘—–™Šƒ–‹–™ƒ•–Šƒ– ™ƒ•–”›‹‰–‘ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡ƒ– –Šƒ––‹‡Ǥ  ƒ‡–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Šƒ–™Šƒ– †‘ƒ•ƒ‰ƒŽŽ‡”‹•–™ƒ•ˆ‘ —• ‘–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡’”‘ ‡••ƒ†Š‘™ƒ”–‹•–• ‘‡–‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡™Šƒ––Š‡›†‘Ǥ  ƒ – ƒ• ƒ ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡ ˆ‘” › ƒ”–‹•–• ‹ ƒ› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ™ƒ›•Ǥ  •‘‡–‹‡•Ž‹‡‹––‘Šƒ˜‹‰ƒ Žƒ••‘ˆ‹†‡”‰ƒ”–‡ Š‹Ž†”‡‘” ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–•Ǥ ǯ†‡‡‡†–Š‡†‹”‡ –‘”ˆ‘”•‘‡”‡ƒ•‘Ǥ –Š‡’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ‘˜‹‰ˆ‘”™ƒ”†–Š”‘—‰Š–Šƒ–ǡ Ž‘‘ƒ–‘–‘Ž›™Šƒ––Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆƒ ‰ƒŽŽ‡”›‹•Ȅ‘”•Š‘—Ž†„‡Ȅˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ”–‹•–ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘™Šƒ–›”‘Ž‡ƒ•ƒ ‰ƒŽŽ‡”‹•–•Š‘—Ž†„‡‹› ‘—‹–›Ǥ‡ˆ‘”‡  ƒ‡‘–‘–Š‡• ‡‡‹ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ•ǡ  ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ –›’‹ ƒŽ ‰ƒŽŽ‡”› ™ƒ• Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž› †‡’‡†‡– —’‘ ƒ Ž‘ ƒŽ ƒ”‡– ƒ† •Š‘™‡† ‹†Ǧ ƒ”‡‡” ƒ”–‹•–•Ǥ  ™ƒ–‡† –‘ Šƒ‰‡ –Šƒ– ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ȅ‘– ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž› ‘—– ‘ˆ ƒ„‹–‹‘ǡ „—–‘—–‘ˆ‡ ‡••‹–›Ǥ––Š‡–‹‡ǡ–Š‡‘Ž› Šƒ‰‡  ‘—Ž†ƒ‡™ƒ•–‘ •Š‘™›‘—‰‡”ƒ”–‹•–•Ǥ‘™ ǯ˜‡•–ƒ”–‡†–‘„”‘ƒ†‡–Š‡ƒ”‡–ǣ –ƒ‡ –Š‘•‡›‘—‰‡”ƒ”–‹•–•–‘ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ—†‹‡ ‡–Š”‘—‰Šƒ”–ˆƒ‹”•‹ƒ ”ƒ ‹• ‘ǡ ‘—•–‘ǡ ‹ƒ‹ǡ  ‹ ‡™ ‘”ǡ ‹ ™‹–œ‡”Žƒ†Ȅ „”‡ƒ‹‰ƒ”–‹•–•ǡ‘ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„ƒ•‹•ǡƒ•‘’’‘•‡†–‘”‡Ž›‹‰—’‘–Š‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǡŽ‘ ƒŽƒ”‡–‹–•‡ŽˆǤ„‘—–‹‡–›’‡” ‡–‘ˆ›„—•‹‡••‹• ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ‘—–•‹†‡ ‘ˆ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• •‘‡™Šƒ– ——•—ƒŽȄ †‡ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›•‘ˆ”‘ƒ‡™”Ž‡ƒ•’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡Ǣ„—–‡˜‡‰ƒŽŽ‡”›Ǧ™‹•‡ǡ ‹–ǯ••‘‡™Šƒ–ƒ–›’‹ ƒŽǤŠ‡”‡ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–’”‘ ‡••‹•–‘ƒ‡•—”‡–Šƒ– –Š‡ „‘”†‡”• ‘ˆ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ•Ȅ™Š‹ Š Šƒ• ƒŽ™ƒ›• „‡‡ ƒ ”ƒ–Š‡” ‹•—Žƒ–‡† ’Žƒ ‡Ȅƒ”‡ ‘™ ’‘”‘—• ™Š‡ ‹– ‘‡• –‘ ƒ‹‰ ƒ”–ǡ •‡ŽŽ‹‰ƒ”–ǡƒ†•Š‘™‹‰ƒ”–ǤŠƒ–ǯ•”‡ƒŽŽ›„‡‡ƒ‡›ˆƒ –‘”‹™Šƒ– ǯ˜‡„‡‡†‘‹‰Ǥ Š‡•Š‘™Guns in the Hands of Artists‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‹‰•› ‰ƒŽŽ‡”› ‹• ˆ‘ —•‡† ‘Ǥ  Ž‘‘ ƒ– –Š‡ •Š‘™ ‹ Š‹†•‹‰Š– –‘ ˆ‹‰—”‡ ‘—– ‡šƒ –Ž› ™Š‡”‡ ǯ˜‡ ‰‘‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ǡ ƒ Ž‘– ‘ˆ –‹‡•ǡ ƒ”–‹•–• †‘ǯ– ‘™ ™Š‡”‡–Š‡›ǯ”‡Š‡ƒ†‡†ǤŠ‡›Šƒ˜‡ƒ‹†‡ƒǡƒ†–Š‡›‡†—’™Š‡”‡˜‡” –Š‡‹”‹†‡ƒ•–ƒ‡–Š‡Ǥ Ž‘‘ƒ–›‰ƒŽŽ‡”›‹— Š–Š‡•ƒ‡™ƒ›Ȅƒ• ƒƒ”–‹•–‹ ǡ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡’”‘ ‡••Ǥ †‘ǯ–‘ˆ–‡‘™™Š‡”‡ ǯ‰‘‹‰ǡ„—–  ‘™–Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡–Š‡ „—•‹‡••ƒ —‡ƒ†–Š‡’ƒ••‹‘–‘‘˜‡‹ ͵ͺ      

–Šƒ– †‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ Guns in the Hands of Artists ‹• ƒ ˆ‘ ƒŽ ’‘‹– –Šƒ– ”‡’”‡•‡–• › ‰ƒŽŽ‡”›Ǥ – ™ƒ• ƒ ‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘ –Šƒ– ™ƒ• —’ ‹ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ•ˆ‘”–Š”‡‡‘–Š•ƒ†Œ—•– ƒ‡†‘™Ǥ –ǯ•ƒ•‘ ‹ƒŽǦƒ –‹˜‹•–ǡ ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”‹ƒŽ ’”‘Œ‡ – –Šƒ– ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• –ƒ‹‰ ‰—• ‘ˆˆ –Š‡ •–”‡‡–• ‘ˆ ‡™”Ž‡ƒ•ǤŠ‡ǤǤ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆŽ ‘Š‘Žǡ‘„ƒ ‘ƒ† ‹”‡ƒ”• ™‘”‡†‹ ‘Œ— –‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡ ‹–› ‘— ‹Žǡ–Š‡ƒ›‘”ǯ•‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡƒ† –Š‡‡™”Ž‡ƒ•‘Ž‹ ‡‡’ƒ”–‡––‘‘„–ƒ‹–Š‡‰—•Ǥ‡•‡ —”‡† ͳͺ͸ ‰—•ǡ ͳ͸Ͳ Šƒ†‰—•ǡ ʹ͸ Ž‘‰Ǧ„ƒ””‡Ž •Š‘–‰—•ǡ •ƒ™‡†Ǧ‘ˆˆ •Š‘–‰—•Ǥ Š‡ ‰—• ™‡”‡ †‡ ‘‹••‹‘‡†ǡ ƒ† –Š‡› ™‡”‡ –Š‡ Šƒ‡Ž‡† –‘ ƒ”–‹•–• ƒ ”‘•• –Š‡ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ• ‘—‹–› ƒ† –‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”–‹•–•–‘—•‡ƒ•”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‹–Š‡‹”ƒ”–™‘”ǡ–‘ ‘‡– ‘–Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆ‰—•ƒ†‰—˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡‹‘—”•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ  ›‰ƒŽŽ‡”›‹•ƒ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ‰ƒŽŽ‡”›Ǥ˜‡”›–Š‹‰‹•ˆ‘”•ƒŽ‡Ǥ—– –Š‡ •Š‘™ ‹• •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”‹•ǣ ‹–ǯ• †‘‹‰ ‰‘‘† ƒ† †‘‹‰ „—•‹‡••ǡ„”‹‰‹‰–Š‡•‡‹••—‡•–‘Ž‹‰Š–ƒ†–ƒŽ‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‹‰•–Šƒ– ™‡‡‡†–‘–ƒŽƒ„‘—–ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹‡™”Ž‡ƒ•Ǥ‡Šƒ˜‡ƒƒŒ‘” ‰—’”‘„Ž‡ǡƒ†ǡ—ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•†‘‡•ƒ• ™‡ŽŽǤ Š‹• ‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘ ‹• †‡•‹‰‡† –‘ –ƒŽ ƒ„‘—– –Šƒ–ǡ –‘ ”ƒ‹•‡ –Š‡•‡ ‹••—‡•Ǥ  ‘Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–ƒ ‘—’Ž‡‘ˆ’‹‡ ‡•ǣ”ƒ†Ž‡› ƒŽŽ— ”‡ƒ–‡†Š‹• ’‹‡ ‡ǡŽ‹˜‡ǡ†—”‹‰–Š‡‘’‡‹‰‘ˆ”‘•’‡ –ǡƒ‡™”Ž‡ƒ•ƒ”–ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤ ‡ǯ• ƒ ‡™ ‘” ƒ”–‹•–Ǥ ‡ ƒ‡ –‘ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ• ƒ† †‹† ƒ Ž‹˜‡ ’‘—”‹‰ǡƒŽ‹˜‡•‡Ž–‹‰‘ˆ‰—•ƒ†„—ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ‘–Š‡’‹‡ ‡‹•‡–‹–Ž‡† Smelting a LegacyǤͳ Š‹• ™ƒ• ˆ‹”•– †‘‡ ‹ ͳͻͻ͸ ‘—–•‹†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ†•™‘”–Š–Š‡ƒ‡—‹‘‡ –‹ —–ǡ™Š‡”‡ǡ‹•‹†‡ǡ–Š‡‘Ž–ˆƒ‹Ž› ™ƒ• •Š‘™‹‰ ‹–• ‰—•Ǥ —–•‹†‡ǡ  ƒŽŽ— ™ƒ• ‡Ž–‹‰ †‘™ ‰—• ƒ† ’‘—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‹–‘ ȏ‘Ž†• ˆ‘”Ȑ ƒŠ‘Ž‡ ‘˜‡”•Ǥ ‡ ”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‡† –Š‹• •ƒ‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‹ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ• ƒ† –ƒŽ‡† ƒ„‘—– –Š‡

ͳǤŠ‘–‘‘ˆƒŠ‘Ž‡ ‘˜‡” ƒ„‡ƒ ‡••‡†ƒ– Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™ǤŒ‘ƒ–Šƒˆ‡””ƒ”ƒ‰ƒŽŽ‡”›Ǥ ‘Ȁ‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘•Ȁ‰—•Ǧ‹Ǧ–Š‡ǦŠƒ†•Ǧ‘ˆǦ ƒ”–‹•–•Ȁ•‡Ž‡ –‡†Ǧ™‘”•ǫ˜‹‡™α—Ž–‹’Ž‡Ǧ–Š—„ƒ‹Ž•ǡƒ†”‡’”‹–‡†Š‡”‡™‹–Š –Š‡’‡”‹••‹‘‘ˆ ‘ƒ–Šƒ ‡””ƒ”ƒǤ     ͵ͻ

–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‰—• ˆ”‘ †‡•–”— –‹˜‡ ‘„Œ‡ –• ‹–‘ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘‡–ƒ”›ǡ—•‹‰–Š‡‰—•‹–Š‡ƒ –—ƒŽƒ”–™‘”Ǥ         

 ‘–Š‡”’‹‡ ‡ǡ„›‡™‘”ƒ”–‹•–—‡—„‘‹•ǡ‹• ƒŽŽ‡†Take a Bullet for the CityǤ ‹•‡••ƒ‰‡‹–Š‹••’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ’‹‡ ‡‹•–Šƒ–˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡ ƒ†—”†‡”ƒ†‰—˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ–‹‡•Šƒ’’‡•‘—–‘ˆ•‹‰Š–ǡ‘—– ‘ˆ ‹†ǡ ‘– ‹ ‘—” „ƒ ›ƒ”†ǡ ‘– ‹ ‘—” ‘—‹–›ǡ ‘– ‹ ‘—” ‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†ǡ‹ˆ›‘—™‹ŽŽǤ ‹•’‹‡ ‡™ƒ•‹•–ƒŽŽ‡†‹–Š‡‰ƒŽŽ‡”›ǡƒ†‹– ™ƒ•†‡•‹‰‡†–‘„‡„ƒ•‹ ƒŽŽ›Ž‹‡ƒ–‘™ ”‹‡”Ǥ –ǯ•–‹‡†‹–‘–Š‡‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ• ‘Ž‹ ‡ ‡’ƒ”–‡–ǯ• ™‹––‡” ˆ‡‡†ǣ ‡˜‡”› –‹‡ ƒ —”†‡” ‘” •Š‘–• ƒ”‡ ˆ‹”‡†ǡ ƒ –™‡‡– ‹• ‹••—‡†Ǥ Š‡ ‰— ‹ –Š‡ ‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘ –Š‡ ‰‘‡•‘ˆˆ‹–Š‡‰ƒŽŽ‡”›Ǥ –„”‹‰•–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‡–‹”‡ ‹–›‹–‘•‹‰Š–ǡ ‹–‘ ‹†Ǥ –ǯ• •ƒ›‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ ‹••—‡• ƒˆˆ‡ – ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ —•ǡ ƒ† ‹–ǯ• „”‹‰‹‰–Š‘•‡‹••—‡•–‘‘—”‘™„ƒ ›ƒ”†ǣ™‡Ž‹˜‡‹ ‘—‹–‹‡• ‘–•‘ˆƒ”ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘™Š‡”‡–Š‡•‡˜‹‘Ž‡–ƒ –•ƒ”‡Šƒ’’‡‹‰Ǥ  ’‹‡ ‡ ƒŽŽ‡†Target Audience‹•ƒ‰—„ƒŽŽƒ Š‹‡ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Š ƒ„‘—– ʹͲͲͲ Š‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ’‘‹– „—ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ƒ”–‹•–• ƒ”‡ ‘‡–‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–‹ˆ›‘—‰‘–‘ƒŽƒ”–ǡ›‘— ƒ„—››‘—”‰”‘ ‡”‹‡•ǡƒ† ›‘— ƒ„—››‘—”„—ŽŽ‡–•ǡƒ†›‘— ƒ„—››‘—”‰—•ǤŠ‡’‘‹–‹•–Š‡ ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡•• –‘ –Š‡ ™‡ƒ’‘• ƒ† ƒŽ•‘ –‘ –Š‡ „—ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ Š‡ ’‹‡ ‡‹• ‹•–ƒŽŽ‡† ”‹‰Š– ƒ– Š‹Ž†”‡ǯ• Š‡‹‰Š– „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹–ǯ• –Š‡ –”ƒ‹‹‰ ‘ˆ Š‹Ž†”‡ƒ†–‡ƒ Š‹‰–Š‡–Š‡‡••ƒ‰‡–Šƒ–‰—•ƒ”‡ƒ‹Š‡”‹–‡† Ž‡‰ƒ ›ǤGuns in the Hands of Artists‹•‘–ƒƒ–‹‰—‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘Ǥ –ǯ• ͶͲ      

‘”‡‘ˆƒˆ‘”—ˆ‘”–Š‡†‹• —••‹‘‘ˆ ‹†‡ƒ•Ǥ —– ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡ ‹†‡ƒ• ‹• –Š‡ ƒ ‡•• –‘ –Š‡•‡ ™‡ƒ’‘• ƒ† –‘ –Š‡ „—ŽŽ‡–•ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ  Š‡ƒŽ•‘•Š‘™‹ Ž—†‡†ƒ’‹‡ ‡ǡ Disappearedǡ„›ƒ›‘—‰ˆ”‹ ƒ ‡”‹ ƒƒ”–‹•–ƒ–”‹ƒ†”›Ǥ –‹•ƒ ™‘‘† —–’”‹–Ǥ –•Š‘™•–Š‡ˆƒ ‡‘ˆƒ ˆ”‹ ƒ ‡”‹ ƒ ƒŽ‡ǡ –—”‡† —’•‹†‡ †‘™ǡ –Šƒ– •Ž‘™Ž› „‡‰‹• –‘ †‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ” ƒ ”‘•• –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ ‡Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹‰—”‡• ƒ”‡ —’•‹†‡ †‘™„‡ ƒ—•‡ ™‡ ƒǯ– •‡‡ –‘ƒ‡ Š‡ƒ†• ‘” –ƒ‹Ž• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‹‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‹ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ• ƒ†‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ†ǡƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹‰—”‡ –‡†• –‘ †‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”ǡ ™‡ǯ”‡ Ž‘•‹‰ ƒ ‡–‹”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ ƒ ‡”‹ ƒƒŽ‡•–‘‹ ƒ” ‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ–‘—”†‡”ǡ–‘˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡ǡ•‘–Š‹•’‹‡ ‡ ‹• †‹”‡ –Ž› ‘‡–‹‰ ‘ –Šƒ– ƒ• ™‡ŽŽǤ Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰— ‹ –Š‡ ™‘‘† —– ’”‹– ‹• ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ ‰— Šƒ„‡”• –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‹’”‡••‡†‹”‡†‘–Š‡’‹‡ ‡Ǥ         ‘–Š‡”ˆ‘ ƒŽ’‘‹–ˆ‘”†‹• —••‹‘‹•ƒ”–ƒ•ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ •–ƒ–‡‡–Ǥ ‡ ƒ”–‹•–ǡ ƒ ƒ‰—‡ǡ ™ƒ• „‘” ƒ† ”ƒ‹•‡† ‹ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ•ǡ ƒ† ‰”‡™ —’ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Šƒ”† • ”ƒ„„Ž‡Ǥ ‡ •‡”‹‡• ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ‰—‡ǯ• ™‘”• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‘—– ‘ˆ ƒ–”‹ƒǤ ƒ‰—‡ ™ƒ• –”ƒ’’‡† ‘ ƒ ”‘‘ˆ–‘’‹‡™”Ž‡ƒ•ˆ‘”•‡˜‡†ƒ›•ǡƒ†Š‡Šƒ†‘–„‡‡™‘”‹‰ ™‹–Š‘‡›ƒ–ƒŽŽǡƒ––Šƒ–’‘‹–Ǥ‹‡ƒ›ƒ”–‹•–•‡š‹Ž‡†ƒ ”‘••–Š‡     Ͷͳ

‘—–”›–‘”‡•‹†‡ ›’”‘‰”ƒ•ǡŠ‡‡†‡†—’‹ƒ ”ƒ ‹• ‘Ǥ†ƒ• Š‡™ƒ•”‹†‹‰‘–Š‡„—•–‘Š‹•”‡•‹†‡ ›’”‘‰”ƒǡŠ‡•–ƒ”–‡†–‘ˆ‘Ž† ƒ†‘ŽŽƒ”„‹ŽŽǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•–‘‡–Šƒ– ‘‡•—’ǡŠ‡ˆ‹†•–Š‡™‘”†ǡDzƒ”•ǡdz ƒ† –Š‡ Š‡ ˆ‹†• –Š‡ ™‘”†ǡ Dz•ƒƒǤdzŠ‡ ˆ‹”•– „‹ŽŽ –Šƒ– Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡† ™ƒ• ƒŽŽ‡†The Osama WarsǤŠ‡–‹–Ž‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘Š‹•–Š‘—‰Š––Šƒ–‘—” ‰‘˜‡”‡–™ƒ••’‡†‹‰ƒŽŽ–Š‹•‘‡›‹ˆ‰Šƒ‹•–ƒƒ† ”ƒ“ǡ›‡– ‹– ‘—Ž†ǯ–Š‡Ž’–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡‹‡™”Ž‡ƒ•Ǥ ‡™ƒ•—•‹‰Š‹•ƒ”–ƒ• †‹”‡ – ‘‡–ƒ”›Ǥ  Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ ƒ„‘—– ˆ‘”–› ‘”‡ „‹ŽŽ• Š‡ ˆ‘Ž†‡† •—„•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ ƒ† –Š‡›ƒŽŽ–ƒŽƒ„‘—–˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›‹••—‡•Ǥ ‡ˆ‘Ž†•–Š‡•‡†‘ŽŽƒ” „‹ŽŽ•–‘„‡ƒ„‘—–ƒ‹ ŠŽƒ”‰‡ƒ†ƒŠƒŽˆǦ‹ Š–Š‹ ǡ–Š‡Š‡• ƒ• –Š‡ƒ–ƒ˜‡”›Š‹‰Š”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ† ’”‹–•–Š‡˜‡”›Žƒ”‰‡ǤŠ‡ˆ‘Ž†‡† „‹ŽŽ •’‡ŽŽ• ‘—– ƒ ‡••ƒ‰‡Ǥ „˜‹‘—•Ž›ǡ–Š‡†‘ŽŽƒ”„‹ŽŽǡDzƒ†‡‹ Š‹ƒdz ‹• ƒ„‘—– ™Š‘ ‘™• –Š‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ ‘—” †‡„–ǣ –Š‡ Š‹‡•‡Ǥ ‘–Š‡” „‹ŽŽ •ƒ›•ǡ Dz‡ ‡‡† ƒ ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥdzƒ‰—‡•ƒ›•Š‡ǯ•—•‹‰ –Š‡ ‘•– ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž ‡ƒ• ‡ ‡••ƒ”› –‘ ‘‡– ‘ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ‹••—‡•Ǥ ‹• ’‹‡ ‡ǡ We Need a Revolution ƒ‡ ‘—– ”‹‰Š– ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ ”ƒ„ ’”‹‰Ǥ –‡”‡•–‹‰Ǥ  Š‹• ‹• ƒ ƒ”–‹•– ™Š‘ǯ• —•‹‰ ƒ”– ƒ• ƒ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ •–ƒ–‡‡– ƒ† ‘˜‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Šƒ–’”‘ ‡••ƒ†•–ƒ”–‹‰ƒ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‹•’‹‡ ‡• Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡†‹The New York Times, The Wall Street Journalǡ —•‹‰ –Š‡ ‘‡› –‘ ‘‡– ‘ •‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ –ǯ• ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‡˜‡”›„‘†›Ȅˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘•– ’ƒ”–ǡ —–‹Ž ™‡ ‰‘ –‘ –‘–ƒŽŽ› †‹‰‹–ƒŽ —””‡ ›Ȅ‡˜‡”›„‘†› ƒ”‡ƒ Š‹–‘ƒ’‘ ‡–ƒ†ˆ‹†ƒ†‘ŽŽƒ”„‹ŽŽǤ —–ƒ”‡›‘—”‡ƒŽŽ›Ž‘‘‹‰ƒ–™Šƒ–ǯ•‘–Šƒ–†‘ŽŽƒ”„‹ŽŽǫ ‡‹••Š‘™‹‰ ›‘—–Šƒ–‡••ƒ‰‡Ǥ Ͷʹ      

 ›Žƒ” ‡‹ ‹• ƒ‘–Š‡” ™‘†‡”ˆ—Ž ƒ”–‹•–Ȅƒ ˆƒ–ƒ•–‹  ƒ”–‹•–Ȅ ™Š‘ǯ•”‡ƒŽŽ› ‘‡‹–‘Š‹•‘™‘ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„ƒ•‹••‹ ‡ƒ–”‹ƒǤ ‡ǯ• †‘‡ ƒ „Žƒ ǦˆŽƒ‰ •‡”‹‡•ǣ –Š‡ „Žƒ  ˆŽƒ‰ ™ƒ• ƒ —‹˜‡”•ƒŽ •›„‘Žˆ‘” ƒƒ” Š›ˆ‘”ƒŽ‘‰–‹‡Ǥ ‡ǯ•–ƒ‹‰–Šƒ–‹ ‘ƒ†”‡‹˜‡–‹‰‹–ƒ† ”‡‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰ Š‹•–‘”›Ǥ ‡ǯ• Šƒ‰‹‰ –Š‡ ˆŽƒ‰ǡ ƒ† ‹• ”‹„‹‰ ‘ ‹– •–‹—Žƒ–‹‰™‘”†•ƒ†’Š”ƒ•‡•–Šƒ– ‘‡–‘‘—” —Ž–—”‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤʹ             ‘–Š‡” ‘ˆ ›Žƒ” ‡‹ǯ• ’‹‡ ‡• ‹• ƒŽŽ‡† Cotton Pricesǣ ‹–ǯ• ƒ •‹ŽŠ‘—‡––‡ ‘ˆ „”ƒŠƒ ‹ ‘ŽǤ ‡‹ ‹• ”‡‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰ –Š‡ ‘––‘ ˆƒ –‘”•ǡ ‘––‘ ’”‹ ‹‰ǡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹˜‹Ž ƒ” ‡”ƒ „› —•‹‰ ƒ ˜‡”› ‘‘•‹ŽŠ‘—‡––‡Ȅ–Šƒ–‘–Š‡’‡›Ȅ–‘ ‘‡–‘–Š‡Š‹•–‘”› ‘ˆ•Žƒ˜‡”›ǡ ‘––‘ˆƒ –‘”•ǡ ‘––‘’”‹ ‡•ǡƒ†ƒŽ•‘–Š‡‹˜‹Žƒ”‹–•‡ŽˆǤ  –‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›‡‘—‰Šǡ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–’”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ•‹ŽŠ‘—‡––‡ ‡‹‡˜‡” ƒ†‡™ƒ•ƒ’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡‘ˆ ‡‘”‰‡—•ŠȄ–Šƒ–ˆƒ‘—••Š‘–™Š‡”‡—•Š‹• ˆŽ›‹‰ ‘˜‡” ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ• ƒˆ–‡” ƒ–”‹ƒ ƒ† Ž‘‘‹‰ ‘—– ƒ– –Š‡ †‡•–”— –‹‘ǡ „—– Š‡ †‘‡•ǯ– Žƒ†Ǥ  –Š‡ ’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ǡ ‡‹ Šƒ• ™”‹––‡ ™Šƒ– —•Š •ƒ‹†ǣ Dz ‡  ‘ˆ ƒ Œ‘„ǡ ”‘™‹‡Ǥdz ‡‹ ‹• —•‹‰ •›„‘Ž•ǡ ‹ ‘•ǡ–‘–ƒŽƒ„‘—– ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›‹••—‡•–Šƒ–ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†—••’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ› ‹‡™”Ž‡ƒ•Ǥ 

ʹǤ‘—” ‡‘ˆ’Š‘–‘ǣŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™ǤŒ‘ƒ–Šƒˆ‡””ƒ”ƒ‰ƒŽŽ‡”›Ǥ ‘Ȁƒ”–‹•–•Ȁ•›Žƒ”Ǧ ˆ‡‹Ǥ     Ͷ͵

III DAN CAMERON PROSPECT.1

 •ƒ —”ƒ–‘”ǡ ǯ‘ˆ–‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„‹‡‹ƒŽ•ǡƒ† ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ „‹‡‹ƒŽ• ”‡ƒŽŽ› „‡ ƒ‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‹ › ˆ‹‡Ž† ƒˆ–‡” ͳͻͺͻǤ Šƒ– ›‡ƒ”ǡ –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ƒ ƒŒ‘” ‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘ ‹ ƒ”‹• ƒŽŽ‡† ƒ‰‹ ‹‡•†‡Žƒ‡””‡Ǣ‹–™ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒ”–‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘Ǥ –„”‘—‰Š– ƒ”–‹•–•™‘”‹‰‹‘˜‡”ͳͲͲ ‘—–”‹‡•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†–‘‰‡–Š‡”‹ ƒ”‹• ˆ‘” ƒ ‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘Ǥ – ™ƒ• •‘‡–Š‹‰ Ž‹‡ ƒ ‘”Ž†ǯ• ƒ‹”ǡ „—– †‡ƒŽ‹‰‡–‹”‡Ž›™‹–Š ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›ƒ”–ǤŠ‹•Šƒ’’‡‡†ƒ––Š‡‘—–•‡– ‘ˆ› ƒ”‡‡”Ǥ  ǯ˜‡ „‡‡ ƒ —”ƒ–‘” ˆ‘” –Š‹”–›Ǧ–Š”‡‡ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ  Šƒ˜‡ ƒ •‹‹Žƒ” „ƒ ‰”‘—† –‘ ‘ƒ–Šƒǯ• ‹ –Šƒ–  „‡‰ƒ –‘ •–—†› ƒ”– ƒ• ƒ —†‡”‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ƒ–‡‹‰–‘‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ǡ„—– ™ƒ••’‡†‹‰ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ› –‹‡ ‹ –Š‡ „”ƒ† ‡™ ˜‹•—ƒŽǦ ƒ† ’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰Ǧƒ”–• ‡–‡”ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‘’‡‡† ™‹–Š ƒ ’”‹•–‹‡ǡ „‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž ‰ƒŽŽ‡”› ƒ† ‘ „—†‰‡– Ž‹‡ ˆ‘” ‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘•Ǥ  ‰‘– –‘ •’‡† Ž‘–• ‘ˆ –‹‡ •‹––‹‰ ‹ ƒ „‹‰ǡ „‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž ‰ƒŽŽ‡”›•’ƒ ‡ǡƒ•–ƒ–‡Ǧ‘ˆǦ–Š‡Ǧƒ”–‰ƒŽŽ‡”›•’ƒ ‡ǡ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡‘”‡ •ƒ––Š‡”‡ǡ–Š‡‘”‡ •–ƒ”–‡† ‘‹‰—’™‹–Š–Š‹‰• ™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘ †‘–Šƒ–‹–Šƒ–•’ƒ ‡Ȅ‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘•‘ˆƒ”–  ‘—Ž†’—ŽŽ–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ †‹†ǯ– ”‡ƒŽŽ›‘™™Šƒ–ƒ —”ƒ–‘”™ƒ•—–‹Ž •–ƒ”–‡†Ǥ‘™›‘—‰‘–‘• Š‘‘Ž ƒ† ‰‡– ƒ —”ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ –”ƒ‹‹‰ ’”‘‰”ƒȄƒ ƒ•–‡”ǯ• ‘” ’‘•–‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ ’”‘‰”ƒȄ„—– ™Š‡  ™ƒ• ‹ • Š‘‘Žǡ –”ƒ‹‹‰ –‘ „‡ ƒ —”ƒ–‘” ™ƒ• •‘‡–Š‹‰ ›‘— †‹† –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ”– Š‹•–‘”› ‘”ǡ ‹ › ƒ•‡ǡ –Š”‘—‰Š ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›Ǥ ǯ˜‡ „‡‡ ƒ „‹‰ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ• „‘‘•–‡” ˆƒ •‹ ‡ –Š‡ Žƒ–‡ ͺͲ•Ǥ ™‡––‘›ˆ‹”•– ƒœœ ‡•–‹ͳͻͺ͹Ǥ ƒ ‘—’Ž‡‘ˆ‘–Š•ǡ ǯŽŽ„‡ ‰‘‹‰ –‘ › ʹͺ–Š ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡ ƒœœ ‡•–Ǥ ǯ ™Šƒ–ǯ• ƒŽŽ‡† ‹ Ž‘ ƒŽ ’ƒ”Žƒ ‡ǡƒ‡˜‡”Ǧ‡ˆ–‡”Ǥ ™‡–„ƒ –‘‡™‘”ƒˆ–‡”›ˆ‹”•– ƒœœ ‡•–ǡ„—–‹›Š‡ƒ”–ǡ ‡˜‡”Ž‡ˆ–ǡƒ†•‘ ‡’– ‘‹‰„ƒ Ǥ ‡’– –”›‹‰–‘ ‘‡—’™‹–Š™ƒ›•–‘‰‘„ƒ –‘‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ•ƒ†„”‹‰ ‘–Š‡”’‡‘’Ž‡–‘ ƒœœ ‡•–•Ǥ ͶͶ      

 ‹‡‹ŽŽ‹‘•‘ˆ‡”‹ ƒ•ǡ›Š‡ƒ”–™ƒ•„”‘‡ƒˆ–‡”ƒ–”‹ƒǡ Ž‘‘‹‰ƒ––Š‡†‡•–”— –‹‘‘ˆƒ ‹–›ƒ†–‘•‘‡†‡‰”‡‡ǡƒ• ‘ƒ–Šƒ ƒŽŽ—†‡†–‘ǡ–Š‡ƒ’’ƒ”‡–‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ȅ‘”ǡ‹ˆ ‘–‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ǡ‹ƒ› ƒ•‡•‹ ‘’‡–‡ ‡Ǥ  „‡‰ƒ–‘ ˜‹•‹– ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ•ƒ‰ƒ‹™Š‡›ˆ”‹‡†••–ƒ”–‡† ƒŽŽ‹‰‡ƒ†ƒ•‹‰‡–‘ „‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ƒ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ‹–› ƒ„‘—– Š‘™ –‘ ”‡„—‹Ž† —Ž–—”ƒŽŽ›Ȅ”‡„—‹Ž†‘–™‹–Š„”‹ •ƒ†‘”–ƒ”ǡ„—– —Ž–—”ƒŽŽ›Ǥ ‘™ †‘›‘—„”‹‰–Š‡ ‹–›„ƒ —’ˆ”‘™Š‡”‡‹–™ƒ•–‘™Š‡”‡‹–‹•‘™ǫ ‡‹‰ ƒ „‹‡‹ƒŽ —”ƒ–‘”ǡ ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ –Šƒ– ™ƒ• ™Šƒ–  ˆ‡Ž–  Šƒ†–‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡Ǥ–ƒ„‹‰’—„Ž‹ ‡‡–‹‰–Šƒ–™‡Šƒ†‹ ƒ—ƒ”›‘ˆʹͲͲ͸ǡ ƒ„‘—– ˆ‹˜‡ ‘–Š• ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ •–‘”ǡ –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ”‘•’‡ –ǡ ƒ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ „‹‡‹ƒŽ ƒ”–• ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ –Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† „”‹‰ –‘—”‹•–• „› –Š‡ Š—†”‡†• ‘ˆ –Š‘—•ƒ†• ȋ‹ ‘—” †”‡ƒ•Ȍ –‘ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ•ȄŽ‹‡ –Š‡ ‡‹ ‡ ‹‡ƒŽ‡ ‘” –Š‡ ƒ‘ ƒ‘Ž‘ ‹‡‹ƒŽǤ ‡™”Ž‡ƒ• Šƒ† ‡˜‡” Š‘•–‡† ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ƒ”– ‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ› ‹†Ǥ – ™ƒ• ‘– •‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–Šƒ†„‡‡†‘‡„‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ„—–‹–™ƒ•ƒ ‹–›–Šƒ–‡™ƒ Ž‘– ƒ„‘—– „”‹‰‹‰ ‹ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ –‘—”‹•–•Ǥ  –Š‘—‰Š– ‹ˆ ™‡ ‘—Ž† ƒ‡ –Š‹• ƒ ƒ”– ˜‡–—”‡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ƒ –‘—”‹• ˜‡–—”‡Ȅƒ ’”‘† –‘ –‘—”‹•’”‘‘–‹‘Ǥ‡‹‰Š– ‘‡—’™‹–Šƒ™‹‹‰ˆ‘”—ŽƒǤ  ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‡ƒˆ‘””‘•’‡ –‹˜‘Ž˜‡†”ƒ‹•‹‰̈́ͷ‹ŽŽ‹‘Ǥ‘––‘ ‰‡– ‹–‘ –Š‡ †‡–ƒ‹Ž•ǡ „—– –Š‡ •‡‡† ‘‡› ™ƒ• ‰‹˜‡ „› ƒ ˆƒ–ƒ•–‹  ‘ŽŽ‡ –‘” ƒ† ’Š‹Žƒ–Š”‘’‹•– ™Š‘ǯ• ƒ ‰‘‘† ˆ”‹‡† ‘ˆ ‘ƒ–Šƒǯ• ƒ† ‹‡ǡ ‘„› ‡˜ƒ ‡™‹•Ǥ ‘„› Ž‹˜‡• ‹ Ž‡˜‡Žƒ†ǡ ‡™ ‘”ǡ ƒ† •’‡ǡ ƒ† Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ ”‡ƒŽŽ›ǡ ”‡ƒŽŽ› ‰”‡ƒ– •—’’‘”–‡” ‘ˆ ˜‡”› ƒ†˜‡–—”‘—•ƒ”–’”‘Œ‡ –•ƒŽŽ‘˜‡”–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǤŠ‡’—–—’–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ŠƒŽˆ ‹ŽŽ‹‘Ǥ‹–Š‹‡‹‰Š–‡‡‘–Š•ǡ™‡Šƒ†ƒŽ‘•–ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡„—†‰‡–ˆ‘” –Š‡ •Š‘™ ’—ŽŽ‡† –‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ ‹‡ ‘ƒ–Šƒǯ• ȏ Ž‹‡–Ȑ ƒ”‡–ǡ ‹‡–› ’‡” ‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•—’’‘”–ˆ‘””‘•’‡ –Ǥͳ ƒ‡ˆ”‘‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‘—‹•‹ƒƒǡ ƒ†  –Š‹ ‹‡–›Ǧ‡‹‰Š– ’‡” ‡– ƒ‡ ˆ”‘ ‘—–•‹†‡ ‘ˆ ‡™”Ž‡ƒ•Ǥ  ‡ ‘’‡‡† ƒ– –Š‡ ‡† ‘ˆ ʹͲͲͺǤ ›Žƒ” ‡‹ ™ƒ• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”–‹•–• ™Š‘ ‘•– ‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‡ ƒ– –Šƒ– –‹‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ Š‡ ™ƒ•ǯ– ƒ ƒ”–‹•–—–‹Žƒ–”‹ƒǤ ‡ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›™‡––‘‡™”Ž‡ƒ•–‘†‘’”‡Ǧ‡†     Ͷͷ

ƒ†™ƒ•‡˜ƒ —ƒ–‡†ǡƒ•™‡”‡ƒ›‘–Š‡”’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ•Š‡ ƒ‡„ƒ ǡŠ‡ •–ƒ”–‡† –‘ ƒ‡ –Š‹‰• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ †‡–”‹–—•ǡ –Š‹‰• Š‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ –Š‡ •–”‡‡–Ǥ ˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›ǡŠ‡™ƒ•ƒ‹‰ˆ—”‹–—”‡Ǣƒ† ƒˆ–‡”ˆ—”‹–—”‡ǡŠ‡ ™ƒ• ƒ‹‰ Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽŽ› ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‡† •‹—Žƒ ”— ‘ˆ ƒ”–‹ˆƒ –• ‘ˆ ƒ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”‡”‹ ƒƒǤŠ‹•‹†‡ƒ‘ˆƒ•–‹—Žƒ–‡†Š‹•–‘”›„‡‰ƒ–‘‹–‡”‡•– Š‹‘”‡ƒ†‘”‡Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡƒˆ–‡”Š‡ƒ†‡ƒ•‹—Žƒ–‡†‰ƒ›„‘‘•Š‘’ –Šƒ–™ƒ•‘’‡‡†ˆ‘”‘Ž›‘‡‹‰Š–‹ƒ–™‡–›Ǧˆ‘—”ǦŠ‘—”Ž‡ƒ–Š‡”„ƒ”ǡ •‘‡„‘†› ƒ‡—’–‘Š‹ƒ†•ƒ‹†ǡDz‡ŽŽǡ›Žƒ”ǡ™Š›†‘ǯ–›‘—†‘ •‘‡–Š‹‰ ƒ„‘—– ”‡ƒŽ Š‹•–‘”›ǫdz Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ Š‹•–‘”› ›Žƒ” –‘‘ ƒ• ƒ •—„Œ‡ –™ƒ•–‘„‡–Š‡’–ƒ‹”•‘—‰‡ǡƒ„ƒ”‹–Š‡ ”‡ Š—ƒ”–‡” –Šƒ–™ƒ•„—”‡††‘™‹ͳͻ͹͵Ǥ –Šƒ†„‡‡ƒƒ”•‘ ƒ•‡Ǥ‘œ‡•‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡†‹‡†Ǥ ƒ›™ƒ›•‹–‹ƒ†˜‡”–‡–Ž›„‡ ƒ‡–Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ –Š‡‰ƒ›Ǧ”‹‰Š–•‘˜‡‡–‹‡™”Ž‡ƒ•„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡ ”‹‡ƒ†–Š‡ †‡•–”— –‹‘™‡”‡•‘‰”‡ƒ–Ǥ––Šƒ––‹‡ǡ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ™‡”‡ ‘– ‘—–Ǣ –Š‡‹” ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡• †‹† ‘– ‘™ –Š‡› ™‡”‡ ‰ƒ›Ǥ Š‡ •—”˜‹˜‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹ ‹†‡–Šƒ† Šƒ†Š‹††‡Ž‹˜‡•ǡ•‘–Š‡™ƒ›–Šƒ––Š‡ ”‡’‡” —••‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”•‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’–ƒ‹”• ‘—‰‡ ’Žƒ›‡† ‘—– ™ƒ• –‡””‹„Ž› –”ƒ—ƒ–‹  ‘ ƒ› Ž‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ  –Š‡ ‡†ǡ  –Š‹ ƒ Ž‘– ‘ˆ–Šƒ– Š‹•–‘”›Šƒ†„‡‡ˆ‘”‰‘––‡Ǥ›Žƒ” ‡‹–‘‘ƒ Š—‰‡‰ƒŽŽ‡”›Ȅƒ„‘—– ͷͲͲͲ •“—ƒ”‡ ˆ‡‡– ƒ– –Š‡ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ”–• ‡–‡”Ȅƒ† ”‡ ”‡ƒ–‡† ™Šƒ–ƒ‰ƒ›„ƒ”‹–Š‡ ”‡ Š—ƒ”–‡”‹–Š‡ͳͻ͹Ͳ•‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ Ž‹‡Ǥ͵        

͵ǤŠ‘–‘‘ˆUpStairs Lounge„›ƒƒ‡”‘Ǥ Ͷ͸      

ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡƒ––Šƒ––‹‡ǡ–Š‡”‡™ƒ•‘ ‘˜‡‡–ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘‡ ƒ• ™‡ –Š‹ ‘ˆ ‹– –‘†ƒ›Ǥ Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ ‘ ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡•Ǥ Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ‘ ƒ”‡–ǤŠ‡”‡™‡”‡‘  Šƒ‡Ž•ǤŠƒ–™ƒ• ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘ „‡ ‡”‘–‹  ‹ƒ‰‡”› ‹ ƒ ‰ƒ› „ƒ” ™ƒ• †‡”‹˜‡† ‡–‹”‡Ž› ˆ”‘ Playgirl, CosmopolitanȄ•‘Ǧ ƒŽŽ‡† •–”ƒ‹‰Š– •‘—” ‡•Ǥ ‘— ™ƒŽ ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ ‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘ǡ Remember the Upstairs Loungeǡ ƒ† ›‘— ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ ›‘—ǯ”‡ Ž‘‘‹‰ƒ–—”–‡›‘Ž†•ƒ† ‹ƒ†›ƒ†‘–Š‡”‹ ‘‹ ’‘’ˆ‹‰—”‡• ˆ”‘–Š‡ͳͻ͹Ͳ•‹–Š‹•ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ  ”‘•’‡ –„‡ ƒ‡ǡ‹ƒ™ƒ›ǡƒ‡‡–‹‰’‘‹–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•‡–™‘ ™‘”Ž†•ǣ–Š‡ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›„‹‡‹ƒŽƒ†–Š‡‘”Ž†ǯ• ƒ‹”ǡ‹ˆ›‘—™‹ŽŽǤ Š‡ ‘––‘ ‡–‡‹ƒŽ šŠ‹„‹–‹‘ ‹ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ• ‹ ͳͺͺͶ ™ƒ• –Š‡ ˆ‹”•–‘†‡Žˆ‘”ƒ‘”Ž†ǯ• ƒ‹”‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡƒ†™‡„ƒ•‡†–Š‡ ƒ’ˆ‘””‘•’‡ –‘–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆƒƒ‡”‹ƒŽ˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹–›‹ͳͺͺͶǤ           Šƒ–™ƒ•ƒ˜‹‡™ˆ”‘ƒ„ƒŽŽ‘‘Ž‘‘‹‰†‘™ˆ”‘–Š‡™‡•–„ƒ‘ˆ –Š‡‹••‹••‹’’‹Ǥ‡†‡ ‹†‡†–‘†‘‹–‹ƒ‘”‡ʹͳ•– ‡–—”›ˆƒ•Š‹‘„› —•‹‰ Š—†”‡†• ‘ˆ †‹‰‹–ƒŽ ‹ƒ‰‡• ƒŽŽ –‹Ž‡† –‘‰‡–Š‡”ǤͶ‡‡’––Š‡ ƒ” Šƒ‹  ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰ „› ƒ‹‰ ƒ –‹–‡†Ǧ’‘•– ƒ”† ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ˜‡—‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™‡– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ• —•‡— ‘ˆ ”–ǡ ƒ ˜‡”› †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡† ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–›ǡ –‘ ƒ ‘Ž† ˆ—”‹–—”‡ •–‘”‡‘–Ǥ Žƒ—†‡˜‡—‡–Šƒ–Šƒ†„‡‡’”‡––›— Š†‡”‡Ž‹ –•‹ ‡–Š‡•–‘”Ǥ

ͶǤ ‘”ƒ–‹–‡†”‡’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ•‡‡Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥƒ’’‡”›Ǥ ‘Ȁ”‘•’‡ –ͳǦ ‡™Ǧ”Ž‡ƒ•Ǧ‹‡‹ƒŽǦ”–Ǧƒ’Ǥ     Ͷ͹

 ”‘•’‡ –Ǥͳ –—”‡† ‘—– –‘ „‡ ƒ ‹ ”‡†‹„Ž‡ •— ‡••Ǥ ‡ Šƒ† ƒ„‘—–͸ͷǡͲͲͲ˜‹•‹–‘”•Ǥ‡†‹†ǯ–“—‹–‡„”‡ƒ–Š‡•‹šǦˆ‹‰—”‡„‘—†ƒ”› ƒ• ™‡ –Š‘—‰Š– ™‡ ™‡”‡ ‰‘‹‰ –‘ †‘ǡ „—– ‹– †‹† Šƒ˜‡ ƒ †‹”‡ –ǡ ̈́ʹͷǦ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ‡ ‘‘‹  ‹’ƒ – ‘ –Š‡ ‹–›ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ– ™ƒ• ‡š–”‡‡Ž› ‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ‘”‡™”Ž‡ƒ•ƒ––Š‡–‹‡ǤŠƒ––—”‡†‘—––‘„‡‹ƒ ˆ—›™ƒ›–Š‡Žƒ•–‹‰Ž‡‰ƒ ›‘ˆ”‘•’‡ –Ǥͳ‹•–Šƒ–‹–•–ƒ”–‡†–‘ƒ‡ ‡™”Ž‡ƒ••‡‡˜‡”›ƒ––”ƒ –‹˜‡–‘ƒ”–‹•–•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡ ‘—–”›™Š‘ǡ ƒ––Š‹•’‘‹–ǡ‹–Š‡‹††Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ ‡••‹‘ǡ™‡”‡Ž‘‘‹‰ˆ‘”’Žƒ ‡• –Š‡› ‘—Ž†‰‘ƒ†ƒ‡ƒ”–ƒ†„‡’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ ‘—‹–›„—–‘–Šƒ˜‡ –‘™‘””›ƒ„‘—––Š‡”‡–•–Šƒ–‡™‘”‘”‘•‰‡Ž‡•‘”Š‹ ƒ‰‘ ™‘—Ž†’”‡•‡––‘–Š‡ƒ––Šƒ––‹‡Ǥ  ‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ ‘—’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡ –• –Šƒ– Šƒ’’‡‡†ǣ ƒ˜‹ƒ™ƒ Šƒ‹—Žǡƒƒ”–‹•–ˆ”‘ƒ‰‘ǡŠƒ‹Žƒ†ǡŠƒ•ˆ‘” ƒ››‡ƒ”•„‡‡†‘‹‰•‘‡–Š‹‰ ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡ƒ˜‹’ƒ”–›Ǥ ‡Šƒ–‡• Š‹•ƒ‡Ǥ ‡†‹†ǯ–Ž‹‡‹–™Š‡Š‡™ƒ•‰”‘™‹‰—’Ǥ –ǯ•‘–ƒ’”‘’‡” Šƒ‹ƒ‡Ǥ –ǯ•‘–ƒ—††Š‹•–ƒ‡Ǥ –ǯ•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›ƒ †‹ƒƒ‡Ǥ ‡–”‹‡• –‘ ˆ‹† ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ •ƒ††Ž‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ƒ‡ǡ ƒ˜‹ǡ ƒ† ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡ –Š‡‹” †‹• ‘ˆ‘”– ‹ Šƒ˜‹‰ –Šƒ– ƒ‡Ǥ ‡ ƒ‡ ƒ ”‘•• ƒ ‘„‹–—ƒ”› ˆ‘” ƒ˜‹ ‹„ƒŽŽ ‹ ƒ Ž‘ ƒŽ ’ƒ’‡”ǡ ƒ†Š‡•ƒ‹†ǡDz ǯ˜‡‰‘–‹–Ǥ ǯ˜‡‰‘–‘—” ƒ˜‹Ǥdz  –Šƒ– ƒ•‡ǡ ‹– ™ƒ• ƒ ‹••’‡ŽŽ‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”† Dzƒ”˜‹Ǥdz ƒ”˜‹ Šƒ† „‡‡ –Š‡ „ƒŒ‘ ’Žƒ›‡” ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒŽŽ ƒœœƒ†Ǥ ‡ ‡˜ƒ —ƒ–‡† –‘ —‰—•–ƒǡ ‡‘”‰‹ƒǡ ƒ† †‹‡† ‹ —‰—•–ƒ ƒ„‘—– ˆ‹˜‡ ‘–Š•ƒˆ–‡”ƒ–”‹ƒǤ ‡Šƒ†‡˜‡” ”‡–—”‡†Ǥ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹‰Š‹••–‘”›ƒ Ͷͺ      

Ž‹––Ž‡„‹–‘”‡ǡ™‡ˆ‘—†‘—––Šƒ–Š‡Šƒ†‡˜‡”Šƒ†ƒŒƒœœˆ—‡”ƒŽǤ  ‡™”Ž‡ƒ•ǡ‹ˆ›‘—ǯ”‡ƒ—•‹ ‹ƒǡƒŒƒœœˆ—‡”ƒŽ‹••‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–ǯ• ˜‡”›ǡ ˜‡”› ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ •‡† ›‘— ‘ ›‘—” Œ‘—”‡› ƒˆ–‡” Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ Š‡ —•‹ Šƒ•–‘•–ƒ”–’Žƒ›‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡–‹‡›‘—”†‡ƒ–Š‹•‘™ǡƒ†‹–ǯ• ‘–•—’’‘•‡†–‘•–‘’—–‹Ž›‘—ǯ”‡‹–Š‡‰”‘—†‘”ǡ‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ•ǡ ‹ –Š‡ –‘„ ƒ„‘˜‡ ‰”‘—†Ǥ ƒ˜‹ ‰‘– –‘‰‡–Š‡” ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒŽŽ ƒœœ ƒ† ƒ† –Š‡ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ• ƒœœ Ƭ ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒŒƒœœˆ—‡”ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ”˜‹‹„ƒŽŽǤƒ‹–‹‰• ™‡”‡’—–—’ƒŽŽ‘˜‡”–Š‡ ‹–›Ǥ‡™ƒ•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›ƒ„‹ŽŽ„‘ƒ”†‘˜‡”–Š‡ Ǧ ͳͲˆ”‡‡™ƒ›Ǥͷ  Š‡ˆ—‡”ƒŽŠƒ’’‡‡†‘–Š‡†ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡‘’‡‹‰‘ˆ”‘•’‡ –Ǥͳǡ ƒ†ǡ ‹ ‘—–Š‡ƒ•– •‹ƒ ˆƒ•Š‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ’‘”–”ƒ‹–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡ ‡ƒ•‡†Ȅ‹ –Š‹• ƒ•‡’ƒ‹–‹‰•‘ˆƒ”˜‹‹„ƒŽŽȄ™‡”‡ ƒ””‹‡††‘™–Š‡•–”‡‡–Ǥ Šƒ–ǯ• ‘– ƒ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ• —•–‘Ǣ ‹– ‹• ƒ Šƒ‹ —•–‘Ǥ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š‹‰•™‡™ƒ–‡†–‘’”‘‘–‡™‹–Š”‘•’‡ –™ƒ•–Š‹•„Ž‡†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽǤ  ‡ •–ƒ” ™Š‘ ‡‡”‰‡† ‹ –Š‡ ˜‹•—ƒŽǦƒ”– ™‘”Ž† ™ƒ• ‹‰ Š‹‡ˆ ‹ –‘” ƒ””‹•ǡ͸ ™Š‘ ‹ ͳͻͺͶ „”‘‡ ‘ˆˆ ˆ”‘ ‘‘–‹‡ ‘–ƒƒǡ Š‹• ‡–‘”ǡ ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‡† ‹‹‹ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• –Š‡ ˆ‹”•–ƒ”†‹ ”ƒ• †‹ƒ‰”‘—’–‘ ˆ—ŽŽ› ‘˜‡” –Š‡‹” Š‡ƒ†•ǡ –‘ —•‡ ˆ”‹ ƒ Š‡ƒ††”‡••‡• ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ •—‹–• †‡”‹˜‡† ‡š Ž—•‹˜‡Ž› ˆ”‘ ƒ–‹˜‡‡”‹ ƒ•‘—” ‡•Ǥ –Š‡ ƒ”†‹ ”ƒ• †‹ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ •’‡†• ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ›‡ƒ” „‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ”†‹ ”ƒ• ƒ‹‰ Š‹• •—‹–Ǥ Š‡ •—‹– ‹• †‡„—–‡† –‘ –Š‡

ͷǤŠ‘–‘‘ˆƒ”˜‹ǯ•ƒ”–›’‘•–‡”„›ƒƒ‡”‘Ǥ ͸ǤŠ‘–‘‘ˆŠ‹‡ˆ‹ –‘” ƒ””‹•„›ƒƒ‡”‘Ǥ     Ͷͻ

™‘”Ž†‘ƒ”†‹ ”ƒ•‘”‹‰Ǥ –ǯ••‡‡‘Ž›‘ ‡‘”–™‹ ‡ƒ‰ƒ‹ƒˆ–‡” –Šƒ–ǡƒˆ–‡”™Š‹ Š–Š‡„‹‰ Š‹‡ˆŠƒ•–‘•–ƒ”–ƒ‹‰‡š–›‡ƒ”ǯ••—‹–Ǥ  ƒ™ƒ›ǡ‡˜‡”››‡ƒ”ǡ–Š‹•‹•Š‹•‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘ǤŠ‹•‹•Š‹• ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›ƒ”–Ǥ ‡„”‘—‰Š––‘‰‡–Š‡”‡‹‰Š–•—‹–•ƒ†˜‹†‡‘ˆ‘‘–ƒ‰‡†‘ —‡–‹‰–Š‡ ‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡„‹‰ Š‹‡ˆ‘ƒ”†‹ ”ƒ•‘”‹‰ƒ†’”‡•‡–‡†‹– ‹–Š‡‡™”Ž‡ƒ•—•‡—‘ˆ”–ǡ™Š‡”‡‹‰Š‹‡ˆ‹ –‘” ƒ””‹•ǯ• Š‡”‘ǡŠ‹•‹†‘Žǡ‹‰Š‹‡ˆ‘‘–‹‡‘–ƒƒǡŠƒ†Šƒ†Š‹•”‡–”‘•’‡ –‹˜‡ƒ ˆ‡™›‡ƒ”•„‡ˆ‘”‡Ǥ  Š‹• „ƒ Ǧƒ†Ǧˆ‘”–Š „‡–™‡‡ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ• ‹†‡–‹–› ƒ† –Š‹• ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹š™ƒ•”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡†„› ƒŒ‹ —Œ‹–ƒǡƒǤǤ’ƒ‹–‡”ǡ™Š‘ ™ƒ•„‘”‹ ƒ’ƒǡ•–—†‹‡†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ‡•‡’ƒ‹–‹‰„—–„‡ ƒ‡ ‹ˆƒ–—ƒ–‡†ǡƒ••‘ƒ›‘ˆŠ‹•‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡ǡ™‹–Š‰”ƒˆˆ‹–‹‹ǤǤ ‡ –ƒ‡• –Š‡•‡ –™‘ ‹†‡ƒ•Ȅ ƒ’ƒ‡•‡ ƒŽŽ‹‰”ƒ’Š› ƒ† ‰”ƒˆˆ‹–‹Ȅƒ† ‡”‰‡•–Š‡‹Š‹•–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡ƒ‹–•Ǥ ‡Šƒ’’‡‡†–‘„‡˜‹•‹–‹‰ ˆ‘”Š‹••‹–‡˜‹•‹–™Š‡–Š‡ƒ‹–•™‘ƒƒ–ǦŠ‘‡‰ƒ‡Ǥ ‡Šƒ†‡˜‡” ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡† ƒ›–Š‹‰ Ž‹‡ –Šƒ– ‹ Š‹• Ž‹ˆ‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡Ǥ ‹‡ ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ•–‡” ™‘”• ƒ†‡ ˆ‘” ”‘•’‡ –Ǥͳǡ ™Š‡ –Š‡ ‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘ ™ƒ• ‘˜‡”ǡ —Œ‹–ƒǯ•’ƒ‹–‹‰Ȅ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•˜ƒŽ—‡†ƒ––Š‡–‹‡ƒ–ƒ„‘—–̈́ͳͷͲǡͲͲͲǡ „—– ‹• ‘™ Ž‘•‡” –‘ ŠƒŽˆ ƒ ‹ŽŽ‹‘Ȅ™ƒ• ‰‹ˆ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‹–› ‘ˆ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ•Ǥ  ’‹‡ ‡™ƒ•ƒ†‡„›–Š‡ƒ”–‹•–ƒ”‹ƒ”†ǡˆ”‘ ƒƒ‹ ƒǡ‹–Š‡ ‘™‡” ‹–Š ƒ”†Ǥ • ›‘— ™ƒŽ‡† ‹–‘ ™Šƒ– ™ƒ• ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ ƒ––Ž‡ ”‘—† ƒ’–‹•– Š—” Šǡ ›‘— •ƒ™ ƒ „—ŽŽ‡–‹ „‘ƒ”† ˆƒ ‹‰ ›‘—Ǥ – •‡‡‡† Ž‹‡ ƒ ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ –Š‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘† ‡‡†‡† ƒ „—ŽŽ‡–‹ „‘ƒ”†Ǥ‡‘’Ž‡™‘—Ž† ‘‡‹ƒ†’‘•–‘–‹ ‡•ƒŽŽ–Š‡–‹‡ǡ„—–›‘— ™‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘Š‡ƒ” Šƒ–‹‰Ǥ –™ƒ•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›‹ƒ—”‡”†‘‹‰—††Š‹•– Šƒ–• –‘ ƒ ‡™ ‰‡ •‘—† –”ƒ Ǥ Š‡ ›‘— •–‡’’‡† „‡Š‹† –Š‡ „—ŽŽ‡–‹ „‘ƒ”†Ȅ›‘— ‘—Ž† •‡‡•‘‡–Š‹‰ ™ƒ• ‰Ž‘™‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ „ƒ  •‹†‡Ȅ›‘— •ƒ™ –Š‹• ‰‹ƒ– †‹ƒ‘† •–”— –—”‡ ™‹–Š ”—•Š‡† ‰› ‡“—‹’‡– ‹•‹†‡ ‹ ƒ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡ •—””‘—†‹‰ •’ƒ ‡Ǥ —††‡Ž› ›‘— ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡† ›‘—ǯ† „‡‡ –”ƒ•’‘”–‡† ‹–‘ ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‡˜‹”‘‡––Šƒ™Šƒ––Š‡•’ƒ ‡Šƒ†ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†–‘„‡Ǥ ͷͲ      

 Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ –Š‹”–‡‡ •‹–‡Ǧ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ’”‘Œ‡ –• Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ƒ”‹ ƒ”† ’‹‡ ‡ –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡ ‘™‡” ‹–Š ƒ”†Ǥ ‘” ƒ› ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ •—”’”‹•‹‰–Š‹‰ƒ„‘—– ”‘•’‡ –Ǥͳ™ƒ•Š‘™‡ƒ•›‹–™ƒ•ˆ‘”–‘—”‹•–• ˆ”‘‘—–‘ˆ–‘™–‘ƒ‡–Š‹•–”‹’ƒ ”‘••–‘–Š‡‘™‡”‹–Šƒ”†ǡ ™Š‹ Š —’ —–‹Ž –Šƒ– –‹‡ Šƒ† •ƒ†Ž› „‡‡ ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ƒ• –Š‡ •‹–‡ˆ‘” †‹•ƒ•–‡”–‘—”‹•Ǥ ”ƒ›Ž‹‡„—•‡• Šƒ†„‡‡’—ŽŽ‹‰—’ǡ –Š‡™‹†‘™• ‘‹‰†‘™ǡ ƒ‡”ƒ•’”‘–”—†‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡™‹†‘™•ǤŠ‡ǡ„‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ›‘‡ ‘—Ž†‰‡––‘–Š‡„—•ǡ–Š‡‹‰‹–‹‘™ƒ••–ƒ”–‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡƒ†–Š‡ –‘—”‹•–•™‘—Ž†’—ŽŽ‘ˆˆǤ‹–Š”‘•’‡ –ǡ–Š‘—•ƒ†•‘ˆ–‘—”‹•–•ˆ”‘ƒŽŽ ‘˜‡”™‡”‡™ƒ†‡”‹‰ƒ”‘—†–Š‡‘™‡”‹–Šƒ”†ǡ‰‘‹‰ˆ”‘•‹–‡ –‘ •‹–‡Ǥ ‡ ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† •Š—––Ž‡ „—•‡•ǡ „—– ƒ› ’‡‘’Ž‡ Œ—•– ™ƒ–‡† –‘ Š‘‘ˆ‹–Ǥ  ”‘•’‡ –‹•‘™‘‹–•–Š‹”†‡†‹–‹‘Ǥ –Œ—•– Ž‘•‡†Ǥ ǯ˜‡‘˜‡† ‘Ǥ ƒ‘™–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ —”ƒ–‘”ƒ––Š‡”ƒ‰‡‘—–›—•‡—‘ˆ”– ‹ǤǤ  ‘‡ˆ”‘ƒ—•‡—„ƒ ‰”‘—†Ǣ ǯ„ƒ ‹ƒ—•‡—Ǥ  can „‡ ƒ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”ǡ Ž‹‡ ‘ƒ–Šƒǡ ™Š‡ –Š‡ ‘ ƒ•‹‘ †‡ƒ†•ǡ„—–‹–ǯ•‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›‹›Ǥ Ž‹‡Šƒ˜‹‰ƒ•‡–•’ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ† ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ǡ ƒ† ™‘”‹‰ ˆ”‘ ƒ ˜‡”› ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ ‡‹‰‹ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǡ™Š‹ Š‹•‹–•‘™„‘‘–‘™”‹‰Š–‘™‹–‡”•‘ˆ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›ƒ”–ǡ‹•ƒ˜‡”›ǡ˜‡”›‡š ‹–‹‰ƒ†–Š”‹ŽŽ‹‰’”‘•’‡ –ȋ‘ ’—‹–‡†‡†Ȍˆ‘”‡Ǥ‡ǯ”‡„ƒ ‘˜‡”–‘ ‘ƒ–Šƒǯ•‰ƒŽŽ‡”›Š‡”‡Ǥ  IV OF ART FAIRS,GALLERIES, AND MUSEUMS  Jonathan Ferrara: Š‡”‹•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–ˆƒ‹”•‹•‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•––‘ˆ‘Ž•Š‡”‡ ‹‹ƒ‹”‹‰Š–‘™„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–ƒ†„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆŠ‘™ƒ”–ˆƒ‹”• ƒ’’‡ƒ”ˆ”‘ƒ„—•‹‡••’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽǤƒ”–ˆƒ‹”‹•Ž‹‡ƒ–”ƒ†‡ •Š‘™Ǥ ‡– ‹–ǯ• — Š ‘”‡ –Šƒ –Šƒ–Ǥ –ǯ• ƒ ‡ ‘‘‹  ‡‰‹‡ –Šƒ– ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž› ‹’ƒ –• –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡• ™Š‡”‡ ‹– Šƒ’’‡•Ǥ –‡”‡•–‹‰Ž› ‡‘—‰Šǡ ‹–ǯ• „‡ ‘‡ –Š‡ ‡™ ‘†‡Ž ˆ‘” Š‘™ ‘‡ ‘†— –• ƒ „—•‹‡••Ǥ  –Š‡ ‘Ž† †ƒ›•ǡ ›‘—ǯ† Šƒ˜‡ ›‘—” „”‹ Ǧƒ†Ǧ ‘”–ƒ” ‰ƒŽŽ‡”›ǡ Ž‹‡ ‹‡ Š‡”‡ǡ ƒ† ›‘—ǯ† „‡ Š‘’‡ˆ—Ž –Šƒ– ’‡‘’Ž‡     ͷͳ

™‘—Ž†™ƒŽ‹Ǥ‘—ǯ†‡‰ƒ‰‡‹ƒ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†›‘—™‘—Ž†–ƒŽǡ ƒ†ǡ•—„•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ•‘‡‹†‘ˆƒƒ “—‹•‹–‹‘‘”ƒ’—” Šƒ•‡‹‰Š– ƒ”‹•‡ˆ”‘–Šƒ–Ǥ—–‹–Š‡Žƒ•––™‡–›‘”–Š‹”–››‡ƒ”•Ȅ ‡”–ƒ‹Ž› ‹ –Š‡Žƒ•––‡Ȅ‹•–Š‡”‡Šƒ•„‡‡–Š‡”‹•‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ”–ˆƒ‹”•‹„ƒ•‹ ƒŽŽ› ‡˜‡”›ƒŒ‘” ‹–›ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǣ‡™‘”Ǣƒ ”ƒ ‹• ‘Ǣ‹ƒ‹Ǣ ‘—•–‘Ǣ ƒ•‡Žǡ ™‹–œ‡”Žƒ†Ǣ ‘‰ ‘‰Ǣ ƒ‘ ƒ—Ž‘Ǥ ”‘ ƒ ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”‹ƒŽ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ǡ ‹–ǯ• „‡ ‘‡ ƒ —•– ‹ › „—•‹‡•• –‘ ƒ––‡†–Š‡•‡ƒ”–ˆƒ‹”•ǤŠ‡›ǯ”‡‹ˆƒ –— ŠŽ‹‡‡†‹‡˜ƒŽˆƒ‹”•ǣ›‘—ǯ”‡ „”‹‰‹‰ ›‘—” ’”‘†— –• –‘ ƒ”‡–ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ”‡–• ƒ”‡ ‹ –Š‡•‡ ‹–‹‡•Ǥ˜‡”›‘‡‡‡–•–Š‡”‡Ȅ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‘”•ǡ —”ƒ–‘”•ǡ–Š‡’”‡••Ȅ‹–ǯ•ƒŽŽ —†‡”‘‡”‘‘ˆǤ ‹ƒ‹•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡”‡ǯ•‘‡ƒ‹ˆƒ‹”ǡ”–ƒ•‡Ž ‹ƒ‹‡ƒ Šǡƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•—„•‡“—‡–Ž›ƒ„‘—––™‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– •ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡ˆƒ‹”•”ƒ‰‹‰‹ ‘–‡–ǡƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡƒ†“—ƒŽ‹–›–Šƒ–Šƒ’’‡ƒŽŽ ƒ”‘—†–Š‡ ‹–›ǤŠ‡ƒ”–ˆƒ‹”„‡ ‘‡•ƒˆ‘” ‡†”‹˜‹‰ —Ž–—”ƒŽ–‘—”‹•ǡ ‹ˆ ›‘— ™‹ŽŽǤ „‘—– •‹š–› ’‡” ‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ „—•‹‡•• ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‰ƒŽŽ‡”› ‹• †‡”‹˜‡† ˆ”‘ ƒ”– ˆƒ‹”•Ǥ Š‡–Š‡” ›‘—ǯ”‡ ƒ „‹‰ ‰ƒŽŽ‡”›ǡ Ž‹‡ ƒ ƒ‰‘•‹ƒǡ –Šƒ– ‹• ƒŽ™ƒ›• ‹ –Š‡ ‡™•’ƒ’‡”ǡ •‡ŽŽ‹‰ ‹ŽŽ‹‘•ƒ†‹ŽŽ‹‘•‘ˆ†‘ŽŽƒ”•Ǧ™‘”–Š‘ˆ’ƒ‹–‹‰•ǡ‘”›‘—ǯ”‡ƒ‹†Ǧ Ž‡˜‡Ž‰ƒŽŽ‡”›ǡŽ‹‡‡ǡ›‘—ǯ”‡ƒ‡™ƒ”–‹•–Ȅ–Šƒ–‹•–Š‡’Žƒ ‡–Šƒ–›‘— Šƒ˜‡–‘‰‘Ǥ –Œ—•–„‡ ‘‡•ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆ›‘—”„—•‹‡••‘†‡ŽǤ Œ—•– ƒ‡ „ƒ  ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”‘”› Š‘™ ‹ ‡™ ‘”Ǥ  Ž‹‡ ‹– –‘ ”‡–‹‰ ƒ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ •’ƒ ‡ ‹ ‡™ ‘” ˆ‘” ˆ‹˜‡ †ƒ›•ǡ ™Š‡”‡ ƒŽŽ –Š‡•‡ ‘–Š‡” ‘’‡–‹–‘”• ƒ”‡ǡ ƒ† ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘‡ –Š”‘—‰ŠǤ ‘—ǯ”‡ –”›‹‰ –‘ †‘ „—•‹‡•• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ ™‘” –Šƒ–ǯ• ‘ –Š‡ ™ƒŽŽ•ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ǡ ‹–ǯ• ‡–™‘”‹‰Ǥ –ǯ• „”ƒ†‹‰Ǥ –ǯ• ‰‡––‹‰ ›‘—” ƒ‡ ‘—– –Š‡”‡ ƒ† ƒ‹‰ ‘‡ –‹‘•–‘ˆ—”–Š‡”›‘—”ƒ”–‹•–•ǯ ƒ”‡‡”•Ȅ™Š‡–Š‡”–Šƒ–ǯ• ‰‡––‹‰–Š‡ƒ•Š‘™‹ •–ƒ„—Ž‘”‡™‘”‘” ƒ •‘ǡ‹••‹••‹’’‹Ǥ – ‹• –”›‹‰ –‘ ‹Ž –Šƒ– •–‘‡ ˆ‘” ƒ• ƒ› ‘–ƒ –• ƒ† ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‘•ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ  Dan Cameron: †‘ǯ–Ž‹‡ƒ”–ˆƒ‹”•Ǥ Ž‹‡–Š‡“—‹‡–ǡ’”‹•–‹‡•’ƒ ‡•‘ˆ ‰ƒŽŽ‡”‹‡•ƒ†—•‡—•™Š‡”‡–Š‡”‡ǯ•‘‘‡Š‘˜‡”‹‰ƒ–ͳͲ‘ǯ Ž‘  ‘”͵‘ǯ Ž‘ –”›‹‰–‘‰‡–›‘—”‡›‡Ǥ Ž‹‡–Šƒ–›‘—ǯ”‡‘–•—””‘—†‡† ͷʹ      

„› ’‡‘’Ž‡ ›‘—ǯ˜‡ ‘™ ˆ‘” –Š‡ Žƒ•– –Š‹”–› ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ‘—ǯ”‡ ‘– —†‡” ’”‡••—”‡Ǥ ƒ‰ƒŽŽ‡”›ǡ›‘— ƒ–ƒ‡›‘—”–‹‡Ǥ‘— ƒ•’‡†ƒ•Ž‘‰ ƒ•›‘—™ƒ–Ǥ‘—Šƒ˜‡’Ž‡–›‘ˆ•’ƒ ‡–‘ ‘–‡’Žƒ–‡Ǥ†›‡– ǡ–‘‘ǡ —•–‰‘–‘ƒŽŽ–Š‡ƒ”–ˆƒ‹”•Ǥ  —•––‘ Žƒ”‹ˆ›ǣ ‘ƒ–Šƒ‘™•ƒ„—•‹‡••Ǣ ǯ‹–Š‡‘’”‘ˆ‹– ”‡ƒŽǤ ™‘”ˆ‘”ƒ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Šƒ”‹–›Ǥ‡–›’”‡•‡ ‡‹•”‡“—‹”‡† ƒ––Š‡ƒ”–ˆƒ‹”•ˆ‘”‡šƒ –Ž›–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘ ‘ƒ–Šƒ‹•–ƒŽ‹‰ƒ„‘—–Ǥ –ǯ•ƒ Ž‹––Ž‡ „‹– ‡„—Ž‘—• ™Šƒ– ǯ †‘‹‰ –Š‡”‡Ǥ ‡•ǡ –Š‡”‡ǯ• ƒ Ž‹––Ž‡„‹–‘ˆ „—•‹‡••‰‘‹‰‘ǤŠ‡”‡•‡‡•–‘„‡ƒƒ™ˆ—ŽŽ‘–‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‹‰Ǥ—– ‹–ǯ• „‡ ‘‡ ƒ ‹† ‘ˆ –‘™ •“—ƒ”‡Ǥ –ǯ• „‡ ‘‡ ƒ ‹† ‘ˆ ‡‡–‹‰ ’‘‹–ǡ˜‡”›— ŠŽ‹‡–Š‹• ‘˜‡–‹‘Ǥ  —– „ƒ  –‘ › —•‡—Ǥ Š‡ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘—–› —•‡— ‹• ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž†‡•–‹•–‹–—–‹‘•‘ˆ‹–•‹†‘–Š‡‡•–‘ƒ•–Ǥ – ’”‡ ‡†‡• ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ‡”ǡ ƒ† –Š‡•‡ ‘–Š‡”ǡ — Š „‡––‡”Ǧ ‘™ ‘• ‰‡Ž‡• —•‡—•Ǥ – ™ƒ• •–ƒ”–‡† ‹ ͳͻ͸ʹ ‹ ‡™’‘”– ‡ƒ Š „› ƒ ‰”‘—’ ‘ˆ –Š‹”–‡‡ •‡ŽˆǦ†‡• ”‹„‡† ›ƒ Š– ™‹†‘™• ™Š‘ •‡‡‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ–‹‡‘–Š‡‹”Šƒ†•ǡƒ†–Š‡›†‹†ǯ–ƒŽ™ƒ›• ™ƒ––‘„‡‰‘‹‰—’–‘‘•‰‡Ž‡•–‘‰‡––Š‡‹”ƒ”–ˆ‹šǤŠ‡›–Š‘—‰Š–‹ˆ –Š‡›Šƒ†ƒ—•‡—”‹‰Š–‹–Š‡‹”‘™ ‘—‹–›‘ˆ‡™’‘”–‡ƒ Šǡ –Šƒ–‹– ‘—Ž†„‡ƒ‘—–’‘•–ǤŠ‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡‘—–’‘•–Šƒ• Ž—‰–‘™Šƒ– ™ƒ•–Š‡–Š‡‡™’‘”– ƒ”„‘””–—•‡—ƒ†‹•‘™ǡˆ‘”ƒ„‘—––Š‡ Žƒ•– –‡ ›‡ƒ”•ǡ –Š‡ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘—–› —•‡— ‘ˆ ”–Ǥ ǯ˜‡ †‡ ‹†‡† –‘ ‘˜‡”Šƒ—Ž –Šƒ– •‹ ‡  ƒ””‹˜‡† –Š”‡‡ ›‡ƒ”• ƒ‰‘Ǥ ‡ Šƒ† •‘‡–Š‹‰ ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ ‹‡‹ƒŽǤ ‘™ǡ ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ ƒ ‹ˆ‹  ”‹‡‹ƒŽǡ™Š‡”‡™‡„”‹‰‹ƒ”–‹•–•ˆ”‘ƒ”‘—†–Š‡ƒ ‹ˆ‹ ‹–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡•‹–‡Ǧ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ’”‘Œ‡ –•ˆ‘”–Š‡—•‡—Ǥ  ‹ Šƒ‡Ž ‹ ˆ”‘ Šƒ‰Šƒ‹ Šƒ• †‘‡ ƒ ƒ••‹˜‡ —”ƒŽ ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ —•‡— Ž‘„„› „ƒ•‡† ‘ Š‹‘‹•‡”‹‡ ’ƒ––‡”•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ „ƒ† —”‘’‡ƒ”‡ƒ‡•‘ˆŠ‹‡•‡•‹Ž’ƒ––‡”•ˆ”‘–Š‡’ƒ•––Šƒ–™‡”‡ †‘‡ƒ• Š‡ƒ’‹’‘”–•‹”‹–ƒ‹ƒ––Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘Ȅƒ‡ƒ”Ž›ˆ‘”‘ˆ‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽ’‹”ƒ ›ǡŽ‡–ǯ••ƒ›Ǥ ‡ ”‡ƒ–‡† –Š‡ —”ƒŽ —•‹‰ ƒ„‘—– –™‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡ ˜‘Ž—–‡‡”•Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š Š‡ǯ• ˆ”‘ Šƒ‰Šƒ‹ǡ Š‡ ™ƒ• „‘” ƒ† ”ƒ‹•‡† ‹ ƒ–ƒ ‘‹ ƒ ƒ† ™‡– –‘     ͷ͵

• Š‘‘Ž‹‘—–Š‡”ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǤ‡’”‡•‡–‡†Š‹™‹–ŠŠ‹•˜‡”›ˆ‹”•– —•‡—•Š‘™•‹ ‡‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‹‰™‹–ŠŠ‹• ˆ”‘–Š‡”–‡–‡”‹ ƒ•ƒ†‡ƒǤ

  Michael Lin, Sharawadgi, 2013, installation at the Orange  County Museum of Art, courtesy of the artist. Photo by  Chris Bliss Photography.    ͷͶ      

 Š‹•‹•‘—”ƒ—‰—•–ǡ•–ƒ–‡Ž›—•‡—™Š‡”‡ǡƒ•›‘— ƒ•‡‡ǡ™‡ †‘‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰˜‡”›•‡”‹‘—•Ž›Ǥ

 Š‹•‹•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›ƒ’ƒ‘”ƒ‹ ˜‹‡™‘ˆƒ–Š”‡‡Ǧ•–‘”›• —Ž’–—”‡„› ‹ Šƒ”† ƒ •‘ ƒŽŽ‡†Bad DogǤ͹Bad Dog‹•ǡƒ•›‘— ƒ•‡‡ǡƒ”‹‰ –‡””‹–‘”›ǡ•‘Š‡ǯ•‘–„ƒ†ƒ–ƒŽŽǤ ‡ǯ•Œ—•–‹•—†‡”•–‘‘†Ǥ‘—‡‡†–‘ „‡˜‡”›”‡•’‘•‹˜‡–‘–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ™Š‡›‘—ǯ”‡‹–Š‹•’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ•‘™‡ Šƒ†–Š‡’‹‡ ‡—’ˆ‘”ˆ‘—”‘–Š•ǡ–Š‹‹‰‘‘‡™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡‹–Ǥ‡ ‡†‡†—’Šƒ˜‹‰–‘‡‡’‹–—’ˆ‘”ƒŽ‘•––™‘›‡ƒ”•Ǥ†™Š‡Bad Dogˆ‹ƒŽŽ›Šƒ†–‘‰‘–‘–Šƒ–„‹‰”ƒ Š—’‹ †ƒŠ‘ǡ™‡Šƒ†Ž‘–•‘ˆ –‡ƒ”› Š‹Ž†”‡•Š‘™—’™‹–Š–Š‡‹”’ƒ”‡–•ǡ–”›‹‰–‘‰‡–‘‡Žƒ•–˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ‹–Ǥ  Jonathan Ferrara:  Ž‘˜‡ –Š‹• • —Ž’–—”‡Ǥ – •ƒ›• ‹– ƒŽŽ ƒ„‘—– ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›ƒ”–Ǥ‘— ƒ‰‘ˆ”‘–Š‹•’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ƒ†–Š‡›‘— ƒ ƒŽ•‘ „‡ Œ—•– ƒ• •‡”‹‘—• ‘ –Š‡ ‘’’‘•‹–‡ •‹†‡ ‘ˆ •‡”‹‘—•‡•• ‹ ƒ

͹Ǥ‘—” ‡‘ˆ’Š‘–‘ǣŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‘ ƒǤ‡–Ȁ‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘Ȁ”‹ Šƒ”†ǦŒƒ •‘Ǧ ƒ‹ΨʹΨͺͲΨͻͻ–Ǧ’ƒ‹–‹‰Ǧ’ƒ‹Ǥ •–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘ƒ––Š‡”ƒ‰‡‘—–›—•‡— ‘ˆ”–Ǥ     ͷͷ

†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– Ž‹‰Š–ǡ Ž‹‡ –Š‡ •Š‘™ Guns in the Hands of ArtistsǤ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ƒ”– ƒ ’Žƒ› —Ž–‹’Ž‡ ”‘Ž‡• ‹ •‘ ‹‡–›ǡ ƒ •–‹—Žƒ–‡ —Ž–‹’Ž‡”‡•’‘•‡•‹ƒ›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™ƒ›•Ǥ – ƒ•–‹—Žƒ–‡Žƒ—‰Š–‡”Ǥ ǯ•—”‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ǯ•ƒŽ‘–‘”‡–‘–Š‹•’‹‡ ‡–Šƒ›‘—‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›”‡ƒ† ‹–‘‹–Ǥ‹‡™‹•‡ǡ–Š‡Guns in the Hands of Artists’”‘Œ‡ –‹•–ƒ‹‰‘ –Š‡ ‹••—‡• ™‡ ‡‡† –‘ †‹• —••Ǥ ”– ‹• –Š‡ Ž‹Ǥ ”– ‹• –Š‡ Š‘‘–Šƒ– „”‹‰•–Šƒ–†‹• —••‹‘ƒ„‘—–ƒ†•–ƒ”–•ƒ†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡Ǥ  Guns in the Hands of Artists ‹• ‰‘‹‰ –‘ –”ƒ˜‡Ž ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ ‘—–”›ǤŠ‹••—‡”ǡ‹–‰‘‡•–‘–Š‡•’‡ •–‹–—–‡Ǥ –™‹ŽŽ‘’‡ƒ– –Š‡•’‡ †‡ƒ• ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‹ —‡Ǥ –™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”–™‘‘–Š•ǡƒ† ‹–™‹ŽŽˆ‹‹•Š—’ƒ––Š‡•’‡ –‹‘ ‘”—Ǥ –™‹ŽŽ„‡‹•–ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ ”‘•• –Š‡‹”‡–‹”‡ ƒ’—•Ǥ—„•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ‹–™‹ŽŽ–”ƒ˜‡Žƒ”‘—†–Š‡ ‘—–”› –‘ ‹–‹‡•Ž‹‡Š‹ ƒ‰‘ƒ†ƒŽ–‹‘”‡ǤŠ‡‹––”ƒ˜‡Ž•–‘–Š‡•‡ ‹–‹‡•ǡ  ™‹ŽŽ ‰‘ ™‹–Š ‹–Ǥ Š‡ •Š‘™ ™‹ŽŽ ‘’‡ǡ –Š‡ ™‡ ™‹ŽŽ –‡ƒ Š –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–›Š‘™–‘”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‡–Š‹•’”‘Œ‡ –™‹–Š–Š‡’‘Ž‹ ‡†‡’ƒ”–‡–ǡ –Š‡ ƒ›‘”ǯ• ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ”–• ‘—‹–› –‘ •–‹—Žƒ–‡ ˆ—”–Š‡” ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ǡŠ‘’‡ˆ—ŽŽ›ǡƒ –‹‘ƒ ”‘••–Š‡ ‘—–”›„›–ƒ‹‰‰—• ‘ˆˆ–Š‡•–”‡‡–•ƒ†–—”‹‰‹–‹–‘ƒ”–™‘”Ǥ‡ǯ”‡ƒŽ•‘’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ƒ „‘‘ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•‰‘‹‰–‘ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”––Šƒ–‹•‹–Š‡‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘ ƒ† –Šƒ–ǯ• ‰‘‹‰ –‘ „‡ ’‘’—Žƒ–‡† „› ‡••ƒ›•Ǥ ƒŽ–‡” •ƒƒ •‘ ‹• ™”‹–‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡™‘”†Ǥ ‘Š ƒ””›ǡ ™Š‘ ™”‘–‡ Rising Tideǡ ™‹ŽŽ ‘–”‹„—–‡ ƒ ‡••ƒ›Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –‡ –‘ –™‡–› ‘–Š‡” ‘–”‹„—–‘”• †‹• —••‹‰‰—•ƒ†‰—˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡‹‘—”•‘ ‹‡–›ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ƒǡ™Š‘ǯ• ™”‹–‹‰ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ƒ”– ™‘”Ǥ Šƒ–ǯ• ‘‡ ™ƒ› ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ƒ”– ƒ Šƒ˜‡ƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ”‘Ž‡‹ Šƒ‰‹‰ƒ––‹–—†‡•ƒ†’‡” ‡’–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ –‹‘ ‹ •‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ ”‘ ‡••Ǧ™‹•‡ǡ –Šƒ–ǯ• ™Šƒ–  •‡‡ ƒ• –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ƒ”–ǣ –Š‡”‡ǯ• ƒ ‘‡–ƒ”› ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ‹–ǡ „—– –Š‡”‡ǯ• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ •‘ ‹ƒŽƒ•’‡ ––‘‹–Ǥ  Dan Cameron:Ž‘–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”––Šƒ–™‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•Š‘™‹‰›‘—‹‰Š– ‘–„‡–Š‡‹†‘ˆƒ”––Šƒ–›‘—ƒ”‡ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”™‹–Š‘”–Šƒ–›‘—•‡‡ƒŽŽ–Š‡ –‹‡Ǥ‡‰‡––Šƒ–ƒŽ‘–ǤŠƒ–ǯ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ„‡‹‰‹–Š‡ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›ƒ”– ™‘”Ž†Ǥ ‰—‡••ƒ•ƒ”‡•’‘•‡ǡ–‘Œ—•–’”‡‡’–™Šƒ–‡˜‡”›‘—”–Š‘—‰Š–• ͷ͸      

‹‰Š–„‡‹–Šƒ–”‡‰ƒ”†ǡ ™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘Œ—•–‰‘ ‘”‡ ‘”†ƒ••ƒ›‹‰ –Šƒ–‹–†‘‡•ǯ–ƒ––‡”‹ˆ ›‘—ǯ”‡ƒ––Š‡ ‘—˜”‡ǡ‘” ƒ––Š‡”ƒ†‘ǡ‘”‹ˆ ›‘—ǯ”‡ƒ–ǡ‘”ǡ‘” ǡƒŽŽƒ”–Ȅall artȄƒ–‘‡–‹‡ ™ƒ• ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›ǤŽŽƒ”–’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ•–”—‰‰Ž‡ƒ†ƒ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• –‹‡ –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ†ǡ ‡„”ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ† ˆ‹ƒŽŽ› ‹†‡–‹ˆ› ™‹–ŠǤ ”– ‹• ™Šƒ– ‘•– ‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘• •’‡† ƒ ƒ™ˆ—Ž Ž‘– ‘ˆ –‹‡ ’”‡•‡”˜‹‰ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ’ƒ•• ‹– ƒ† ™Šƒ– ‹– •ƒ›• ƒ„‘—– –Š‘•‡ ‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘•‘–‘ˆ—–—”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ—”‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‹•‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ǡ ™Š‡–Š‡”™‡ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡™‹–Š‹–‘”‘–Ǥ‘‡–‹‡• ‹–ǯ•ƒ–Š”‡‡Ǧ •–‘”›†‘‰”‡Ž‹‡˜‹‰‹–•‡Žˆ‘–Š‡•‹†‡‘ˆƒ—•‡—Ǥȋ †‘™ƒ––‘‘–‡ –Šƒ––Š‡›‡ŽŽ‘™’ƒ‹– ƒ‡‘ˆˆ˜‡”›‡ƒ•‹Ž›ǤȌ”–ƒ›„‡™Š‘™‡ƒ”‡–‘ ˆ—–—”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ  QUESTIONS &ANSWERS

 Q: ‡ ‘ˆ › ˆƒ˜‘”‹–‡ ’‹‡ ‡• ƒ– ”‘•’‡ –Ǥͳ ™ƒ• ‹ –Š‡ –Š‡Ȃ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› †‡”‡Ž‹ – ‘Ž–‘  Š‘‘ŽǤ ‘— ƒ› ”‡ ƒŽŽǤ  –Š‹ ‹– ™ƒ• ƒ Š‹‡•‡ƒ”–‹•–™Š‘’—–—’ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ›ƒ‰‹ˆ‹ ‡–‡‘•›ȋˆ‘”Žƒ ‘ˆƒ „‡––‡” –‡”Ȍ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ—†‹–‘”‹—Ǥ – –Š‡ –‹‡ǡ –Š‡ • Š‘‘Ž Šƒ† „‡‡ ‡’–›ˆ‘”ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ‘—ƒ›”‡ ƒŽŽ–Šƒ–‹–Šƒ†„‡‡„—‹Ž– „ƒ ‹–Š‡ǯʹͲ•Ǥ –™ƒ•”‡†‹• ‘˜‡”‡†ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•™ƒŽ‹‰ –Š”‘—‰ŠǤŠ‡• Š‘‘Ž„‘ƒ”††‡ ‹†‡†‘––‘†‡•–”‘›–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰„—––‘ ”‡‘˜ƒ–‡‹–ǡƒ†‹–Šƒ•‘™™‘ƒ—„‡”‘ˆƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽƒ™ƒ”†•Ǥ  ™ƒ• Š‘’‹‰ ›‘— ‹‰Š– •’‡ƒ „”‹‡ˆŽ› –‘ ›‘—” ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‘ –Š‡ ‹’ƒ – ‘ˆ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ƒ”– ‘ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ ”‡‘˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘ˆ–‡ ‰‡–”‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰•™Š‡”‡‹–‹•Š‘—•‡†Ǥ  A: ȋƒ ƒ‡”‘Ȍ ‡•Ȅ–Š‡ ‘Ž–‘  Š‘‘ŽǤ † –Š‡ ƒ”–‹•– ›‘—ǯ”‡ •’‡ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ ‹• ƒ‹ —‘Ǧ‹ƒ‰ȄŠ‡ǯ• ƒ ‡š–”ƒ‘”†‹ƒ”› ƒ”–‹•–Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž–‘ Š‘‘Ž‹•Œ—•–•›’–‘ƒ–‹ ‘ˆƒ— Š Žƒ”‰‡” †‹• ‘˜‡”› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ –Ǥ Žƒ—†‡ ‘””‹†‘” ‹ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ•ǡ ™Š‹ Š‹–ǯ•’ƒ”–‘ˆǡƒ•‹•–Š‡‡™”Ž‡ƒ• ‡ƒŽ‹‰‡–‡”ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ƒ†ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ǧ‘’‰ƒŽŽ‡”‹‡•Ǥ ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‹‡‹‡™”Ž‡ƒ•ǡ ›‘—Šƒ˜‡ƒ„‘—–ƒ†‘œ‡ƒ”–‹•–Ǧ‘™‡†ǡƒ”–‹•–Ǧ”—‰ƒŽŽ‡”‹‡•™Š‡”‡–Š‡›     ͷ͹

„ƒ•‹ ƒŽŽ› ”‡ƒ–‡–Š‡‹”‘™’”‘‰”ƒ•Ǥ‘— ƒ„—›–Š‡ƒ”–— Š‘”‡ ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ„Ž› –Šƒ ›‘— ƒ ƒ– ˆ‘”Ǧ’”‘ˆ‹– „—•‹‡••‡•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ”–‹•–• —•—ƒŽŽ›ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›Ž‹˜‡‹–Š‡‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†ƒ†ƒ”‡˜‡”› Ž‘•‡„›ǤŠ‹• ‹†‡ƒ–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ”–‹•–•‹‡™”Ž‡ƒ•Šƒ˜‡–ƒ‡–Š‹‰•‹–‘–Š‡‹”‘™ Šƒ†• ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‡† ƒ ‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘† –Šƒ– ‹• ˜‡”› — Š ƒ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹–›is‰‡–”‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡˆ”‘‘‡ƒ‰Ž‡Ǥ—–ˆ”‘ƒ‘–Š‡”ǡ ‹–ǯ•ƒ˜‹„”ƒ– ‘—‹–›‘™ǡƒ†„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ƒ ‘—’Ž‡‘ˆ ›‡ƒ”•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡•–‘”ǡ‹–™ƒ•ǯ––Šƒ–ƒ–ƒŽŽǤ  A:ȋ ‘ƒ–Šƒ ‡””ƒ”ƒȌŠ‡”‡™ƒ•ƒƒ”–‹ Ž‡ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ›‡ƒ”• ƒ‰‘‹The Wall Street Journal–Šƒ––ƒŽ‡†•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ„‘—––Š‹•Ǥƒ ‹•–ƒŽ‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‡ˆ”‘–‡†‘ˆ‹–ǤŠ‡„ƒ ‡†‹•–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‹• ‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘† ‘—Ž†„‡‹ƒ› ‘—‹–›Ǥ”–‹•–••–ƒ”––‘‘˜‡‹–‘ –Šƒ– ‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘† „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹–ǯ• Š‡ƒ’Ǥ Šƒ–ǯ• –Š‡ ‘Ž› ”‡ƒ•‘ –Š‡› ‘˜‡ ‹ǣ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹–ǯ• Š‡ƒ’Ǣ ‹–ǯ• ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› †ƒ‰‡”‘—•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•–ƒ—”ƒ–••–ƒ”––‘‘˜‡‹ǡƒ†–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ••–ƒ”––‘‘˜‡‹ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ›‘— Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽǦ‡•–ƒ–‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡”• ‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ’‡–•ǡ Ž‘‘‹‰†‘™Œ—•–™ƒ‹–‹‰ˆ‘”‹––‘–ƒ‡•Šƒ’‡•‘–Š‡› ƒ ‘‡‹ ƒ† • ‘‘’ —’ –Šƒ– ‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘† ƒ† Šƒ‰‡ ‹–Ǥ Šƒ–ǯ• ƒ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘†‡ŽǢ„—–‹–‹•–Š‡ƒ”–•ƒ•ƒ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‡‰‹‡ˆ‘” ‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ – Šƒ’’‡• ‘– Œ—•–‹ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ•Ǥ – Šƒ’’‡•ƒ ”‘•• –Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ Š‡ ‡› ˆ‘” ‡ǡ ˆ”‘ ƒ ƒ”–‹•–Ǧƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ǡ ‹• –‘ –”ƒ‹ ƒ”–‹•–• –‘ „—› –Šƒ– „—‹Ž†‹‰ ˆ‹”•– ƒ† Ž‡– –Š‡ „‡ ƒ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡ƒ†‘–‰‡–‹ ‡†‘—–ǤŠƒ–’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹–ǯ• ƒ”– ƒ• ƒ ‡ ‘‘‹  ‡‰‹‡ǡ ƒ† ™Šƒ– ƒ †‹† ™‹–Š –Š‡ „‹‡‹ƒŽ ‹• •Š‹‹‰ ƒ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ –Š‡•‡ —†‡”—–‹Ž‹œ‡† ƒ••‡–• ƒ† Šƒ˜‹‰ –Š‡ „‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†Ǥ  Q: ‹”•–ǡ Ž‡– ‡ •ƒ›  Š‘’‡  †‘ǯ– •’‡ƒ ‘Ž› ˆ‘” ›•‡Žˆ ‹ –Šƒ‹‰ ›‘— ˆ‘” ’”‘‘— ‹‰ –Š‡ ™‘”†ǡ Dz•‹—Žƒ ”—Ǥdz ǯ˜‡ ƒŽ™ƒ›• ™‘†‡”‡†ǤŽ•‘ǡ‹–ǯ•‹ ‡–‘ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›Šƒ˜‡•’‡ƒ‡”•™Š‘ƒ”‡ —”ƒ–‘”•Ǥ ǯˆ”‘‡ƒ––Ž‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›••–—„Ž‹‰‘˜‡”‹–•‡Žˆ–‘„‡–Š‡‘•– Š‹’•–‡” –‘™ ‹ –Š‡ ‘—–”›ǡ ƒ†  ‘–‹ ‡† ‘ •‘‡ –”— • –Š‡”‡ ”‡ ‡–Ž›–Šƒ–„—•‹‡••‡•ƒ”‡†‡• ”‹„‹‰–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ•ƒ„—•‹‡••‹ ͷͺ      

Dz —”ƒ–‡†dz ‡ƒ–• ƒ† Dz —”ƒ–‡†dz Š‡‡•‡•Ǥ –ǯ• ‹ ‡ –‘ •‡‡ –Šƒ– ›‘—ǯ”‡ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› —”ƒ–‹‰‹–Š‡‘Ž†•–›Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‹‰•Ǥ  •‡”‹‘—•“—‡•–‹‘ǡ–Š‘—‰Šǣ –Š‹ ƒ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›‘–ƒŽ‘‡‹ ‘‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘‘ˆ‘”†•™‘”–Šƒ•‘’’‘•‡†–‘–Š‡’‘‡–”› •ŽƒǤ  •‘‡ ™ƒ›•ǡ  †‘ǯ– Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ‡ƒ•› –‹‡ ™‹–Š ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ƒ”–ȄŽ‹‡ –Šƒ– ™‹––‡”Ǧˆ‡† ‰— –Šƒ– ›‘— •Š‘™‡† —•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• “—‹–‡ ’”‘˜‘ ƒ–‹˜‡Ȅ‹—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡ƒ”–™‘”ƒ••‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ Žƒ•–‹‰ ‘” ‡†—”‹‰ ˜ƒŽ—‡ǡ ‡˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š ‹– ƒ› „‡ ‡š–”ƒ‘”†‹ƒ”‹Ž› ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽŽ› ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ‹ –Š‡ ‘‡–Ǥ ‡”Šƒ’• ›‘— ‘—Ž† •’‡ƒ –‘ ƒ† Š‡Ž’ ȋ’‡”Šƒ’• ‘– Œ—•– ‡Ȍ —†‡”•–ƒ†–Šƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒ”–‹–Š‡‘‡– ƒ†™Š‡–Š‡”‘”‘–‹–‡š’”‡••‡••‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–ƒ›„‡‡†—”‹‰Ǥ

A: ȋƒ ƒ‡”‘Ȍ  –Š‹ –Šƒ–ǯ• ™Š›  ‹–‡† –Š‡ ”ƒ†ƒǡ –Š‡ ‘—˜”‡ǡ ‡– Ǥǡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”Ǥ ǯ ‘– –”›‹‰ –‘ •‹†‡•–‡’ –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ǡ„—–  Šƒ˜‡ƒƒ‡ †‘–‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡ƒ”–‹•–‡–‡”ƒ—ŽǤ ˆ›‘—†‘ǯ–‘™‡–‡” ƒ—Žǯ•™‘”ǡŠ‡‹–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘’ƒ”–‹•–•Ǥ ‡‡‡”‰‡† ‹–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ǯ͸Ͳ•ǡ„—–—Ž‹‡†›ƒ”Š‘ŽǡŠ‡ƒ†‡’”‘˜‘ ƒ–‹˜‡ǡŽ‡–ǯ• ƒŽŽ –Š‡ Dz’‘’dzǡ ’ƒ‹–‹‰•Ǥ ‡ ‘ˆ–‡ –ƒŽ• ƒ„‘—– ™Š‡ Š‡ ™ƒ• ƒ ‡‹‰Š–Ǧ›‡ƒ”Ǧ‘Ž† „‘› ‹ ƒ ”ƒ ‹• ‘ǡ ƒ† Š‹• ‘–Š‡” –‘‘ Š‹ –‘ƒ ‹ ƒ••‘‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘ƒ––Š‡‡‰‹‘‘ˆ ‘‘”ǤŠ‡”‡™‡”‡’”‘–‡•–‘”•ǡƒ Ž‘–‘ˆ–Š‡Ǥ†Š‡ˆ‘—†–Š‹•‡š–”ƒ‘”†‹ƒ”›Ǥ ‡„ƒ”‡Ž›”‡‡„‡”• –Š‡ ’ƒ‹–‹‰•ǡ Š‡ •ƒ‹†Ǥ Šƒ– Š‡ ”‡ƒŽŽ› ”‡‡„‡”‡† ™ƒ• Š‘™ —’•‡– ’‡‘’Ž‡‰‘–ƒ„‘—–ƒ”–Ǥ  ‹ ƒ••‘™ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––‹‡Ǥ ˆ™‡Ž‘‘ƒ––Š‡‘†‡”‹•– ‡”ƒǡ‹ˆ™‡Œ—•–Ž‘‘ƒ–—„‹•–‘ǡ•ƒ›ǡ‘ŽŽ‘ ȋ ǯ‘–‡˜‡‰‘‹‰–‘ ‰‘ –‘ ƒ”Š‘ŽȌȄ‹ˆ ™‡ Ž‘‘ ƒ– Œ—•– –Šƒ– ’‡”‹‘†ǡ ™‡ •–ƒ”– –‘ •‡‡ –Š‡ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›”‡ ‡’–‹‘‘ˆƒ”–Ǥ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ‹‡–›’‡” ‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ—†‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• –‹‡ ‹• ‘ ƒ • ƒŽ‡ ˆ”‘ ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ™ƒ› –‘ ‘—–”ƒ‰‡ǡ ƒ† ‹–ǯ• „‡‡ ‡˜‡” –Š—•Ǥ –ǯ• Šƒ”† –‘ –Š‹ ‘ˆ ƒ –‹‡ ™Š‡ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›ƒ”–‹•–•™‡”‡‘–”‡ ‡‹˜‡†™‹–ŠŠ‘•–‹Ž‹–›„›–Š‡˜‹‡™‡”• ‘ˆ–Š‡‹”–‹‡Ǥ –‹•ǯ–•‘— ŠǡDzŠ‹•‹•›‘—”ƒ”–ǡŽ‹‡‹–‘”‘–dzǢ™Šƒ–  ƒ•ƒ›‹‰‹•–Šƒ––Š‡–Š‹‰•›‘—ˆ‹†’”‘˜‘ ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ–Š‡–Š‹‰•–Šƒ–›‘—     ͷͻ

ˆ‹† Šƒ”† –‘ †‹‰‡•– ƒ„‘—– ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ƒ”– ƒ”‡ ‡šƒ –Ž› –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –Š‹‰•–‡ǡ–™‡–››‡ƒ”•†‘™–Š‡Ž‹‡–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ ‡’–‡†Ǥ‘‘ǡ ǯ ˆ”‘ƒ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–™ƒ– Š‡††›ƒ”Š‘Ž‰‘ˆ”‘„‡‹‰ƒˆ”ƒ—† ƒ† „‡‹‰ —‹˜‡”•ƒŽŽ› †‡• ”‹„‡† ƒ• •— Š „› –Š‡ ‡†‹ƒǡ –‘ „‡‹‰ ‘•‹†‡”‡†–Š‡‘•–‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ‡”‹ ƒƒ”–‹•–‘ˆ–Š‡ʹͲ–Š ‡–—”›Ǥ Šƒ– Šƒ’’‡‡† ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ™ƒ›ǫ  –Š‹ ‹–ǯ• ‘„˜‹‘—•Ǥ ‡ Šƒ‰‡†Ǥ ƒ”Š‘Ž†‹†ǯ– Šƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡’ƒ‹–‹‰•ƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽ‡šƒ –Ž›–Š‡•ƒ‡Ǥ‡ǯ”‡ Œ—•–‘––Š‡•ƒ‡’‡‘’Ž‡–Šƒ–™‡™‡”‡ˆ‹ˆ–›ǡ•‹š–››‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘Ǥ                          ͸Ͳ      

          ȗȗȗ A TRIP THROUGH JAZZ*  Michael White, PhD**  

I INTRODUCTION  ǯ ’ƒ••‹‘ƒ–‡ ƒ„‘—– ’”‡•‡”˜‹‰ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ• Œƒœœǡ ƒ†  •‘‡–‹‡• ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡–Š‡ ‹–›‰‘˜‡”‡–ˆ‘”‘–†‘‹‰‡‘—‰Š–‘Š‡Ž’ ‹–Šƒ– ƒ—•‡Ǥ—– Šƒ˜‡–‘•ƒ›ǡ™Š‡–Š‡›Š‡ƒ”† ™ƒ•‰‘‹‰‘—–‘ˆ –‘™ƒ† ‘‹‰Š‡”‡ǡ–Š‡›’ƒ‹†ˆ‘”›’Žƒ‡–‹ ‡–Ǥ†‹ˆ›‘—‰‘ „—›•‘‡‘ˆ›•ǡ ǯŽŽŠƒ˜‡ƒ™ƒ›–‘‰‡–„ƒ Ǥ –ǯ• ƒ Š‘‘” ƒ† ƒ ’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡ ˆ‘” ‡ –‘ „‡ Š‡”‡ –‘†ƒ› „‡ˆ‘”‡ ›‘—Ǥ›–‘’‹ –‘†ƒ›‹•ƒŒ‘—”‡›–Š”‘—‰ŠŒƒœœǤŠ”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡ Œƒœœ—•‹ ‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡‡”‹ ƒǯ•‘Ž›–”—Ž›‘”‹‰‹ƒŽƒ”–‹•–‹  ‘–”‹„—–‹‘ǤŠ‡”‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽˆ‘”•‘ˆŒƒœœǡ•— Šƒ•„‡„‘’ǡ •™‹‰ǡ ‘‘ŽŒƒœœǡˆ”‡‡ŒƒœœǡŒƒœœˆ—•‹‘ǡƒ†•‘‘–ŠŒƒœœǤ‡•’‹–‡–Š‡ ˆƒ –•–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•–›Ž‡•‡š‹•––‘†ƒ›™‹–Šƒ –‹˜‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡”•ƒ† –Šƒ– Œƒœœ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ƒ –Š”‹˜‹‰ „—•‹‡••‹ —‡”‘—• • Š‘‘Ž• ƒ† ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡ Œƒœœ ”‡ƒ‹• ‘ –Š‡ Ž‘™ ‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‘–‡ ’‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ˜‘”‹–‡—•‹ ƒ‘‰‘•–‡”‹ ƒ•Ǥ  Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆŒƒœœ—•‹ ‹ƒ•–‘†ƒ›•–”—‰‰Ž‡–‘ƒ‡ƒŽ‹˜‹‰ „› ’Žƒ›‹‰ ‹ Ž‘™Ǧ’ƒ›‹‰ ‹‰Š– Ž—„• ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ƒ– ‘”‡ǦŽ— ”ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ƒ† ‘ ‘ ‡”– –‘—”•Ǥ ‘‡ ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡ –‘ Šƒ˜‡ •–‡ƒ†› ™‘”ǡ ‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽ ”‡ ‘”†‹‰ †ƒ–‡•ǡ ˆ‹Ž ƒ† ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ ™‘”ǡ ƒ†

* †‹–‡†–”ƒ• ”‹’–‘ˆƒ††”‡••†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†ƒ––Š‡—ƒŽ‘˜‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›‘ˆƒ””‹•–‡”•ǡ‡›‹• ƒ›‡ǡ Ž‘”‹†ƒǡͳ͵ƒ” ŠʹͲͳͷǤ **”‘ˆ‡••‘”ǡƒ˜‹‡”‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǣ”‡ ‘”†‹‰ƒ”–‹•–ǢŒƒœœŠ‹•–‘”‹ƒǢŒƒœœǦ„ƒ† Ž‡ƒ†‡”Ǣ‡™”Ž‡ƒ•ǡǤ

͸ͳ ͸ʹ     

•Š‘™•ǤŠ‡•ƒ”–Œƒœœ—•‹ ‹ƒ•Šƒ˜‡†ƒ›Œ‘„•ǡ•— Šƒ•–‡ƒ Š‹‰ǡ–Šƒ– •—’’‘”–• –Š‡‹” —•‹  Šƒ„‹– ƒ† ƒŽŽ‘™• ˆ‘” ‹‰Š––‹‡ ƒ† ™‡‡‡† Œ‘„•Ǥ  ”‡ ‡– •—”˜‡› ‡•–‹ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ —””‡– ‡ƒ ‹ ‘‡ ˆ‘” ‘•–Œƒœœ—•‹ ‹ƒ•‹•„‡–™‡‡‘Ž›̈́ʹ͵ǡͲͲͲƒ†̈́͵͹ǡͲͲͲƒ›‡ƒ”Ȅ •–ƒ”˜‹‰ƒ”–‹•–•Ǥ  ƒœœ‹•‘–ƒ”‡–‡†™‡ŽŽ‹–Š‡—•‹ ‹†—•–”›Ǥ –ǯ•‘–‘ˆ–‡ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡†‘”ƒ†‹‘ƒ†–‡Ž‡˜‹•‹‘ǡƒ†‹–ǯ•‘––ƒ—‰Š––‘‘•–•–—†‡–• ‹ • Š‘‘Ž•Ǥ Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ’—„Ž‹  ‘ˆ–‡ Šƒ• ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ’”‡ ‘ ‡‹˜‡† ‘ ‡’–‹‘•ƒ•–‘™Šƒ––Š‡›–Š‹Œƒœœ‹•Ǥ‘•–‡”‹ ƒ•ƒ”‡•‹’Ž› ‘–‡š’‘•‡†–‘–Š‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–”‡ƒ•—”‡ƒ†‘™˜‡”›Ž‹––Ž‡ ƒ„‘—– ‹–• Š‹•–‘”›ǡ •–›Ž‡•ǡ ƒ‹ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡”•ǡ ‘” —Ž–—”ƒŽ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡Ǥ Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ—•‹‘ƒ†‹•—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ„‘—–Œƒœœ‹•‡˜‡‘”‡ ’”‘‘— ‡† ™Š‡ ‹– ‘‡• –‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•– ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ Œƒœœ ˆ‘”•ǡ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ•Œƒœœǡ™Š‹ Š‹•–Š‡ƒ‹ˆ‘ —•‘ˆ›’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘–‘†ƒ›Ǥ  II NEW ORLEANS JAZZ

‹ ‡‹–•ˆ‘—†‹‰‹ͳ͹ͳͺƒ† ‘Ž‘‹œƒ–‹‘„›–Š‡ ”‡ Šǡ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ• Šƒ• ”‡ƒ‹‡† —‹“—‡ ƒ‘‰ ‡”‹ ƒ ‹–‹‡•Ǥ  Šƒ”•Š ƒ† —ˆ‘”‰‹˜‹‰‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ’Žƒ‰—‡•ǡŠ—””‹ ƒ‡•ǡ ˆŽ‘‘†•ǡ ƒ† ˆ‹”‡• Ž‡† –‘ ƒ ‡ƒ”Ž›ǡ Š‹‰Š ‘”–ƒŽ‹–› ”ƒ–‡Ǥ Š‹•ǡ ‘—’Ž‡† ™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‡•–‹˜‡•’‹”‹–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž›ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹–• ‡ƒ”Ž› ‹–‹œ‡•ǡŽ‡†–‘–Š‡Ž‘‰•–ƒ†‹‰ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆ‡š ‡••‹˜‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ • •— Šǡ ƒ ‘„•‡••‹‘ ™‹–Š ‰‘‘† ˆ‘‘†ǡ †”‹‹‰ǡ †ƒ ‹‰ǡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǡ’ƒ”–‹‡•ǡŠ‘Ž‹†ƒ›•ǡ‰ƒ„Ž‹‰ǡƒ†˜‹ ‡–‘‘’”‡ ‡†‡ ‡‘˜‡” Ž‡••Ǧ‹’‘”–ƒ––Š‹‰•ǡŽ‹‡„—•‹‡••ǡ™‘”ǡ’”‘‰”‡••ǡƒ†’— –—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ ˆ ›‘—ǯ˜‡ ‡˜‡” „‡‡ –‘ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ•ǡ ›‘— ‘™ ™Šƒ– ǯ –ƒŽ‹‰ ƒ„‘—–Ǥ ƒ› –›’‡• ‘ˆ —•‹  ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡† –Š‡•‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• •‹ ‡ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•– †ƒ›•ǡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •‘—†• ‘ˆ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒ” Š‹‰ „ƒ†• –‘ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• •‘‰• –‘ †ƒ ‡ „ƒ†• ƒ† ‡–Š‹  ˆ‘Ž •‘‰•Ǥ › –Š‡     ͸͵

‡‹‰Š–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›ǡ‡™”Ž‡ƒ•™ƒ•ƒŽ‡ƒ†‹‰ ‡–‡”ˆ‘”‹’‘”–‹‰ ƒ†‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ƒ’‡”ƒ‡–’Žƒ ‡ˆ‘” Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ—•‹ ƒ†‘’‡”ƒǤ‡ Šƒ†‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–’‡”ƒ‡–‘’‡”ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡•‹‡”‹ ƒǤ Š‡„Žƒ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ„‘–Š•Žƒ˜‡ƒ†ˆ”‡‡ǡ™ƒ•‡š’‘•‡†–‘ƒ† ‘ˆ–‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†‹ƒ™‹†‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ—•‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥƒ›„Žƒ  ”‡‘Ž‡• Šƒ† Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ —•‹  ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† •‡˜‡”ƒŽ „‡ ƒ‡ ‘’‘•‡”•ǡ ‘†— –‘”•ǡ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡”•ǡ ƒ† –‡ƒ Š‡”•Ǥ Š‡ •Žƒ˜‡• ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ†–Š‡‹”‘™™‘”•‘‰•ǡ•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ•–”‡‡– ”‹‡•ǡƒ††ƒ ‡—•‹ Ǥ ——•—ƒŽƒ†‹’‘”–ƒ–’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡—•‹ ƒŽŠ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‡™”Ž‡ƒ• ™ƒ• ƒ Ž‘‰•–ƒ†‹‰ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ—–Š‡–‹  ƒ† –”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡† ‡•– ˆ”‹ ƒ—•‹  ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ƒŒ‘”–‘—”‹•–ƒ––”ƒ –‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡Žƒ–‡ͳ͹ͲͲ•‹–‘Œ—•–„‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ‹˜‹Žƒ” ™ƒ•ƒ ’Žƒ ‡ ƒŽŽ‡†‘‰‘ “—ƒ”‡ǡ ™Š‡”‡Š—†”‡†• ‘ˆ •Žƒ˜‡•‰ƒ–Š‡”‡†‘—†ƒ›•ƒ† Šƒ–‡†ǡ†”—‡†ǡƒ††ƒ ‡†‹ –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‡–‹  ƒ‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” Š‘‡Žƒ†Ǥ ˆ–‡” „‡‹‰ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽŽ› „ƒ‡†ǡ ˆ”‹ ƒ —•‹ ƒŽ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ‘–‹—‡† –‘ „‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† ‹ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ•ȄƒŽ‘‰ „ƒ›‘—•ǡ Ž‡˜‹‡•ǡ –Š‡ •Š‘”‡• ‘ˆ ƒ‡ ‘– Šƒ”–”ƒ‹ǡ ƒ† ‹ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ Š‘‡•ȄƒŽ‘•– ‹–‘ –Š‡ –™‡–‹‡–Š ‡–—”›Ǥ Š‡•‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• Ž‡ˆ– ƒ ”‹ Š Ž‡‰ƒ › ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ ƒǦ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† ”Š›–Š•ǡ†ƒ ‹‰ǡƒ† ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡Šƒ†ƒƒŒ‘”‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ Œƒœœƒ†‘–Š‡”ˆ‘”•‘ˆ‡™”Ž‡ƒ•—•‹ Ǥ Š‡ ’‘•–Ǧ‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘ ‡”ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ–‡ ͳͺͲͲ• ™ƒ• ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›–—”„—Ž‡––‹‡‹–Š‡•‘—–ŠǤ‡™ ‹”‘™Žƒ™•ǡƒŽ‘••‘ˆ ”‹‰Š–• ƒ† ’”‘‹•‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹˜‹Ž ƒ”ǡ ƒ† –‡””‘”‹•– ˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– Žƒ • ”‡ƒ–‡† ƒ —‡ƒ•› ‡š‹•–‡ ‡Ǥ Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ› „‘Ž† „Žƒ  ƒ† „Žƒ  ”‡‘Ž‡ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ• ”‡•’‘†‡† ™‹–Š ’”‘–‡•–•ǡ†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ„‘› ‘––•ǡƒ† ‘—”– ƒ•‡•ǡ–Š‡‘•–ˆƒ‘—• ‘‡ „‡‹‰ǡ ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ Plessy v. Fergusonǡͳ ™Š‹ Š ”‡ƒ Š‡† –Š‡‹–‡† –ƒ–‡•—’”‡‡‘—”–‹ͳͺͻ͸Ǥ

ͳǤͳ͸͵ǤǤͷ͵͹Ǥ ‘‡”Ž‡••›Šƒ† ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡†ƒ‘—‹•‹ƒƒ•–ƒ–—–‡ƒ†ƒ–‹‰ •‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‡†”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ› ƒ”•ǤŠ‡‘—”–—’Š‡Ž†–Š‡Dz•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡„—–‡“—ƒŽdz †‘ –”‹‡ǡidǤƒ–ͷͷ͵ȋ ƒ”Žƒǡ Ǥǡ†‹••‡–‹‰Ȍǡ™Š‹ Š’‡”’‡–—ƒ–‡†Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‡† ͸Ͷ     

–™ƒ•†—”‹‰–Š‹•—‡ƒ•› Ž‹ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͺͻͲ•–Šƒ–Ž‡‰‡†ƒ”› ‘”‡– ’Žƒ›‡” Šƒ”Ž‡• —††› ‘Ž†‡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡”• „‡‰ƒ –‘ ƒ’’Ž› ƒ ˆ”‡‡”ǡ ‘”‡ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ† ‹’”‘˜‹•‡† ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ ’Žƒ›‹‰ ’‘’—Žƒ” †ƒ ‡ ƒ† ’ƒ”ƒ†‡ —•‹ Ǥ • ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ –Š‡ •–ƒ†ƒ”† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‘ˆ ’Žƒ›‹‰—•‹ ˆ”‘™”‹––‡• ‘”‡•ǡ‘Ž†‡ǯ•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š™ƒ•ƒ—•‹ ƒŽ ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ ‘–”ƒ”› –‘ ’‘’—Žƒ” ›–Šǡ Œƒœœ ™ƒ• ‡‹–Š‡” „‘” ‘” ’Žƒ›‡† ‹ –Š‡ „”‘–Š‡Ž• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹–›ǯ• ‘–‘”‹‘—• –‘”›˜‹ŽŽ‡ ”‡†ǦŽ‹‰Š– †‹•–”‹ –Ǥ‘—Š‡ƒ”–Šƒ–›–Š“—‹–‡ƒŽ‘––Š‡•‡†ƒ›•Ǥ ˆ›‘—‡˜‡”‰‘–‘ ‡™”Ž‡ƒ•ƒ†‰‡–ƒ„—‰‰›”‹†‡ǡ›‘—ǯŽŽŠ‡ƒ”ƒŽŽ‹†•‘ˆ•–‘”‹‡•Ž‹‡ –Šƒ–ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ǯ– –”—‡Ǥ ƒœœ „ƒ†• †‹† ’Žƒ› ‹ ƒ ˆ‡™ „ƒ”• ‹ –Š‡ †‹•–”‹ –ǡ„—–‘–‹–Š‡„”‘–Š‡Ž•ǡ™Š‹ Šǡ‹ˆ–Š‡›Šƒ†—•‹ ƒ–ƒŽŽǡ™ƒ• •‘Ž‘’‹ƒ‘’Žƒ›‡”•Ǥ –Š‡„”‘–Š‡Ž•ǡ–Š‡›™‡”‡–”›‹‰–‘ ‘†— –‘–Š‡” „—•‹‡••ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–ŠƒŠƒ˜‡’‡‘’Ž‡†ƒ ‡Ǥ

From African Traditions to Improvisation to Jazz Š‡ ‡™ —•‹  ™ƒ• ‘– ƒŽŽ‡† Œƒœœ —–‹Ž •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ›‡ƒ”• Žƒ–‡”ǡ ™Š‡‹– ƒ—‰Š–‘ƒ†™ƒ•’Žƒ›‡††ƒ›ƒ†‹‰Š–ˆ‘”ƒ™‹†‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ ‡˜‡–•ƒ†‹ƒ™‹†‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ’Žƒ ‡•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰’‹ ‹ •ǡ„‘ƒ–”‹†‡•ǡ ‘ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‹‰™ƒ‰‘•–Šƒ–™‡––Š”‘—‰Š‡˜‡”›‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†‹–Š‡ ‹–›ǡˆ‘”•’‘”–‹‰‡˜‡–•‘ˆƒŽŽ–›’‡•ǡˆ‘”™‡††‹‰•ƒ–Žƒ‡ˆ”‘–”‡•‘”–• ‘ ƒ‡ ‘– Šƒ”–”ƒ‹ǡ ƒ† ƒ– ’—„Ž‹ Ǧ’ƒ” ‘ ‡”–•ǡ †ƒ ‡ ŠƒŽŽ•ǡ ˆ—‡”ƒŽ•ǡ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ”ƒŽŽ‹‡•ǡƒ†’ƒ”ƒ†‡•Ǥ ƒœœ™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘’Žƒ›‡†„›ƒ› ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•ƒ–Š‘‡ˆ‘”‹‰Š––‹‡ƒ†™‡‡‡††‹˜‡”•‹‘ǤŠ‹•ƒ‹Ž› ‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ ƒ† ‹’”‘˜‹•‡† ‡™ —•‹  ™ƒ• •‹’Ž› –‘‘ Š‘–ǡ –‘‘ †ƒ ‡ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†‡š ‹–‹‰–‘„‡ ‘–ƒ‹‡†Œ—•–‹–Š‡„Žƒ  ‘—‹–›ǡ ƒ† –Š‘—‰Š ‡˜‡” —‹˜‡”•ƒŽŽ› ƒ ‡’–‡†ǡ ‹– •‘‘ •’”‡ƒ† –‘ ƒŽŽ ”ƒ ‡• ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ Žƒ••‡•–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡ ‹–›Ǥ ”‘ ƒ —•‹ ƒŽ •–ƒ†’‘‹–ǡ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ•Ȃ•–›Ž‡ Œƒœœ ‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡† „› ƒ •‹šǦ ‘” •‡˜‡Ǧ’‹‡ ‡ „ƒ†ǡ ‘•‹•–‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ Ǧ –‹˜‡Ž› ‹’”‘˜‹•‹‰ Š‘” •‡ –‹‘ –Šƒ– ’Žƒ›• ‘ –‘’ ‘ˆ ƒ •–‡ƒ†›

•‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘‹’—„Ž‹ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•—–‹Ž‹–™ƒ•‘˜‡””—Ž‡†‹ͳͻͷͶ„›Brown v. Board of Educationǡ͵Ͷ͹ǤǤͶͺ͵Ǥ     ͸ͷ

”Š›–Š‹ ’‘•–ǤŠ‡ˆ”‘–Ž‹‡ǡ‘”Š‘”•‡ –‹‘ǡ ‘•‹•–•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘”‡– ‘” –”—’‡–ǡ ™Š‹ Š Ž‘‘•‡Ž› ‹–‡”’”‡–• ‡Ž‘†›Ǣ ƒ Žƒ”‹‡–ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ•™‡”• –Š‡ ‡Ž‘†›ǡ Šƒ”‘‹œ‡• ™‹–Š ‹–ǡ ‘” ’”‘˜‹†‡• ”Š›–Š‹  •—’’‘”–Ǣƒ†–Š‡–”‘„‘‡ǡ™Š‹ ŠƒŽ•‘‰‹˜‡•”Š›–Š‹ •—’’‘”–ƒ† ’Žƒ›••Ž‹†‹‰ǡ‰”‘™Ž‹‰ˆ‹ŽŽ•‹‘’‡•’ƒ ‡•ǤŠ‡–›’‹ ƒŽ‡™”Ž‡ƒ• ŒƒœœǦ„ƒ† ”Š›–Š •‡ –‹‘ ‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ ƒ „ƒŒ‘ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ ƒ ‘”‹‰‹ƒ†™ƒ•”‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ†’Žƒ›‡†„›–Š‡•Žƒ˜‡•‹‘‰‘“—ƒ”‡Ǣƒ „ƒ••˜‹‘Ž‹ǡ‘”ƒ–—„ƒǢƒ†ƒ†”—•‡–Ǥ†‹ˆƒ’‹ƒ‘™ƒ•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǡ‹– ™ƒ•’Žƒ›‡†ǡ–‘‘Ǥ ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ ‘•‹•–‘ˆƒŽ‹‹–‡†”‡’‡”–‘‹”‡‘ˆ•‘‰•ǡŒƒœœ™ƒ•ƒ •–›Ž‡‘”ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡•‘‰•ˆ”‘ƒ›‰‡”‡•Ǥ• •— Šǡ ‘‘Ž›’Žƒ›‡†Œƒœœ•‘‰•‹ Ž—†‡†ƒ” Š‡•ǡ”ƒ‰–‹‡•‘‰•ǡ „Ž—‡•ǡŠ›•ǡ’‘’—Žƒ”•‘‰•ƒ†‡–Š‹ ˆ‘Ž—•‹ Ǥ

The Social Significance of Jazz •‹†‡ˆ”‘‹–•ƒ‹—•‡ƒ•†ƒ ‡—•‹ ǡ‡ƒ”Ž›‡™”Ž‡ƒ•Œƒœœ Šƒ†ƒ˜‡”›‹’‘”–ƒ–—†‡”Ž›‹‰•‘ ‹ƒŽ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽǤŠ‹Ž‡‹– •ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡™”Ž‡ƒ•ǯ‘„•‡••‹˜‡‡‡†ˆ‘” ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹–™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ’”‘–‡•–—•‹ –Šƒ–‡ Š‘‡†–Š‡•’‹”‹–‘ˆ–Š‡–‹‡• ƒ† –Š‡ ˆ”‹ ƒ ‡”‹ ƒ •–”—‰‰Ž‡ ˆ‘” ˆ”‡‡†‘ ƒ† ‡“—ƒŽ‹–› ‹ ‡”‹ ƒ •‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ Š‡ ˜‡”› ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ Œƒœœ ƒ† •‘‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• ”‡Žƒ–‡† ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• •‡”˜‡† ƒ• ƒ Ž‹˜‹‰ ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‘” ‡–ƒ’Š‘” ˆ‘” ‡”‹ ƒ†‡‘ ”ƒ ›ǤŠ‹•‹•„‡•–•‡‡™Š‡™‡Ž‘‘ƒ––Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ• Œƒœœ ƒ† ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•– ’‘’—Žƒ” ƒ† ‡†—”‹‰ ˆ— –‹‘•ǡ–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽǦ Ž—„’ƒ”ƒ†‡Ǥ ‘” –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› Œƒœœ —•‹ ‹ƒǡ –Š‡ •–ƒ’ ‘ˆ •‡ ‘†Ǧ Žƒ•• •‘ ‹ƒŽ •–ƒ–—•ƒ†ƒ‹•–”‡ƒ‹˜‹•‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘—Ž†„‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡†ƒ†ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•– –‡’‘”ƒ”‹Ž›‘˜‡” ‘‡„›–Š‡‡”‡ƒ –‘ˆ’Žƒ›‹‰—•‹ Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ‘ˆ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ –Š”‘—‰Š —•‹ ƒŽ ‹’”‘˜‹•ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ƒ Š‹‰ŠŽ› ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǡ ’‡”•‘ƒŽǡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ƒ„Ž‡ –‘‡ƒ† ‡š’”‡••‹‘ƒ•’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ•‘‡ǯ•ˆƒ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ǡ˜‘‹ ‡ǡ‘”Šƒ†™”‹–‹‰ ™ƒ• ƒ ƒŒ‘” —•‹ ƒŽ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ Š”‘—‰Š ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰ ƒ —‹“—‡ǡ ‡š’”‡••‹˜‡•‘—†ǡ‘‡ǯ•‡š‹•–‡ ‡™ƒ•Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡†–‘ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹‡š–‡–ǡ ͸͸     

ƒ†‘‡ ‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘‰ƒ‹ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ˜‹•‹„‹Ž‹–›ǡ”‡•’‡ –ǡ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ ƒ† ‘„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ  Œƒœœǡ ‘‡ ‘—Ž† ‘’‡Ž› ‡š’”‡•• –Š‡ ˆ—ŽŽ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ Š—ƒ ‡‘–‹‘• ƒ† ’ƒ••‹‘•Ǥ ‡ ‘—Ž† ‘’‡–‡ ƒ† ‡˜‡ ™‹Ǥ ‡˜‡”ƒŽ —•‹ ‹ƒ• ‰ƒ‹‡† Š‘‘”ƒ”› –‹–Ž‡•ǡ •— Š ƒ• Dz‹‰ǡdz ˆ‘” „‡‹‰ ™‹†‡Ž›ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†ƒ•–Š‡„‡•–‘–Š‡‹”‹•–”—‡–•Ǥ Š‡ ™ƒ•ƒ›‘—‰—•‹ ‹ƒǡ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž†‡”—•‹ ‹ƒ• ‰‘– –‘‘™™‘—Ž†ƒŽ™ƒ›•–‡ŽŽ‡–Š‡•ƒ‡–Š‹‰ǣŠ‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ– –Š‹‰‹•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’›‘—”‘™‘”‹‰‹ƒŽǡ—‹“—‡•‘—†ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡–Šƒ–ǯ• Š‘™›‘—‹†‡–‹ˆ››‘—”•‡ŽˆǢ–Šƒ–ǯ•Š‘™’‡‘’Ž‡‘™›‘—Ǣ–Šƒ–ǯ•Š‘™ –Š‡›”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡›‘—Ǥ†‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›  ƒ‡–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†Š‘™–Šƒ– ™ƒ• ƒ •‹‰ ‘ˆ Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ‘˜‹‰ „‡›‘† ƒ••‹‰‡† •‘ ‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•Ǥ ǯ˜‡ „‡‡ ™‘”‹‰ ‘ › •‘—† ˆ‘” ƒ Ž‘‰ –‹‡Ǣ ǯ •–‹ŽŽ ™‘”‹‰ ‘ ‹–Ǥ ǯ˜‡ Ž‹•–‡‡† –‘ ƒ„‘—– ƒ›„‡ –Š‹”–› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– Žƒ”‹‡–‹•–•ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǡƒ†–Š‡›ƒŽŽ•‘—†˜‡”› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ǣ ™‹–Š‹ ‘‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡ ‘ˆ —•‹   ƒ –‡ŽŽ ™Š‘ǯ• ’Žƒ›‹‰ǡ „‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‘•‡•‘—†•ƒ”‡Ž‹‡–Š‡‹”˜‘‹ ‡•Ǥ

Black Social-Club Parades  ’Žƒ›‹‰ Œƒœœǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‡šƒŽ–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ƒŽ™ƒ›• ›‹‡Ž†‡† –‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ „› –Š‡ „ƒ†ǡ ™Š‹ Š ˆ— –‹‘‡† — Š Ž‹‡ƒ–‡ƒƒ†Š‡”‹‰–‘”‘Ž‡•ƒ†‰”‘—’‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•Ǥ –Š‹••‡•‡ǡ–Š‡ ŒƒœœǦ„ƒ† ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‹• ƒ ‡š‡” ‹•‡ ‹ —‹ˆ‹‡† Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ”‹‰Š– ‘ˆ ‡“—ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  ƒ Žƒ”‰‡” ‘–‡š–ǡ „Žƒ  •‘ ‹ƒŽǦ Ž—„ ’ƒ”ƒ†‡• Šƒ˜‡ ”‡ƒ‹‡† ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˜‡Š‹ Ž‡ ˆ‘” ’—„Ž‹  ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘—‹–›„‘†‹‰ǡƒ†ƒ•Š‘™‘ˆ•–”‡‰–Šƒ†—‹–› ˆ‘” ‘˜‡” ͳͲͲ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‘œ‡• ‘ˆ „Žƒ  •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† „‡‡˜‘Ž‡– ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• •’”ƒ‰ —’ †—”‹‰ ‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘ ƒ• ƒ ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ •‡ŽˆǦ Š‡Ž’ ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽ —’Ž‹ˆ–Ǥ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ — ŠǦ‡‡†‡† •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ‹† –‘ ‡„‡”•ǡ –Š‡•‡ ‰”‘—’• ƒŽ•‘ •’‘•‘”‡† ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ’Ž‡ƒ•—”ƒ„Ž‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ž‹‡’‹ ‹ •ǡ†ƒ ‡•ǡƒ†ƒ—ƒŽ’ƒ”ƒ†‡•Ǥ  Ž‹‡ –Š‡ „‡––‡”Ǧ‘™ǡ Žƒ”‰‡”ǡ ƒ† ‘”‡Ǧ’—„Ž‹ ‹œ‡† ƒ”†‹ ”ƒ• ’ƒ”ƒ†‡•ǡ –Š‡ „Žƒ  •‘ ‹ƒŽǦ Ž—„ ’”‘ ‡••‹‘• Šƒ˜‡ ‘ ˆŽ‘ƒ–•ǡ‘     ͸͹

ƒ••ǡ ƒ† ‘ –Š”‘™• ȏ„‡ƒ†•ǡ †‘—„Ž‘‘•ǡ —’•ǡ –‘›•ǡ ‡– ǤȐǤ Š‡•‡ ‘—‹–› ‡˜‡–• ƒ”‡ Š‡Ž† ƒ‹Ž› ‹ „Žƒ  ‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†• ‘ —†ƒ›ƒˆ–‡”‘‘•„›‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ Ž—„•–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–— Š‘ˆ–Š‡›‡ƒ”Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –Š”‡‡ ƒ‹ ‘’‘‡–• –‘ ƒ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ• „Žƒ  •‘ ‹ƒŽǦ Ž—„ ’ƒ”ƒ†‡Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ‘Ž‘”ˆ—ŽŽ› †”‡••‡† †‹˜‹•‹‘• ‘ˆ Ž—„ ‡„‡”• ™Š‘ ™ƒŽ ƒ† †ƒ ‡ ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‡ ”‘—–‡Ǥ Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‡”•ˆƒŽŽ‹–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†‹˜‹•‹‘•ǡ†‡’‡†‹‰‘™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡ Ž—„ ‡„‡”•ƒ”‡ƒ†—Ž–•‘” Š‹Ž†”‡Ǥ‘‡–‹‡•–Š‡›‹š„‘Ž† ‘Ž‘”•ƒ† ‘Ž‘”• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‘– ‘”ƒŽŽ› –Š‘—‰Š– ‘ˆ ƒ• ‰‘‹‰ –‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ „—– „‡ ƒ—•‡‡˜‡”›‘‡™‡ƒ”•–Š‡ǡ–Š‡›ƒ‡–Š‡‰‘–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ ‡ ‘†ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•‘‡‘”‘”‡–‡Ǧ’‹‡ ‡„”ƒ••„ƒ†•‹–Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽǦ Ž—„’ƒ”ƒ†‡ǡ™Š‹ Š–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›’Žƒ›‹’”‘˜‹•‡†‡™”Ž‡ƒ• ŒƒœœǤ  †Žƒ•–ǡ„—–‘–Ž‡ƒ•–ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•–Š‡•‡ ‘†Ž‹‡ǤŠ‡•‡ ‘†Ž‹‡ ‹•–Š‡ ”‘™†‘ˆ—’–‘Š—†”‡†•ǡ•‘‡–‹‡•–Š‘—•ƒ†•ǡ‘ˆƒ‘›‘—• ’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘•‡‡‹‰Ž›ƒ’’‡ƒ”ˆ”‘‘™Š‡”‡ƒ––Š‡ˆ‹”•–„‡ƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡ „ƒ•• †”— ƒ† †ƒ ‡ ƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡ –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‡ –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– ‹–• ˆ‘—”Ǧ –‘ •‹šǦŠ‘—” †—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ˜‡”› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ”‘ ƒ”†‹ ”ƒ• ‘” –Š‡ ƒ ›ǯ•Šƒ•‰‹˜‹‰ƒ›’ƒ”ƒ†‡ǡ™Š‡”‡•’‡ –ƒ–‘”• ‘‡‘—–ƒ†•‡‡ ‹–ǡƒ†•ƒ›ǡDzŠ–Šƒ–ǯ•„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—ŽǨdz –’ƒ••‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡›‰‘Š‘‡Ǥ‘ǡ‹ ‡™”Ž‡ƒ•›‘—„‡ ‘‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ†‡•ǡƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–’ƒ”–‘ˆ –Š‡’ƒ”ƒ†‡ǤŽ‘–‘ˆ‹†•Ž‡ƒ”Š‘™–‘ȏ†ƒ ‡™‹–Š–Š‡Ȑ•‡ ‘†Ž‹‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡›Ž‡ƒ”Š‘™–‘™ƒŽǤ ǯ˜‡•‡‡–Š‡‹–Š‡‹”‘–Š‡”•ǯƒ”•ǡ ™‹‰‰Ž‹‰–‘–Š‡—•‹ Ǥ Š‡ ”‘™† †ƒ ‡• –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡ –‹‡ ‹– ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™• –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‡Ǥ † ™Š‡‹–ǯ•ƒŽŽ‘˜‡”ǡ–Š‡†ƒ ‡”•”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡–Š‡›ǯ”‡‹ƒ‘–Š‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ–‘™Ǥ Š‡ –Š‡›ǯ”‡ ƒ† „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ –‘ ™ƒŽ „ƒ  –Šƒ– ™Š‘Ž‡ ™ƒ› –Šƒ––Š‡›†ƒ ‡†Ǥ Š‡ •‡ ‘†ǦŽ‹‡ †ƒ ‡ ‹• ƒ ‡•– ˆ”‹ ƒȂ†‡”‹˜‡†ǡ ˆ”‡‡ˆ‘” •–›Ž‡‘ˆ‡†Ž‡•• ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡‘˜‡‡–•ƒ†‰›”ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–‹•’‹”‡ƒ† ƒ”‡ ‹•’‹”‡† „› Š‘– „”ƒ••Ǧ„ƒ† —•‹ ‹ƒ•Ǥ ˜‡”›‘‡ ”‡ƒ–‡• Š‹• ‘” Š‡”‘™˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘†Ž‹‡‘–Š‡•’‘–Ǣ–Š‡”‡ǯ•‘‘‡™ƒ› –‘†‘‹–Ǥ ͸ͺ     

 Š‡—Ž—‘ ‹ƒŽ‹†ƬŽ‡ƒ•—”‡Ž—„‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–ˆƒ‘—• Ž—„• ‹ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ•Ǥ Š‡‹” ƒ—ƒŽ ’ƒ”ƒ†‡ •–ƒ”–• ‘—– ‹ ƒ Š—” ŠǤ Š‘—‰Š–‘‘—–•‹†‡”•ƒ† ƒ•—ƒŽ‘„•‡”˜‡”•–Š‡•‡‡˜‡–•‹‰Š–•‡‡ Ž‹‡ Šƒ‘•‘”ƒ‡–‹”‡ ‘—‹–›Œ—•–‰‘‡ƒ†ȋ‹–•‡‡‡†Ž‹‡–Šƒ– –‘‡ƒ–ˆ‹”•–Ȍǡ‹•‡˜‡”ƒŽ™ƒ›•–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽǦ Ž—„’ƒ”ƒ†‡‹•ƒŽƒ”‰‡”ƒ† ‘”‡Ǧ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž ‡š‡” ‹•‡ ‘ˆ †‡‘ ”ƒ › ƒ† ƒ –‹‘ –Šƒ Œ—•– ƒ Œƒœœ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ƒŽ‘‡Ǥ –‘ˆ–‡„‡ ‘‡•ƒƒ‰‹ ƒŽǡ•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ†‹‡•‹‘ ‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡”‡‹•‘–‘Ž›ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ—Ž‹‹–‡†ˆ”‡‡†‘ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘ƒ Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡‘”ƒŽ’‡” ‡’–‹‘•‘ˆ”‡ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ†‡”–Š‹•‹–‘š‹ ƒ–‹‰ –ƒ’‡•–”› ‘ˆ •‘—† ƒ† ‘–‹‘ǡ ƒŽŽ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‡ ‡“—ƒŽŽ› ƒ ‡’–‡†ǡ ‘ ƒ––‡” –Š‡‹” ‡–Š‹ ‹–›ǡ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ‡” ‘ˆ †”‡••ǡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡Žǡ ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ǡ •‡š—ƒŽ ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘” ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ‘” ‡–ƒŽ †‡ˆ‘”‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‡ ‘†Ž‹‡”•‘ˆ–‡—•‡ƒ™‹†‡ƒ””ƒ›‘ˆ‘„Œ‡ –•–Šƒ–‹‰Š–‘”ƒŽŽ› „‡•›„‘Ž•‘ˆŽƒ™ǡ‘ˆ”‡•–”‹ –‹‘‘”Ž‹‹–•‘ˆ™‡ƒŽ–Šǡ–‘‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ƒ• †ƒ ‡’ƒ”–‡”•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ’‡‘’Ž‡†ƒ ‡‘ǡ—†‡”ǡƒ”‘—†ǡ‘–‘’ ‘ˆ ƒ† –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ”•ǡ •–‘’ •‹‰•ǡ ˆ‹”‡ Š›†”ƒ–•ǡ ˆ‡ ‡•ǡ ”‘‘ˆ–‘’•ǡ „”‹†‰‡•ǡ’‘–Š‘Ž‡•ǡ ‘•–”— –‹‘•‹–‡•ǡƒ†ƒ–—”‡Ȅ–”‡‡•ǡŠ‹‰Š‰”ƒ••ǡ ƒ†‡˜‡”ƒ‹„‡ ‘‡‹•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ƒ††ƒ ‡’ƒ”–‡”•‹–Š‡•‡ ‘† Ž‹‡Ǥ   ”‡‡„‡” –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ƒ ‰—› –Š‡› —•‡† –‘ ƒŽŽ ’‹†‡” ƒǤ ‘‡„‘†› –‘Ž† ‡ Š‹• •’‡ ‹ƒŽ–› ™ƒ• †ƒ ‹‰ ‘ –‘’ ‘ˆ ”‘‘ˆ• ‘ˆ Š‘—•‡•Ǥ  †‹†ǯ– „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ–Ǣ  •ƒ‹†ǡ Dz ‘™ †‘‡• Š‡ ‰‡– —’ –Š‡”‡ǫdz  ”‡‡„‡”ƒ–‘‡’‘‹–‹ƒ’ƒ”ƒ†‡ ™ƒ•ƒ–ǡ•‘‡„‘†›•ƒ‹†ǡDzŠ‡”‡ Š‡‹•Ǩdz ‡™ƒ•‘–Š‡–‘’‘ˆƒ”‘‘ˆ‘ƒƒ‰Ž‡ƒ††‘‹‰ƒ†ƒ ‡–Šƒ– •‡‡‡†–‘†‡ˆ›†‡ƒ–ŠȄ•Žƒ–‡•™‡”‡ˆƒŽŽ‹‰‘ˆˆ–Š‡Š‘—•‡ǤŠƒ–  ‘—Ž† ‡˜‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†™ƒ•–Šƒ–ǡˆ‘”ˆ‘—”Š‘—”•ǡ‡˜‡”›–‹‡ Ž‘‘‡†—’ǡŠ‡ ™ƒ•‘•‘‡„‘†›ǯ•”‘‘ˆǡ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž–‘–Š‡„ƒ†Ǥ ‘™†‹†Š‡‰‡–ˆ”‘ Š‘—•‡–‘Š‘—•‡ǫ ‘™†‹†Š‡ ”‘••–Š‡•–”‡‡–ǫ †‘ǯ–‘™ǡ„—–ƒ•  •ƒ‹†ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ‰‹ ƒŽ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡•‡ ‘†Ž‹‡Ǥ ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ –Š‡ ‘•– ‘‘ †ƒ ‡ ’ƒ”–‡”• ƒ”‡ ‹ –Š‡ –Š‘—•ƒ†•‘ˆ‹’”‘’–—‘˜‡‡–•‡‰ƒ‰‹‰‹ƒ‹ƒ–‡‘„Œ‡ –•‘” –Š‡ Ž‘•‡•– ƒ‘›‘—• ’‡”•‘• ‡ƒ”„›Ǥ ˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ –Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽǦ Ž—„ ’ƒ”ƒ†‡ ƒ‡• •–”‘‰ •–ƒ–‡‡–• ƒ„‘—– ˆ”‡‡†‘ǡ —‹–›ǡ ’‘™‡”ǡ     ͸ͻ

–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ –•‡”˜‡•ƒ•ƒ‘†‡Ž‘ˆ†‡‘ ”ƒ ›‹ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ™ƒ›•Ǥ

The March Song ”‘ ƒ —•‹ ƒŽ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ǡ –Š‡ †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ‹†‡ƒŽ ‹• ’‡”Šƒ’• „‡•–•‡‡„›Š‘™‡™”Ž‡ƒ•„”ƒ••Ǧ„ƒ†ƒ†ŒƒœœǦ„ƒ†—•‹ ‹ƒ• ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ‡ƒ”Ž›Œƒœœ”‡’‡”–‘‹”‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ” Š•‘‰Ǥ ƒ” Š‡•‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›Ǧ„ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǥ ˆƒ›‘ˆ ›‘— ‡˜‡” ’Žƒ›‡† ‹ ƒ • Š‘‘Ž ƒ” Š‹‰ „ƒ†ǡ ›‘— ‹‰Š– ”‡‡„‡” Š‘™ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– ’Žƒ›‹‰ ƒ” Š‡• ‘—Ž† „‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡‹” ‹–”‘†— –‹‘•ǡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ •‡ –‹‘•ǡ ‡› Šƒ‰‡•ǡ –‡ Š‹ ƒŽŽ› ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰ ’Š”ƒ•‡•ǡƒ† Šƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ ˜‘Ž—‡ ƒ† ‘‘†Ǥ  Œƒœœǡ –Š‡ •–”‹ – ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ” Š ‹• Ž‘‘•‡‡† —’ǡ Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡†ǡ ƒ† ‰‹˜‡ –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ „‡‹‰ ’‡”•‘ƒŽǡ‘”‡‡š ‹–‹‰ǡƒ†ˆ—Ǥ Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡‹’”‘˜‹•ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•‘Ž‘’Žƒ›‹‰‹Œƒœœ†‘‡•‘– †‡•–”‘›–Š‡‡Ž‘†›‘”–Š‡•‘‰ǯ•„ƒ•‹ Šƒ”‘‹ •–”— –—”‡Ǣ‹•–‡ƒ†ǡ –Š‡•‡Žƒ™•ǡ–Š‡Žƒ™•‘ˆ—•‹ ǡƒ”‡”‡‹–‡”’”‡–‡†ƒ†ƒ†‡–‘ƒŽŽ‘™ ˆ‘” ‡“—ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹˜‡”•‡ ‹†‡ƒ• ƒ† ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡•ǤŠ‡—•‡‘ˆ„‡––‘‡•ǡ˜‹„”ƒ–‘ǡ‰”‘™Ž•ǡ ƒŽŽƒ†”‡•’‘•‡ǡ ƒ† ”Š›–Š‹  ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ˜‡ Š‡Ž’‡† –‘ ‘–‹—‡ –Š‹• †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ‡–ƒ’Š‘”‘–Š‡•–”‡‡–•‘ˆ‡™”Ž‡ƒ•ˆ‘”‘˜‡”ͳͲͲ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ

The Jazz Funeral ‘–Š‡”—‹“—‡ ‘—‹–›ˆ— –‹‘‹‡™”Ž‡ƒ•‹•–Š‡Œƒœœ ˆ—‡”ƒŽǤŠ‡ Œƒœœ ˆ—‡”ƒŽ‹• ƒ• ‘Ž†ƒ• Œƒœœ ‹–•‡ŽˆǤ ǯ˜‡ „‡‡ ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡ ‡‘—‰Š–‘’Žƒ›‹™‡ŽŽ‘˜‡”ʹͲͲŒƒœœˆ—‡”ƒŽ•‹›–‹‡ǤŠ‡Œƒœœ ˆ—‡”ƒŽ‹•†‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘ƒ ‘—’Ž‡‘ˆƒ‹•‘—” ‡•ǣ—”‘’‡ƒ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ˆ—‡”ƒŽ•ƒ†‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒ„—”‹ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–™‘ƒ‹’ƒ”–•–‘–Š‡Œƒœœˆ—‡”ƒŽǡƒ†–Š‡›‡š’”‡•• ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘‘”’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ƒ„‘—–†‡ƒ–ŠǤŠ‡•Ž‘™ǡ•ƒ† —•‹  ‹• ’Žƒ›‡† ™Š‡ Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰ –Š‡ Š—” Š ‘” ˆ—‡”ƒŽ Š‘‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–•–Š‡•ƒ†‡••‘ˆŽ‘••Ǥ†ƒ––Šƒ–’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”–‹‡ǡ–Š‡—•‹  ”‡ˆŽ‡ –•–Š‡ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•‘”•‡–‹‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž›ƒ†–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‡ ͹Ͳ     

†‡ ‡ƒ•‡† ’‡”•‘ ‹• ‰‘‡Ǣ ™‡ǯ”‡ ‘ Ž‘‰‡” ‰‘‹‰ –‘ •‡‡ –Š‡Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ”‹‡– Šƒ• ƒ ˜‡”› •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ –Šƒ– • ‡ƒ”‹‘Ǥ – Šƒ• –Š‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ™Šƒ–  ƒŽŽ–Š‡™‡‡’‹‰™‹†‘™ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–’Žƒ›•˜‡”›Š‹‰Šƒ†™‹–Šƒ Ž‘–‘ˆ˜‹„”ƒ–‘ƒ†‡‘–‹‘Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‘†ƒ‹’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡Œƒœœˆ—‡”ƒŽ ‘‡•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡„—”‹ƒŽǡ ‘”ǡ‹ˆ–Š‡ ‡‡–‡”›‹•–‘‘ˆƒ”ƒ™ƒ›ǡƒˆ–‡”†‘‹‰™Šƒ––Š‡› ƒŽŽDz —––‹‰ –Š‡ „‘†› Ž‘‘•‡ǡdz ™Š‹ Š ‹• Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ ’”‘ ‡••‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••‹‘ ‹• †‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–™‘Ž‹‡•–‘Ž‡––Š‡Š‡ƒ”•‡’ƒ••–Š”‘—‰ŠǤˆ–‡”–Šƒ–ǡ–Š‡”‡ ‹• Œ‘›‘—•ǡ —’Ǧ–‡’‘ —•‹ ǡ ƒ† •‡ ‘†ǦŽ‹‡ †ƒ ‹‰ „› ˆƒ‹Ž›ǡ ˆ”‹‡†•ǡƒ†ƒŽƒ”‰‡ ”‘™†ǤŠ‹•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ– ‹ †‡ƒ–Š ƒ ’‡”•‘ ‹• –”—Ž› ˆ”‡‡ ˆ”‘ ƒŽŽ ‡ƒ”–ŠŽ›„—”†‡•ƒ†Šƒ•‰‘‡‘ǡŠ‘’‡ˆ—ŽŽ›ǡ–‘ƒ„‡––‡”’Žƒ ‡Ȅ—‹‘ ™‹–Š–Š‡”‡ƒ–‘”ǡ™Š‹ Š•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ‘ ƒ•‹‘ˆ‘”Œ‘›‘—• ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘™‡Ž‘‘‘’–‹‹•–‹ ƒŽŽ›–‘™ƒ”†•‘‡ǯ•–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ƒ†™‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡ –Šƒ–™‹–ŠŠƒ’’›—•‹ ƒ††ƒ ‡Ǥ

Jazz Moves Out of the South  ƒœœˆ‹”•––”ƒ˜‡Ž‡†ƒ ”‘••–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ƒ•‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ•ͳͻͲͺǤ – ™ƒ• ˆ‹”•– ”‡ ‘”†‡† ‹ ͳͻͳ͹ǡ ƒ† „› –Š‡ ͳͻʹͲ• ‹– ™ƒ• ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‹‰ ‡”‹ ƒǯ•’‘’—Žƒ”†ƒ ‡—•‹ Ǥ –„‡ ƒ‡–Š‡ƒ‡ˆ‘”ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ •›„‘Ž‘ˆǡ–Š‡”‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘—••’‹”‹–‘ˆ–Š‡Œƒœœƒ‰‡‹‡”‹ ƒǤƒ›‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ•—•‹ ‹ƒ•‹‰”ƒ–‡†‘”–Š–‘Š‹ ƒ‰‘‹–Š‡–‡‡•ƒ† ǯʹͲ• ƒ†ǡŽƒ–‡”ǡ–‘‡™‘”‹–›Žƒ–‡”ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆƒŽƒ”‰‡„Žƒ ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘—–ŠǤ Š‡”‡ –Š‡› ƒ†‡ ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ „‘†› ‘ˆ ”‡ ‘”†• ƒ† ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†–Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆŒƒœœƒ†’‘’—Žƒ”—•‹ Ǥ Š‡•‡‰”‡ƒ–—•‹ ‹ƒ•‹ Ž—†‡ ‘•‡’Š‹‰Ž‹˜‡”ǡ™Š‘ǯ• ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ ƒ–Š‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘†‡” ”—’‡– –›Ž‡Ǥ  ͳͻʹ͵ǡ ‹ Š‹ ƒ‰‘ǡ Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–„‘†‹‡•‘ˆ‡™”Ž‡ƒ•‡•‡„Ž‡ Œƒœœ‹•‡••‹‘•—†‡”–Š‡ƒ‡ǡ‹‰Ž‹˜‡”ǯ•”‡‘Ž‡ ƒœœƒ†Ǥ‹‰ Ž‹˜‡” ™ƒ• ƒ ‡–‘” –‘ ‘—‹• ”•–”‘‰Ǣ ‹– ™ƒ• Š‡ ™Š‘ „”‘—‰Š– ”•–”‘‰–‘Š‹ ƒ‰‘–‘’Žƒ›‹Š‹•„ƒ†Ǥ‹‰Ž‹˜‡”‹•ƒŽ•‘ ”‡†‹–‡† ™‹–Š ’‘’—Žƒ”‹œ‹‰ —–‡• ‘ –”—’‡–• –‘ ‰‡– –Šƒ– ‰”‘™Ž –‡ Š‹“—‡     ͹ͳ

ƒ† •‘—† –Šƒ– ™ƒ• •‘ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‹ ‡ƒ”Ž› Œƒœœ ƒ† Žƒ–‡” ‘ǡ ‹ –Š‡ •‘—†‘ˆ„‹‰„ƒ†•Ž‹‡–Šƒ–‘ˆ—‡ŽŽ‹‰–‘Ǥ  ‘–Š‡” ‹’‘”–ƒ– —•‹ ‹ƒ ‹ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› Š‹•–‘”› ‘ˆ Œƒœœ ™ƒ• ’‹ƒ‹•– ‡ŽŽ›‘ŽŽ‘”–‘Ǥ ‡™ƒ•ƒ’‹ƒ‘˜‹”–—‘•‘ƒ†–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‰”‡ƒ– Œƒœœ ‘’‘•‡”Ǥ ‡ ™”‘–‡ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ™”‹––‡ ‘” Š‡•–”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‘’‘•‡†ƒ›•‘‰•–Šƒ–„‡ ƒ‡Œƒœœ•–ƒ†ƒ”†•Ǥ ‡ŽŽ›‘ŽŽ‘”–‘ ”‡ ‘”†‡†“—‹–‡ƒŽ‘–‹–Š‡ͳͻʹͲ•ƒ†‡ƒ”Ž›ǯ͵Ͳ•Ǥ ‡™ƒ•ƒ‘‰–Š‡ ˆ‹”•– Œƒœœ —•‹ ‹ƒ• –‘ ”‡ ‘”† ‹ ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ •‡––‹‰•Ȅ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ ˆ”‘ •‘Ž‘ ’‹ƒ‘ –‘ †—‡–•ǡ –”‹‘•ǡ ƒ† “—ƒ”–‡–•Ǥ —– Š‹• ‘•– ˆƒ‘—• ”‡ ‘”†• ™‡”‡ „› Š‹• ˆ—ŽŽ •‡˜‡Ǧ’‹‡ ‡ „ƒ† ‘™ ƒ• –Š‡ ‡† ‘– ‡’’‡”•Ǥ ‡ŽŽ› ‘ŽŽ ‘”–‘ ™ƒ• ƒ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ –Š‡ ‡š– ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ŒƒœœȄ•™‹‰ǡ ƒ† „‹‰Ǧ„ƒ† —•‹ Ȅ„‡ ƒ—•‡ Š‡ •Š‘™‡† Š‘™ ›‘— ‘—Ž† ‘„‹‡ ‘’Ž‡š ™”‹––‡ • ‘”‡• ƒ† ‹’”‘˜‹•ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š‘—– Ž‘•‹‰–Š‡†ƒ ‡ƒ„Ž‡ˆŽƒ˜‘”‘ˆŒƒœœǤ  ‹†‡›‡ Š‡–‹•ƒ‘–Š‡”‹’‘”–ƒ–—•‹ ‹ƒ™Š‘ ƒ‡‘—–‘ˆ ‡™”Ž‡ƒ•Ǥ ‡™ƒ•ƒ Žƒ”‹‡–‹•–ƒ†•‘’”ƒ‘•ƒš‘’Š‘‹•–™Š‘™ƒ• ‘‡‘ˆŒƒœœǯ•‘•–‘”‹‰‹ƒŽƒ†’ƒ••‹‘ƒ–‡‹’”‘˜‹•‡”•Ǥ‡ Š‡–†”‡™ ˆ”‘ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ•‘—” ‡•ǡŽ‹‡‘’‡”ƒƒ††”ƒƒǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡„Ž—‡•‹Š‹• —•‹ Ǥ ‡™ƒ•ƒƒ‹‹•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‡ƒ†ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ‘–Š‡”‡ƒ”Ž›ŒƒœœǦ •–›Ž‡—•‹ ‹ƒ•Ǥ‡ Š‡–ƒ†‡ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–„‘†›‘ˆ”‡ ‘”†‹‰•ƒ† Š‡Š‡Ž’‡†–‘ Šƒ‰‡–Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆŒƒœœ–‘™ƒ”†•‘Ž‘’Žƒ›‹‰Ǥ ‡ƒŽ•‘ Š‡Ž’‡†–‘‡š’ƒ†–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆŒƒœœ„›’Žƒ›‹‰•‘‰•–Šƒ–™‡”‡‘– ‘”ƒŽŽ›’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡Œƒœœ”‡’‡”–‘‹”‡Ǥ ͳͻ͵ͻ‡ Š‡–™ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ˆ‹”•–Œƒœœ—•‹ ‹ƒ•™Š‘Šƒ†ƒŠ‹–”‡ ‘”†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡‘”‰‡ ‡”•Š™‹ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ Summertime. ‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‘’‘•‡† ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ •‘‰•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‡†Petite Fleurǡ™Š‹ Š™‡–„‡›‘†Œƒœœƒ†‹•ƒ‡Ž‘†››‘— ™‘—Ž†”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡Ǥ‹†‡›‡ Š‡–•’‡––Š‡Žƒ•––‡›‡ƒ”•‘ˆŠ‹•Ž‹ˆ‡‹ ”ƒ ‡ǡ™Š‡”‡Š‡”‡ƒ‹•ƒŽ‡‰‡†–‘–Š‹•†ƒ›ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰ŠŠ‡†‹‡†‹ ͳͻͷͻǤ Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–ƒ†‘•–‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽŒƒœœ—•‹ ‹ƒ‹Š‹•–‘”›™ƒ• ‘—‹•”•–”‘‰ǤŠ‹•ͳͻʹͲ• ‘– ‹˜‡ƒ† ‘–‡˜‡”‡ ‘”†‹‰•ǡ Š‡ Šƒ‰‡† –Š‡ †‹”‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ Œƒœœ ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ ‡•‡„Ž‡ ͹ʹ     

’Žƒ›‹‰–‘™ƒ”†•’Žƒ ‹‰‡’Šƒ•‹•‘–Š‡Š‘–‹’”‘˜‹•‡†•‘Ž‘ƒ•–Š‡ ƒ‹ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ŒƒœœǤ Šƒ– †‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡ ™ƒ• •‘ ‹’‘”–ƒ– „‡ ƒ—•‡‹–ǯ••–‹ŽŽ–Š‡ƒ‹ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆŒƒœœǡ–Š‡‹’”‘˜‹•‡†•‘Ž‘Ǥ‘—‹• ”•–”‘‰™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒƒŒ‘”‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘–Š‡„‹‰„ƒ†‘”•™‹‰‡”ƒȄ ‘ ‘’‘•‡”•ǡƒ””ƒ‰‡”•ǡƒ†•‘Ž‘‹•–•Ǥ ‡™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒƒŒ‘”‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘Œƒœœƒ†’‘’—Žƒ”•‹‰‹‰ǡ‘–„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆŠ‹•˜‘‹ ‡ǡ ™Š‹ Šƒ•›‘—‘™™ƒ•‹†‘ˆ‰”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ›ǡ„—–„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆŠ‹•’Š”ƒ•‹‰ǡ ™Š‹ Š‰ƒ˜‡‡™Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ†‡ƒ‹‰ƒ†’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›–‘˜‘ ƒŽ•ǡƒ†ƒŽ•‘ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ Š‹• —•‡ ‘ˆ • ƒ– •‹‰‹‰Ǥ ‡ ’‘’—Žƒ”‹œ‡† –Šƒ– —•‡ ‘ˆ ™‘”†Ž‡••˜‘ ƒŽ•–Šƒ–‹‹–ƒ–‡–Š‡•‘—†‘ˆ‹•–”—‡–•‘”•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡•Ǥ ƒœœ ‘–‹—‡† –‘ ‡˜‘Ž˜‡ ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ• ‹ ‘–Š‡” ƒ’‹–‘Ž•‘ˆ–Š‡—•‹ ǡ•— Šƒ•Š‹ ƒ‰‘ƒ†–Š‡‡™‘”ǡ ‘•–ƒ–Ž› ‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ‹–‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– •–›Ž‡• –Šƒ– ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† –Š‡ ‡‡†• ƒ† ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‘”•ǤŠ‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•–›Ž‡•‘ˆŒƒœœ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ‹š‡†Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ’‘’—Žƒ”‹–›ƒ†•— ‡••ǤŠ‡‡š–ƒŒ‘”Œƒœœˆ‘”™ƒ• •™‹‰ ‘” „‹‰Ǧ„ƒ† —•‹ ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹ –Š‡ ͳͻ͵Ͳ• —’ —–‹Ž Œ—•– ƒˆ–‡” ‘”Ž†ƒ” ™ƒ•–Š‡ƒ‹’‘’—Žƒ”†ƒ ‡—•‹ ‘ˆ‡”‹ ƒȄ–Š‡ —•‹ ‘ˆ‡› ‘‘†ƒǡ—‡ŽŽ‹‰–‘ǡ Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡”ǡ‘—–ƒ•‹‡ǡ ƒ†•‘ƒ›‘–Š‡”•Ǥ ƒœœ „‡ ƒ‡ ‘Ǧ†ƒ ‡ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ† Ž‡•• ’—„Ž‹  †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ͳͻͶͲ• ƒ†ǯͷͲ•™‹–Š–Š‡‘†‡”Œƒœœ‘˜‡‡–‘™ƒ•„‡„‘’ǤŠ‡ ”‡ƒ –‹‘ –‘ „‡„‘’ –Šƒ– ƒ‡ Žƒ–‡” ‹ –Š‡ ǯͷͲ• ”‡Žƒš‡† •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ”ƒ–‹ ‡••‘ˆ„‡„‘’ƒ†™ƒ• ƒŽŽ‡† ‘‘ŽŒƒœœǤ –Š‡Žƒ–‡ǯͷͲ•ƒ‘–Š‡”‘˜‡‡–•–ƒ”–‡†—’–Šƒ–ƒ––‡’–‡†–‘ ˆ”‡‡ Œƒœœ ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ‹–• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡•–”‹ –‹‘• ‘ˆ ‡Ž‘†›ǡ Šƒ”‘›ǡ ƒ† ”Š›–ŠǤ –ǯ• ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ”‡‡ŒƒœœǤȋ ƒŽ™ƒ›••ƒ›–Šƒ––Š‡› ƒŽŽ‹– ˆ”‡‡Œƒœœ „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™Š‘ ’Žƒ› ‹– ’Žƒ› ˆ‘” ˆ”‡‡ǤȌ  ™‘—Ž† ‰‹˜‡ ›‘—ƒ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ„—– †‘ǯ–™ƒ––‘”—ƒ›„‘†›‘—–Ǥ ‡ƒǡ ǯ˜‡•‡‡ —•‹ ‹ƒ•’Žƒ›‹‰ˆ”‡‡Œƒœœ Ž‡ƒ”‘—–ƒŠ‘—•‡“—‹ ‡”–Šƒ‹ˆ›‘—•‡– ‘ˆˆƒˆ‹”‡ƒŽƒ”Ǥ † –Š‡ –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• Œƒœœ ˆ—•‹‘ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ’‘’—Žƒ”‹œ‡† „› –”—’‡–‡”‹Ž‡•ƒ˜‹•Ǥ ƒœœˆ—•‹‘‹•ƒ‹š–—”‡‘ˆŒƒœœƒ†’‘’—Žƒ” —•‹ Ȅ‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›”‘ ƒ†”Š›–Šƒ†„Ž—‡•Ȅƒ†–Šƒ–‡˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–‘ƒ     ͹͵

‰‡”‡ƒŽŽ‹–•‘™ǡƒ†‹–ǯ•„‡‡ ƒŽŽ‡†ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––Š‹‰•Ǥ‘†ƒ› ‘•–”ƒ†‹‘•–ƒ–‹‘•”‡ˆ‡”–‘‹–ƒ••‘‘–ŠŒƒœœǡ„—–™Šƒ–’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒŽŽ •‘‘–Š Œƒœœ ‘•– •‡”‹‘—• Œƒœœ —•‹ ‹ƒ• †‘ǯ– ‘•‹†‡” Œƒœœ ƒ– ƒŽŽǤ ††–‘–Š‡ ‘ˆ—•‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ‘”‡Ǧ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •–›Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ• Œƒœœ ‹• ˜‡”› ”ƒ”‡ –‘†ƒ›‹–Š‡ǡƒ†‡˜‡‹‡™”Ž‡ƒ•ǡ„—–‹–”‡ƒ‹•ƒ’‘’—Žƒ” —Ž–—•‹ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›–Š‘—•ƒ†•‘ˆˆƒ•ƒ†—•‹ ‹ƒ•‘ˆƒŽŽƒ‰‡•Ȅ ‹—”‘’‡ǡ’ƒ”–•‘ˆ‘—–Š‡”‹ ƒǡƒƒ†ƒǡƒ† ƒ’ƒǤ†„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ –Šƒ–ǡ ‰‡––‘–”ƒ˜‡ŽƒŽŽ‘˜‡”–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǤŠ‡™‘”Ž†™‹†‡’‘’—Žƒ”‹–›‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡™”Ž‡ƒ•Œƒœœ‹•„ƒ•‡†Žƒ”‰‡Ž›‘ƒ”‡˜‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•– ‹ƒ—–Š‡–‹ Œƒœœ–Šƒ– ƒ‡ƒˆ–‡”‘”Ž†ƒ” Ǥ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡”‘‡•‘ˆ –Šƒ– —•‹  ™‡”‡ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ• —•‹ ‹ƒ• Ž‹‡ –”—’‡–‡” — ‘Š•‘ƒ† Žƒ”‹‡–‹•– ‡‘”‰‡‡™‹•Ǥ ™ƒ–‡†›‘—ƒŽŽ–‘‰‡–ƒ‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ™Š‡”‡ŒƒœœŠƒ•‰‘‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ —•—ƒŽŽ› ‘’Ž‡š ƒ† –‹‰Š– ”—Ž‡• ‘ˆ ƒ” Š‡•Ǥ – Šƒ• ‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ› „‡‡ ˆ”‡‡†—’ƒ†Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡†ƒ†‘’‡–‘‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

QUESTIONS &ANSWERS  Q: ǯ˜‡‘–‹ ‡†–Šƒ–ǡƒ–ˆ—‡”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‹‘•ƒ†‡˜‡ƒ–•‘‡‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” •‘ ‹ƒŽǦ Ž—„ ’ƒ”ƒ†‡•ǡ •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ Šƒ˜‡ Š‹‰ŠŽ› †‡ ‘”ƒ–‡†—„”‡ŽŽƒ•Ǥ •–Š‡”‡ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡–‘–Šƒ–ǡ‘–Š‡”–Šƒ–”›‹‰ –‘‡‡’–Š‡•—‘ˆˆǫ  A:‘•–’‡‘’Ž‡‹‡™”Ž‡ƒ•–Š‹–Šƒ––Šƒ–ǯ•ƒ‡™”Ž‡ƒ• –Š‹‰ǡ–Šƒ–™‡‹˜‡–‡†‹–ǤŠ‡›—•‡—„”‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ†Šƒ†‡” Š‹‡ˆ•–‘ †ƒ ‡™‹–ŠǤ ˆ›‘—‡˜‡”™ƒ– Šƒ‡™”Ž‡ƒ•ƒ‹–•‰ƒ‡ǡ›‘—ǯŽŽ•‡‡ ‡˜‡”›‘‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ ”‘™†–‘–Š‡‘™‡”ǡ‘‡•‘ǡ†ƒ ‹‰™‹–Š —„”‡ŽŽƒ•ǤŠƒ–‹•ƒ•–”‘‰’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‡™”Ž‡ƒ••‡ ‘†Ž‹‡Ǥ—– ‹„‘–Š‡™”Ž‡ƒ•ƒ†‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ›‘—•‡‡’‡‘’Ž‡ ™ƒ˜‹‰ Ž‘–Š‡•ƒ†—•‹‰ ‘Ž‘”ˆ—Ž—„”‡ŽŽƒ•ǤŠƒ–‰‘‡•„ƒ –‘‡•– ˆ”‹ ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǡƒ†–Šƒ–ǯ•Š‘™‹–‰‘––‘‡™”Ž‡ƒ•Ǥ—–’‡‘’Ž‡‹ ‡™”Ž‡ƒ•†‘ǯ–”‡ƒŽŽ›‘™–Šƒ–Ǥ ‘”–Š‡‘•–’ƒ”–ǡ™‡–Š‹™‡ ͹Ͷ     

‹˜‡–‡† ‹– ƒŽŽǤ Š‡”‡ǯ• ƒ ‘Ž† •ƒ›‹‰ –Šƒ– ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž† —•‹ ‹ƒ• ˆ‹”•–•ƒ‹†ǣDz ǯ‘–•—”‡ǡ„—– –Š‹ƒŽŽ—•‹ •–ƒ”–‡†‹‡™”Ž‡ƒ•Ǥdz  ‘ ™‡ –Š‹ ™‡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡† –Š‡ •‡ ‘† Ž‹‡ǡ –‘‘Ǣ „—– –Š‡› —•‡ –Šƒ–ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›‹‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒǤ†–Š‡—„”‡ŽŽƒȄ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡”ƒ†‘”‡ †‡ ‘”ƒ–‡†‹–™ƒ•Ȅ™ƒ•ƒ•›„‘Ž‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•‘””‘›ƒŽ–›Ǥ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ•ǡ‹–ǯ•‘–ƒ•— Šƒ„‘—––Š‡•—Ǣ‹–ǯ•ƒ„‘—–Šƒ˜‹‰•‘‡–Š‹‰ ‡Ž•‡ –‘ †ƒ ‡ ™‹–ŠǤ •  ‡–‹‘‡†ǡ –Š‡› —•‡ ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ ›‘— ‘—Ž† ’‘••‹„Ž›‹ƒ‰‹‡–‘†ƒ ‡™‹–ŠǤ ˆ‹–”ƒ‹•‘ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ‘–Š‡”’ƒ”ƒ†‡•ǡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ• ƒ–—”‡ ‹• –‘ „”‡ƒ —’ –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‡ ƒ† ‰‘ Š‘‡Ǥ  ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ•ǡ ”ƒ‹ †‘‡•ǯ– „”‡ƒ —’ –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‡Ǣ ‹– Œ—•– ‰‹˜‡• ›‘— ‘”‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‹‰•–‘†ƒ ‡™‹–ŠǡŽ‹‡™‡––Ǧ•Š‹”–•ƒ†‘–‹‘•‘ˆ ™”‹‰‹‰ –Š‡ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ †ƒ ‡Ǥ † ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ Ž‘– ‘ˆ ’‘–Š‘Ž‡•ǡƒ†•‘‡–‹‡•–Š‘•‡’‘–Š‘Ž‡•ˆ‹ŽŽ—’Ǥ ǯ˜‡•‡‡’‡‘’Ž‡†‘ •‡ ‘† Ž‹‡ǡ ƒ‹‰ ˆ‹•ŠǦŽ‹‡ ‘–‹‘• ‹ –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡” ‹ ’‘–Š‘Ž‡• ƒ† ‰—––‡”• ƒ† ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ –Šƒ–Ǥ —–ǡ ›‡ƒŠǡ –Š‡ —„”‡ŽŽƒ• ƒ† –Š‡ Šƒ†‡” Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ”‡ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ•‡ ‘†ǦŽ‹‡—•‹ ǡƒ•‘„Œ‡ –• –‘†ƒ ‡™‹–ŠǤ†ǡƒ‰ƒ‹ǡƒ• ‡–‹‘‡†ǡ–Š‡› Šƒ‰‡–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ ™Šƒ– –Š‹‰• ‘”ƒŽŽ› ƒ”‡ ƒ Ž‘– ‘ˆ –‹‡• ‹–‘ •‘‡–Š‹‰ ‡Ž•‡Ǥ

Q:‘—Ž†›‘—‹†’‘‹–‹‰‘—–Œ—•–ƒ ‘—’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡Ž‡‡–•ǡ ™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡›„‡•–›Ž‹•–‹ ‘”–‘ƒŽ‹ƒ–—”‡ǡ–Šƒ–›‘—–Š‹‰‹˜‡•›‘— ƒ•‹‰ƒ–—”‡•–›Ž‡‘›‘—” Žƒ”‹‡–ǫ  A:‡ŽŽǡ –”›–‘—•‡ƒ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹‰•‹’Žƒ›‹‰Ǥ ‹”•–‘ˆ ƒŽŽǡ –Š‡ ‡‘–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‡–Ǣ ‡˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š ǯ ’Žƒ›‹‰ ƒ ‘Ž†‡” •–›Ž‡ǡ ǯ‘––Š‹‹‰ƒ„‘—––”›‹‰–‘•‘—†Ž‹‡ ‘Š›‘††•†‹†‹ –Š‡ ͳͻʹͲ• ‘” ƒ›–Š‹‰ Ž‹‡ –Šƒ–Ǥ ‘— —•‡ ›‘—” ‘™ ‡‘–‹‘ ƒ– –Š‡ –‹‡ǡƒ†›‘—™‘”‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ƒ•‘—†Ǥ‘ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ –Š‹‰•Ǥ  ˆ ‘—”•‡ Šƒ†ˆ‘—”›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ Žƒ”‹‡–Ž‡••‘•ƒ†’Žƒ›‡†‹–Š‡ •›’Š‘‹ „ƒ†‹Š‹‰Š• Š‘‘Žƒ†–Š‡ƒ” Š‹‰„ƒ†ƒ†ƒŽŽ‘ˆ –Šƒ–Ǥ—–‹Œƒœœ›‘—‹†‘ˆŠƒ˜‡–‘–‡ƒ Š›‘—”•‡ŽˆǤ†›‘—‹†‘ˆ ‰‹˜‡ ›‘—” ‘™ ‹†‡ƒ ƒ„‘—– Š‘™ ›‘— ‡š’”‡•• –Š‹‰•Ǥ ‘ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š‹‰• ’”ƒ –‹ ‡†“—‹–‡ƒŽ‘––‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’•‘—†‹•–Š‡„ƒ•‹ –Š‹‰–Š‡›     ͹ͷ

–‡ŽŽ›‘—™Š‡›‘—–ƒ‡—•‹ Ž‡••‘•–‘‹’”‘˜‡•‘—†ȄŽ‘‰–‘‡•Ǥ ‘‰–‘‡• ƒ„‡˜‡”›„‘”‹‰Ȅ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹ˆ›‘—†‡˜‡Ž‘’–Š‹• –‡ Š‹“—‡ ƒŽŽ‡† ‹” —Žƒ” „”‡ƒ–Š‹‰ǡ ™Š‡”‡ ›‘— „”‡ƒ–Š‡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ›‘— ’Žƒ›ǡƒ†›‘— ƒ’Žƒ›Ž‘‰–‘‡•ˆ‘”ƒŠƒŽˆƒŠ‘—”™‹–Š‘—–•–‘’’‹‰Ǥ —–  Ž‡ƒ”‡† –™‘ ™ƒ›• –‘ ‡‡’ –Šƒ– ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰Ǥ ‡ǡ ƒ‡ •Š‘”– ‡Ž‘†‹  •–ƒ–‡‡–• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‹’”‘˜‹•‡†ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ–ǯ• ƒ Ž‹––Ž‡ ‘”‡ ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–ŠƒŒ—•–Š‘Ž†‹‰‘‡‘–‡ǤŠ‡‘–Š‡”–Š‹‰‹•‹†‘ˆƒ ™ƒ›‘ˆ Š‡ƒ–‹‰Ǥ ’Žƒ›Ž‘‰–‘‡•™Š‹Ž‡ ǯ™ƒ– Š‹‰ˆ‘‘–„ƒŽŽ‰ƒ‡•ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ– ™ƒ› ǯ ™ƒ– Š‹‰ –Š‡ ‰ƒ‡ ƒ† ǯ ‘– ”‡ƒŽŽ› ’ƒ›‹‰ ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘Š‘™–‡†‹‘—•–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡‹•ǤŠ‡‘–Š‡”–Š‹‰‹•›‘—ˆ‹† ›‘—”‘™™ƒ›‘ˆ—•‹‰–‡ Š‹“—‡•Ž‹‡˜‹„”ƒ–‘ǡ„‡––‘‡•ǡ–Š‹‰•Ž‹‡ –Šƒ–Ǥ  ‘—ƒŽ•‘–”›–‘‰‹˜‡›‘—”‘™˜‘‹ ‡‘”‘’‹‹‘ƒ„‘—–ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹ ‡Ž‘†›Ǥ ‘ ‹ˆ ›‘—ǯ”‡ ’Žƒ›‹‰ ƒ ‡Ž‘†› –‘ ƒ •‘‰ǡ ›‘— ’Žƒ› ‹– ‹ƒ ‹’”‘˜‹•‡† ƒ‡”ǡ ƒ† ™Š‡ ›‘—ǯ”‡ ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰ ƒ •‘‰ǡ ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ ›‘— †‘ –Šƒ–ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽǤ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ Ž‘– ‘ˆ –Š‹‰• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡†‹™‘”‹‰‘–Š‡•‘—†Ǥ ˆ›‘—‘™–Š‡ƒ—–Š‡–‹ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ• Žƒ”‹‡––”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡™‡”‡†‘œ‡•ƒ††‘œ‡•‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™Š‘ Šƒ† –Š‡•‡ ‡š–”‡‡Ž› ‡š’”‡••‹˜‡ ƒ† „‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Žǡ ”‹ Š •‘—†•ǡ •‘ ›‘—ƒŽ™ƒ›•ƒ•’‹”‡–‘–Šƒ–Ǥ‘—Ž‹•–‡–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ   ͹͸     

          ȗȗȗ 

YAWKEY WAY

Christopher A. Duggan*

“The evil that men do lives on after them The good is oft interred with their bones.”  Ǧ‹ŽŽ‹ƒŠƒ‡•’‡ƒ”‡ Julius Caesar  – ǡ• ‡‡‹‹

I INTRODUCTION   ƒ‡ ‡„‡”͹’‹‡ ‡‹–Š‡Boston Globeǡ ‘Ž—‹•– †”‹ƒ ƒŽ‡”—”‰‡†–Š‡‹–›‘ˆ‘•–‘–‘”‡‘˜‡‘ƒ™‡›ǯ•ƒ‡ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •–”‡‡– •‹‰ ‹ ˆ”‘– ‘ˆ ‡™ƒ› ƒ”Ǥ –Š‡”• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ†‡ •‹‹Žƒ” ƒ”‰—‡–•‹”‡ ‡–›‡ƒ”•Ǥ        

ȗ ‡ŽŽ‘™ǡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›‘ˆƒ””‹•–‡”•ǡ‘•–‘ǡǤŠ‹•ƒ”–‹ Ž‡„‡‰ƒ ƒ•ƒŽ‡––‡”–‘–Š‡‡†‹–‘”‘ˆ–Š‡Boston Globe‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘ƒƒ”–‹ Ž‡„› †”‹ƒƒŽ‡”ǡIt’s Time to Banish the Racist Legacy of Tom Yawkeyȋ‡ Ǥ͹ǡ ʹͲͳͷȌǤ

͹͹ ͹ͺ     

 ƒ™‡› ’—” Šƒ•‡† –Š‡ ‘•–‘ ‡† ‘š ‹ ͳͻ͵͵ǡ Œ—•– ƒˆ–‡” Š‡ –—”‡†–Š‹”–›Ǥ ‡”‡ƒ‹‡†’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”ƒ Š‹•‡—–‹ŽŠ‹• †‡ƒ–Š ‹ ͳͻ͹͸Ǥ ‹• ˆ‘”–›Ǧˆ‘—”Ǧ›‡ƒ” ‘™‡”•Š‹’ ‹• ƒ ƒŒ‘” Ž‡ƒ‰—‡ ”‡ ‘”†Ǥ –Š‡’”‘ ‡••ǡŠ‡”‡„—‹Ž–ƒ†‡š’ƒ†‡† ‡™ƒ›ƒ”ǡ–—”‹‰ ‹– ‹–‘ ƒ „ƒ•‡„ƒŽŽ ‹ ‘Ǥ ƒ™‡› ™ƒ• ‡Ž‡ –‡† –‘ –Š‡ „ƒ•‡„ƒŽŽ ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ ƒ‡‹ͳͻͺͲǤ  Š‡’—„Ž‹ ™ƒ›‹ˆ”‘–‘ˆ ‡™ƒ›ƒ”ǯ•ƒ‹‡–”ƒ ‡™ƒ• ƒŽŽ‡†Dz ‡”•‡›–”‡‡–dz—–‹Žͳͻ͹͹ǡƒˆ‡™‘–Š•ƒˆ–‡”ƒ™‡›ǯ•†‡ƒ–Šǡ ™Š‡–Š‡ ‹–›”‡ƒ‡†‹–‹Š‘‘”‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘‰Ǧ–‹‡‡†‘š‘™‡”Ǥ ƒŽ‡”’”‘’‘•‡†–Šƒ––Š‡•–”‡‡–ƒ‡„‡ Šƒ‰‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹„‡ ƒ—•‡ǡŠ‡ ‹•‹•–‡†ǡƒ™‡›™ƒ•ƒ”ƒ ‹•–ǡƒ†–Š‡ ‹–›•Š‘—Ž†‘–Š‘‘””ƒ ‹•–•Ǥ  •–‡ƒ†ǡ ƒŽ‡” •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ •–”‡‡– „‡ ”‡ƒ‡† Dz‹ŽŽ‹ƒ• ƒ›dz ƒˆ–‡” Ž‡‰‡†ƒ”› ‡† ‘š ‘—–ˆ‹‡Ž†‡” ‡† ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•Ǥ ƒŽ‡” ”‡•–‡† Š‹• ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ ‘– ‘ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ǯ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–• ‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž††—”‹‰Š‹•‹ŽŽ—•–”‹‘—•–™‡–›Ǧ‘‡Ǧ›‡ƒ” ƒ”‡‡”ǡƒ† ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›‘– ˆ‘”Š‹•„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡Ž‹‡•ǡ„—–‘ƒ•‡‰‡–‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ǯͳͻ͸͸ ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ ƒ‡ ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡ •’‡‡ Š ™Š‡ Š‡ǡ –‘‘ǡ ™ƒ• ‡•Š”‹‡† ‹ ‘‘’‡”•–‘™Ǥ  ƒ™‡›ǯ••–‘”›‹•ˆƒ”‘”‡ ‘’Ž‡š–ŠƒƒŽ‡”‘—–Ž‹‡†‹ƒ ˆ‡™ ’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š• ‹ Š‹• ‡ ‡„‡” ͹ ƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ǥ ‹‡ ‘•– ‘ˆ ƒ™‡›ǯ• †‡–”ƒ –‘”•ǡƒŽ‡”“—‹ Ž›‰Žƒ ‡†‘˜‡”–Š‡ƒ›˜‡”›‰‘‘††‡‡†• ƒ™‡› ƒ† Š‹• ™‹ˆ‡ ‡ƒ Šƒ† †‘‡ ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‘•–‘ ƒ† –Š‡ •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ „‡‡ˆ‹–• –Š‡› Šƒ† „”‘—‰Š– –‘ •‘ ‹‡–› ƒ– Žƒ”‰‡Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ –‘ ƒ‡ Š‹• ’‘‹–ǡ ƒŽ‡” ’‘‹–‡† –‘ ƒ ˆ‡™ ‡’‹•‘†‡• •—’’‘•‡†Ž›ˆ”‘‘ƒ™‡›ǯ•’ƒ•–ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘‡‘ˆ™Š‹ Š‹•Š‹‰ŠŽ› “—‡•–‹‘ƒ„Ž‡ǡƒ††‡ Žƒ”‡†–Šƒ–‹–‹•Dz–‹‡–‘„ƒ‹•Šƒ”ƒ ‹•–Ž‡‰ƒ ›Ǥdz  ͹ͻ

 II THE YAWKEY LEGACYͳ   ƒ™‡›ǯ• ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• –‘ ‘•–‘ ™‡”‡ Ž‡‰‹‘ǡ „—– Šƒ˜‡ Žƒ”‰‡Ž› „‡‡ ˆ‘”‰‘––‡ ƒˆ–‡” Š‹• †‡ƒ–ŠǤ ‹”•–ǡ Š‡ •ƒ˜‡† –Š‡‡†‘šˆ‘”‘•–‘™Š‡–Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ ˜‡”›”‡ƒŽ Šƒ ‡–Šƒ––Š‡ˆ”ƒ Š‹•‡™‘—Ž† ‘– •—”˜‹˜‡Ǥ ƒ™‡› •’‡– ƒ ˆ‘”–—‡ ‹ ™Šƒ– ™ƒ•ǡ ˆ‘” †‡ ƒ†‡•ǡ ƒ Ž‘•‹‰ ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ ˜‡–—”‡ǡ ‘‡ –Šƒ– „”‘—‰Š– Œ‘› ƒ† Š‡ƒ”–ƒ Š‡–‘‹ŽŽ‹‘•‘ˆ‡™‰Žƒ†‡”• ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ „ƒ ‰”‘—†• ™Š‘ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† –Š‡ ˆ‘”–—‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‹‡Ǥ ‘” ˆ‘—” †‡ ƒ†‡•ǡ–Š”‘—‰Š‘•–Ž›„ƒ†–‹‡•ƒ†ƒ ˆ‡™‰‘‘†ǡ‡™‰Žƒ†‡”•”‘‘–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‘šƒ† —”•‡†–Š‡ ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– ‘ˆ–‡ •‡‡‡† –‘ ƒ‡ –Š‡ ˆ”ƒ Š‹•‡ ‘”‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ”‡‡ ”ƒ‰‡†› –Šƒƒ„ƒ•‡„ƒŽŽ–‡ƒǤ—–‹–™ƒ•ǡƒ†”‡ƒ‹•ǡ‘•–‘ǯ•–‡ƒǤ  Š‹•™ƒ•‘”‡–ŠƒŒ—•–‡–‡”–ƒ‹‡–ǤŠ‡‡†‘š™‡”‡ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– Ž‹ˆ‡ †‹˜‡”•‹‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ˆ”‘ ƒ †‡’”‡••‹‘ǡ ƒ ™‘”Ž† ™ƒ”ǡ‘—‹•–Š›•–‡”‹ƒǡƒ†™ƒ”•‹‘”‡ƒƒ†‹‡–ƒǤ˜‡” †‡ ƒ†‡•‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ—’Š‡ƒ˜ƒŽǡ–Š‡‡†‘š™‡”‡‘ˆ–‡–Š‡ ‘‡–Š‹‰’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ ”‘••‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‘—Ž††‹• —••™Š‡–Š‡›‹‰Š– ‘–„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘–ƒŽ–‘‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ƒ„‘—–ƒ›–Š‹‰‡Ž•‡ǤŠƒ–ƒŽ‘‡™ƒ• ƒ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘–Š‡ ‘—‹–›ǡ‘‡‡Œ‘›‡†ƒ†•—ˆˆ‡”‡† „›ƒŽŽǡ”‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡••‘ˆ”ƒ ‡‘” ”‡‡†Ǥ  ƒ™‡›ǯ• ‘—‹–› ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡– †‹† ‘– •–‘’ ƒ– ”‘‘Ž‹‡ ˜‡—‡ǡƒ•†‘™‡–”‡‡–ǡƒ‡••–”‡‡–ǡƒ† ‡”•‡›–”‡‡–ȋ‘™ ƒ™‡› ƒ›ȌȄ–Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  ™ƒ›• –Šƒ– ‡ ƒ’•—Žƒ–‡ ‡™ƒ› ƒ”Ǥ ƒ™‡› †‘ƒ–‡† –‡• ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‹‘• ‘ˆ †‘ŽŽƒ”• –‘ –Š‡ ‹› —†ǡ

ͳǤ‘—” ‡‘ˆ‘ƒ™‡›’Š‘–‘ǣ‡Ǥ™‹‹’‡†‹ƒǤ‘”‰Ǥ  ͺͲ     

„”‹‰‹‰ƒ‰Ž‹‡”‘ˆŠ‘’‡–‘—–‘Ž†‹ŽŽ‹‘•‘ˆ Š‹Ž†”‡ƒ†–Š‡‹” ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡• ™Š‘ ™‡”‡ǡ ƒ† ƒ”‡ǡ ƒˆˆŽ‹ –‡† „› ƒ ”—‡Ž ƒ† ‘ˆ–‡ ˆƒ–ƒŽ †‹•‡ƒ•‡Ȅ ƒ ‡”Ǥ ‹•‰‡‡”‘•‹–›”‡•—Ž–‡†‹–ƒ‰‹„Ž‡ƒ†˜ƒ ‡•‹–Š‡ ˆ‹‰Š––‘ —”‡ƒ› ƒ ‡”•ǡƒ•ƒ›‘ ‘Ž‘‰‹•–‘””‡•‡ƒ” Š• ‹‡–‹•–ƒ– ƒƒ ƒ”„‡” ‘” ƒ••ƒ Š—•‡––• ‡‡”ƒŽ ‘•’‹–ƒŽ ‘—Ž† ƒ––‡•–Ǥ ‘—–Ž‡•• ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ”ƒ ‡•ǡ ”‡‡†•ǡ ƒ† ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ ‘ ƒ™‡› –‘ –Šƒǡ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ‹ ’ƒ”–ǡ ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” Ž‹˜‡• ƒ† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‰‹ˆ– ‘ˆ Š‘’‡‹–Š‡ˆƒ ‡‘ˆƒ†‡˜ƒ•–ƒ–‹‰†‹ƒ‰‘•‹•Ǥ  ‹ ‡ ͳͻ͹͸ǡ –Š‡ ƒ™‡› ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•– ’Š‹Žƒ–Š”‘’‹ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡‘‘™‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆƒ••ƒ Š—•‡––•ǡ Šƒ• ‘–”‹„—–‡†‘˜‡”̈́͵͸Ͳ‹ŽŽ‹‘–‘˜ƒ”‹‘—• ƒ—•‡•–Šƒ–•—•–ƒ‹ƒ† ‡Šƒ ‡ –Š‡ ˜‹„”ƒ › ‘ˆ ‘•–‘Ǥ Š‡ ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ• ‘–‹—‡† ƒ™‡›ǯ• ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‘ˆ †‘ƒ–‹‰ “—‹‡–Ž› –‘ ƒ Š‘•– ‘ˆ ƒ—•‡• ‹ ƒ† ƒ”‘—†‘•–‘–‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡Ž‹˜‡•‘ˆƒŽŽ ‹–‹œ‡•Ǥ—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ‰”ƒ–• Šƒ˜‡Ž‡†–‘†”ƒƒ–‹ ‹’”‘˜‡‡–•–‘–Š‡ ‡™ƒ›ƒ”‡ƒǡ–‘–Š‡ƒ”–•ǡ –‘‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†–‘ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹–›ǯ•‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‘•‡ ™Š‡”‡’‡”•‘•‘ˆ ‘Ž‘” ‘’”‹•‡–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ”‡•‹†‡–•Ǥ Š‘‘Ž•ǡ •–”‡‡–•ǡ’ƒ”•ǡƒ†’Žƒ›‰”‘—†•—•‡†„›ƒŽŽ‘•–‘‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ˆ‹–‡†‰”‡ƒ–Ž›ˆ”‘ƒ™‡›ǯ•Žƒ”‰‡••‡Ǥ  III THE FENWAY TRYOUT   ƒŽ‡”ǯ• ƒ —•ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”ƒ ‹• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ƒ™‡› ™ƒ• „ƒ•‡† ’”‹ ‹’ƒŽŽ› ‘ –™‘ ’‹‡ ‡• ‘ˆ ‡˜‹†‡ ‡Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ Š‡ ”‡ ‘—–‡† ƒ —™‹–‡••‡† ‡’‹•‘†‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ƒ ‹‡ ‘„‹•‘ǯ• ˆƒ‘—• ͳͻͶͷ ƒ—†‹–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡ Ž—„Ǥ‘„‹•‘ǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š–™‘‘–Š‡”’Žƒ›‡”•ˆ”‘ –Š‡‡‰”‘‡ƒ‰—‡ǡ ‡–‡”ˆ‹‡Ž†‡”ƒDzŠ‡ ‡–dz ‡–Š”‘‡ǡƒ†‹ˆ‹‡Ž†‡” ƒ”˜‹‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ǡ™‡”‡‰‹˜‡ƒ–”›‘—–ƒ– ‡™ƒ›ƒ”‘’”‹Žͳ͸–Š ‘ˆ–Šƒ–›‡ƒ”ǡ–Š”‡‡›‡ƒ”•„‡ˆ‘”‡”‡•‹†‡– ƒ””›”—ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ǤǤ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›Ǥ  „‹– ‘ˆ „ƒ ‰”‘—† ‹• ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ˆ—ŽŽ› ‰”ƒ•’ ™Šƒ– Šƒ’’‡‡†Ȅƒ† ™Šƒ– ‘‡ ”‡’‘”–‡” Žƒ‹‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– –‹‡ Šƒ’’‡‡†–Š‹”–›Ǧˆ‘—”›‡ƒ”•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‡˜‡–Ǥ  ͺͳ

‘” •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ›‡ƒ”• ’”‹‘” –‘ ͳͻͶͷǡ ‘•–‘ ‹–› ‘— ‹Ž‘” •ƒ†‘”‡ ǤǤ — Š‹  Šƒ† „‡‡ ’—•Š‹‰ „‘–Š ‘ˆ ‘•–‘ǯ• ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ„ƒ•‡„ƒŽŽ–‡ƒ•ǡ–Š‡‡†‘šƒ†–Š‡‘•–‘”ƒ˜‡•ǡ–‘ ‰‹˜‡–”›‘—–•–‘‡‰”‘‡ƒ‰—‡’Žƒ›‡”•Ǥ— Š‹ –Š”‡ƒ–‡‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ‹–› ™‹–Š†”ƒ™ ‹–• ‡š‡’–‹‘ ˆ‘” —†ƒ› „ƒ•‡„ƒŽŽǡ ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ ’”‘Š‹„‹–‡† „› –Š‡ Ž—‡ ƒ™•ǡ —Ž‡•• –Š‡ –‡ƒ• ‘’Ž‹‡† ™‹–Š Š‹• †‡ƒ†ǤŠ‡–Š‡”— Š‹  ‘—Ž†‡˜‡”Šƒ˜‡†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†‘–Šƒ––Š”‡ƒ– ‹• †‘—„–ˆ—ŽǤ ‡ ™ƒ• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –™‡–›Ǧ–™‘ ‘— ‹Ž‘”•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ ‡˜‹†‡ ‡–Šƒ–‘— ‹Ž”‡•‹†‡–ǡ ‘ŠǤ‡ŽŽ›ǡ‘”ƒ›‘ˆ‘–Š‡”–™‡–› ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‘— ‹Ž„ƒ ‡†— Š‹ ǯ•’‘•‹–‹‘ǤŠ‡ǡ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ –‘„Ž‘ —†ƒ›„ƒ•‡„ƒŽŽǡ— Š‹ ™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡‡‡†‡†–Š‡„Ž‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ ‹””‡’”‡••‹„Ž‡ ƒ›‘” ƒ‡• ‹ Šƒ‡Ž —”Ž‡›ǡ ™Š‘ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† ˜‹”–—ƒŽŽ› ‡˜‡”› —‹ ‹’ƒŽ †‡ ‹•‹‘ ƒ– –Š‡ –‹‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–—”Ž‡›™ƒ•ƒ–ƒŽŽ‹•—’’‘”–‘ˆ— Š‹ ǯ•–Š”‡ƒ–‡‡† ƒ –‹‘Ǥ ‘Š‹• ”‡†‹–ǡ— Š‹ ’‡”•‹•–‡†ǡƒ†Š‹•‡ˆˆ‘”–• ƒ—‰Š––Š‡ ‡›‡ ‘ˆ Ž‡‰‡†ƒ”› ˆ”‹ ƒǦ‡”‹ ƒ ™”‹–‡” ‡†‡ŽŽ ‹–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ Pittsburgh Courier. ‹–Š Šƒ†„‡‡’—•Š‹‰ –Š‡ƒŒ‘”Ž‡ƒ‰—‡•–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡ƒŽ‘•–•‹ ‡ Š‡ „‡‰ƒ ™”‹–‹‰ ˆ‘” –Š‡ Courierˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ Š‹• ‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ ‡•– ‹”‰‹‹ƒ –ƒ–‡ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‹ͳͻ͵͹Ǥ‹–Š ‘–ƒ –‡†— Š‹ ǡ ƒ†–Š‡–™‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰”‡‡†‘ƒ’ŽƒǤ‹–Š ™‘—Ž† ‹†‡–‹ˆ› –Š”‡‡ ’Žƒ›‡”• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡‰”‘ ‡ƒ‰—‡ ƒ† Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ƒ• –Š‡ ‡† ‘š ˆ‘” ƒ –”›‘—–Ǥ Š‡ ’ƒ’‡” ™‘—Ž† ’ƒ› –Š‡ –”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† Š‘—•‹‰ ‘•–• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’Žƒ›‡”•‹–Š’”‘’‘•‡†Ǥ ‹–Š Š‘•‡ ƒ ‹‡ ‘„‹•‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ•ƒ• ‹–› ‘ƒ” Š•ǡ ƒ ‡–Š”‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Sam Jethroe ͺʹ     

Ž‡˜‡Žƒ†— ‡›‡•ǡʹƒ†ƒ”˜‹‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒ–ƒ”•Ǥ ‡–Š”‘‡ ƒ† ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ• ™‡”‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ‡‰”‘ ‡ƒ‰—‡ •–ƒ”•ǡ •‘ –Š‡ †‡ ‹•‹‘–‘‹ Ž—†‡–Š‡‹–Š‡–”›‘—–™ƒ•‘„˜‹‘—•‡‘—‰ŠǤ Š‡ƒ††‹–‹‘‘ˆ‘„‹•‘ǡ–Š‘—‰Šǡ™ƒ•‘–ƒ••‡ŽˆǦ‡˜‹†‡–ǡƒ– Ž‡ƒ•–ˆ”‘ƒ„ƒ•‡„ƒŽŽ•–ƒ†’‘‹–Ǥ–ǡ‘„‹•‘Šƒ†‡ƒ”‡†ŽŽ ‡”‹ ƒŠ‘‘”•ƒ•ƒŠƒŽˆ„ƒ ƒ†Šƒ†•–ƒ””‡†‹–”ƒ Ƭˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ„—– Š‹•„ƒ•‡„ƒŽŽ’‡†‹‰”‡‡™ƒ•‘–ƒ•‹’”‡••‹˜‡Ǥ ‡Šƒ†’Žƒ›‡†‘Ž›‘‡ •‡ƒ•‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”—‹•ǡ Š‹––‹‰ ƒ • ƒ– ǤͲ͹ͻ ‹ ͳͻͶͳ „‡ˆ‘”‡ Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ǡ™‹–Š‘—–‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‹‰ǡ–‘’Žƒ›•‡‹Ǧ’”‘ˆ‘‘–„ƒŽŽ‹ ƒ™ƒ‹‹Ǥ ‡ Œ‘‹‡† –Š‡ ”›‹ ͳͻͶʹ ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ƒ––ƒ  ‘ ‡ƒ”Ž ƒ”„‘” ƒ† ™ƒ• Š‘‘”ƒ„Ž›†‹• Šƒ”‰‡†‹ͳͻͶͶǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒ— ŠǦ’—„Ž‹ ‹œ‡†‹ ‹†‡– ‹ ™Š‹ Š Š‡ ”‡ˆ—•‡† –‘ ‘˜‡ –‘ –Š‡ „ƒ  ‘ˆ ƒ ”‘™†‡† „—•ǡ –Š—• ˆ‘”‡•Šƒ†‘™‹‰ ‘•ƒ ƒ”•Ǥ › ͳͻͶͷǡ ‘„‹•‘ Šƒ† ‡ƒ”‡† ˆƒ‡ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡„Žƒ  ‘—‹–›ǡˆ‘”ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‡–•ˆƒ”„‡›‘† –Š‡„ƒ•‡„ƒŽŽ†‹ƒ‘†Ǥ ˆ–‡” Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰ –Š‡ •‡”˜‹ ‡ǡ ‘„‹•‘ ƒ†‡ –Š‡ ‘ƒ” Š• ”‘•–‡” ƒ• ƒ ”‡•‡”˜‡ ‹ˆ‹‡Ž†‡”Ǥ ”‹‘” –‘ –Š‡ ‡™ƒ› –”›‘—–ǡ Š‡ Šƒ† ’Žƒ›‡†‹ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆ‘Ž›ˆ‹˜‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ„ƒ•‡„ƒŽŽ‰ƒ‡•Ǥƒ ‡ƒ•‹†‡ǡ ‹– ™ƒ• ‘– ƒ ”‘„—•– ”±•—± ˆ‘” ƒ› ’Žƒ›‡” •‡‡‹‰ –‘ ’Žƒ› ƒŒ‘”Ǧ Ž‡ƒ‰—‡„ƒ•‡„ƒŽŽǤ Š‡‡†‘šŠ‡Ž†ƒ–”›‘—–‘’”‹Žͳ͸ǡͳͻͶͷǡ™Š‹ Š‹ Ž—†‡† ‡–Š”‘‡ǡ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ǡ ƒ† ‘„‹•‘ǡ ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ™Š‹–‡ ’Žƒ›‡”• ™Š‘™‡”‡•‡‡‹‰–‘ ƒ– Š‘™‹–Š–Š‡‘šƒ•‘”Ž†ƒ” ”ƒ‰‡†‘ ƒ† ƒ› ”‡‰—Žƒ”• ”‡ƒ‹‡† ‘ ƒ –‹˜‡ †—–›Ǥ Š‡ ‡† ‘š ™‡”‡ ‹ ‡™‘”’”‡’ƒ”‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡ƒ•‘‘’‡‡”ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡ƒ‡‡•ǡ•‘ –Š‘•‡ –”›‹‰ ‘—– †‹† ‘– ’Žƒ› ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ƒ› ’Žƒ›‡”• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‘ –Š‡ ƒŒ‘”ǦŽ‡ƒ‰—‡ ”‘•–‡”Ǥ ‡•’‹–‡ — Š‹ ǯ• –Š”‡ƒ–ǡ ‘•–‘ǯ• ‘–Š‡”

ʹǤ‘—” ‡‘ˆƒ ‡–Š”‘‡’Š‘–‘ǣ‡Ǥ™‹‹’‡†‹ƒǤ‘”‰Ǥ

  ͺ͵

ƒŒ‘”ǦŽ‡ƒ‰—‡–‡ƒǡ–Š‡”ƒ˜‡•ǡ†‹†‘–‰‹˜‡‹–Šǯ•–”‹‘ƒŽ‘‘Ǥȋ‘” †‹†–Š‡ ‹–›‡˜‡”–”›–‘„Ž‘ –Š‡”ƒ˜‡•ˆ”‘’Žƒ›‹‰‘—†ƒ›•ǤȌ ‘„‹•‘ ™‘—Ž† Žƒ–‡” Žƒ‹ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡† ‘š –”›‘—– ™ƒ• ƒ Dz•Šƒdz ƒ† –Šƒ– ƒ™‡› ™ƒ• Dz–Š‡ ‘•– „‹‰‘–‡† ƒ ‹ „ƒ•‡„ƒŽŽǡdz ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘ǡ‹ˆƒ›ǡ‹•— Ž‡ƒ”Ǥ—–—–‹Ž –Šƒ–’‘‹–ǡ‘‘–Š‡”–‡ƒŠƒ†‡˜‡‘ˆˆ‡”‡†‘„‹•‘ƒ”‡ƒŽ–”›‘—–Ǥ  ͳͻͶʹǡŒ—•–„‡ˆ‘”‡Š‡‡Ž‹•–‡†‹–Š‡”›ǡ‘„‹•‘ƒ†‘–Š‡”•Šƒ† –”ƒ˜‡Ž‡† –‘ Š‹ ƒ‰‘ǯ• •’”‹‰ –”ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ’ ‹ ƒ•ƒ†‡ƒǡ ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǡ Š‘’‹‰–‘ ƒ– Š‘™‹–Š–Š‡Š‹–‡‘šǤŠ‡›™‡”‡–—”‡†ƒ™ƒ›ǤŠ‡ Š‹–‡ ‘š Šƒ† ƒ†‡ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‹•–ƒ‡ –Š‡ ‡† ‘š ™‘—Ž† ƒ‡ –Š”‡‡›‡ƒ”•Žƒ–‡”Ǥ  IV HEARSAY BECOMES LEGEND, AND LEGEND BECOMES FACT  ‡‰‡† Šƒ• ‹– –Šƒ– •‘‡ —‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ’‡”•‘ ™ƒ• Š‡ƒ”† –‘ •Š‘—–ǡ Dz ‡– –Š‘•‡ ‹‰‰‡”• ‘ˆˆ –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡdz ƒ• ‘„‹•‘ǡ ‡–Š”‘‡ǡƒ† ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•™‡”‡Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‘š–”›‘—–Ǥ  Š‹• Globe ‘Ž—ǡ †”‹ƒ ƒŽ‡” •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– ƒ •’‘”–•™”‹–‡” ˆ‘” –Š‡Globeƒ––Š‡–‹‡ǡŽ‹ˆ‡ƒ‡ǡ„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Š‡˜‘‹ ‡–‘„‡ƒ™‡›ǯ•Ǥ͵ ‡–‘‘‡ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›’”‡•‡–ƒ––Š‡–”›‘—–‡˜‡”‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ™‡›ƒ• –Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”Ǥ  Š‡”‡‹••‘‡†‘—„–ƒ•–‘™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ™‡›™ƒ•’”‡•‡–†—”‹‰ –Š‡™‘”‘—–Ǥ ˆƒ –ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ”‡ƒŽ“—‡•–‹‘™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ›–Š‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹†‡˜‡”‡˜‡Šƒ’’‡‡†Ǥ‘‘‡™Š‘™ƒ•‘™–‘„‡’”‡•‡–‡˜‡” ”‡’‘”–‡† Š‡ƒ”‹‰ •— Š ƒ ”‡ƒ”Ȅ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‘„‹•‘ǡ ‡–Š”‘‡ǡ ƒ† ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•Ǥ  Žƒ–‡” ›‡ƒ”•ǡ ‘„‹•‘ •’‘‡ ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ ƒ† ‘ˆ–‡ „‹––‡”Ž›ǡƒ„‘—––Š‡–”›‘—–ƒ†–Š‡‡†‘šǯ•ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡–‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™—’™‹–Š

͵Ǥ†”‹ƒƒŽ‡”ǡIt’s Time to Banish the Racist Legacy of Tom Yawkeyǡ  ȋ‡ Ǥ͹ǡʹͲͳͷȌȋ ‹–‹‰ ǡ ǣ   ȋʹͲͲʹȌǡ available at Š––’•ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ„‘•–‘‰Ž‘„‡Ǥ ‘Ȁ‡–”‘ȀʹͲͳͷȀͳʹȀͲ͸Ȁ–Š‘ƒ•Ǧ›ƒ™‡›Ǧ™ƒ›Ǧ ”‡’”‡•‡–•Ǧ ‡–—”›Ǧ„‘•–‘Ǧƒ†Ǧ†‘Ǧ‡‡†Ǧ›ƒ™‡›Ǧ™ƒ›Ȁ ͷ‘ ™͵˜͸ ›‡•ͻȀ•–‘”›ǤŠ–ŽǤ ͺͶ     

Š‹ǡ„—–Š‡‡˜‡”ƒŽŽ—†‡†–‘Š‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ›–Š‹‰Ž‹‡–Š‡•Ž—”ƒŽ‡” ”‡Žƒ–‡†Ǥ – –Š‡ –‹‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”›‘—–ǡ ˆ‹˜‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒŒ‘” ‘•–‘ ‡™•’ƒ’‡”•Ȅ–Š‡ Globeǡ Heraldǡ Postǡ Travelerǡ ƒ† Boston American—ƒŽŽ”ƒ„”‹‡ˆ•–‘”‹‡•ƒ„‘—–‹–ȋƒ––”‹„—–‡†–‘–Š‡••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ”‡••Ȍǡ„—–‘–ƒ•‹‰Ž‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡’‘”–‡†–Šƒ–ƒ›”ƒ ‹ƒŽ•Ž—”•Šƒ† „‡‡–Š”‘™ƒ––Š‡’Žƒ›‡”•Ǥ  Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ Boston Globe †‹† ‘– ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ‘„‹•‘ –”›‘—–ǡ ‡†‡ŽŽ ‹–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ Pittsburgh Courier †‹†ǡ ƒ† Š‡ ”‡’‘”–‡† ‘ ™Šƒ– Šƒ† Šƒ’’‡‡†Ǥ – –Š‡ –‹‡ǡ The Courier „‘ƒ•–‡† –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•– ‹” —Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ› ˆ”‹ ƒǦ‡”‹ ƒ ‡™•’ƒ’‡”Ȅ‘˜‡” ʹͲͲǡͲͲͲ ”‡ƒ†‡”•Ȅƒ† ‡†‡ŽŽ ‹–Š ™ƒ• ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ’”‘‹‡– •’‘”–• ‘Ž—‹•–Ǥ‹–Š ‘˜‡”‡†–Š‡‡‰”‘‡ƒ‰—‡ˆ‘”–Š‡Courierƒ†™ƒ• Žƒ–‡” ”‡†‹–‡† ™‹–Š ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‹‰ ”ƒ Š ‹ ‡› –‘ •‹‰ ‘„‹•‘Ǥ ‹–Š–”ƒ˜‡Ž‡†ƒ†”‘‘‡†™‹–Š‘„‹•‘™Š‡Š‡’Žƒ›‡†ˆ‘”ƒ›‡ƒ” ‹ͳͻͶ͸™‹–Š–Š‡‘–”‡ƒŽ‘›ƒŽ•ǡ–Š‡‘†‰‡”•ǯˆƒ”–‡ƒǡƒ† –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ›‡ƒ” †—”‹‰ ‘„‹•‘ǯ• ”‘‘‹‡ ƒŒ‘” Ž‡ƒ‰—‡ •‡ƒ•‘Ǥ  ‹–Šǯ• ”‡’‘”–‘ ‘„‹•‘ǯ• ‡† ‘š –”›‘—–ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’”‹ŽʹͳǡͳͻͶͷǡ‡†‹–‹‘‘ˆTheCourierǤ‹–Š™”‘–‡–Šƒ–Š‡•ƒ–‡š––‘ ‡† ‘š ƒƒ‰‡” ‘‡ ”‘‹ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ –”›‘—–ǡ ™Š‘ ‘‡–‡† ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž›‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‘–Š‡’Žƒ›‘ˆ‘„‹•‘ƒ† ‡–Š”‘‡Ǥ ‘”†‹‰ –‘‹–Šǯ•ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ǡ–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‡†‘šƒ†–Š‡‡‰”‘ ‡ƒ‰—‡ ’Žƒ›‡”• ™ƒ• ‡–‹”‡Ž› ‘”†‹ƒŽǤ ‹–Š ™”‘–‡ǡ Dz‘„‹•‘ǡ ‡–Š”‘ȏ‡Ȑƒ†‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•™‡”‡Š‘—•‡†‹–Š‡Ǯ˜‹•‹–‘”•ǯ†”‡••‹‰”‘‘ǯ ƒ†‰”ƒ–‡†‡˜‡”› ‘—”–‡•›„› ‘Š›”Žƒ†‘ǡƒ••‹•–ƒ––”ƒ‹‡”ˆ‘” –Š‡‘šǤdzͶ ˆ–‡” †‡• ”‹„‹‰ ‹ •‘‡ †‡–ƒ‹Ž –Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š”‡‡ ’Žƒ›‡”•ǡ‹–Š‘–‡†–Šƒ–Dz–Š‡’Žƒ›‡”•™‡”‡•ƒ—–‡”‹‰‘ˆˆ–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ –‹”‡† ƒ† ™‡ƒ”› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‰”‹† ‘ƒ Š ȏ —‰ŠȐ —ˆˆ› Šƒ† ’—– –Š‡ –Š”‘—‰ŠǤdzͷ‹–Š†‹†‘––Š‡ǡ‘”ƒ–ƒ›–‹‡–Š‡”‡ƒˆ–‡”ǡ Žƒ‹–Šƒ–

ͶǤ‡†‡ŽŽ‹–ŠǡPlayers Get Try-Outs: Red Sox Consider Negroesǡ    ȋ’”‹ŽʹͳǡͳͻͶͷȌǤ ͷǤIdǤ  ͺͷ

ƒ›‘‡ Šƒ† Š—”Ž‡† ƒ› ”ƒ ‹ƒŽ •Ž—” –‘™ƒ”† ‘„‹•‘ ‘” –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ’Žƒ›‡”•Ǥ ‘ Š‘™ †‹† –Š‡ Ž‡‰‡† ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡ǫ Ž‹ˆ ‡ƒ‡ǡ ƒ Boston Globe •’‘”–• ”‡’‘”–‡”ǡ ˆ‹”•– ƒ†‡ –Š‹• ‘–‡–‹‘ ‹ ͳͻ͹ͻȄ–Š‹”–›Ǧˆ‘—” ›‡ƒ”• ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ‘„‹•‘ –”›‘—–Ǥ —– –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ ”‡ ‘”† ‘ˆ ‡ƒ‡ǯ• „‡‹‰‹–Š‡„ƒŽŽ’ƒ”‘–Šƒ–’”‹Ž†ƒ›‹ͳͻͶͷǤ –™ƒ•‘–—–‹Žͳͻ͹ͻ –Šƒ–‡ƒ‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ••‡”–‡†‹ƒGlobe ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ –Šƒ– Š‡ Šƒ† „‡‡ ƒ– ‡™ƒ› –Š‡ †ƒ› ‘„‹•‘ –”‹‡† ‘—–Ǥ͸ ‡ƒ‡ Žƒ‹‡† Š‡ Šƒ† „‡‡ –Š‡”‡ǡ ‘– ‹ Š‹• ƒ’ƒ ‹–› ƒ• ƒ Globe •’‘”–•™”‹–‡”ǡ „—– •‹’Ž› –‘ •ƒ–‹•ˆ› Š‹• ‘™ —”‹‘•‹–›Ǥ ‘ ‘‡ ‡Ž•‡ ”‡‡„‡”‡† •‡‡‹‰ ‡ƒ‡ –Š‡”‡Ǥ ‡ƒ‡ Š‹•‡Žˆ ‡˜‡” ƒ†‡ –Š‡ Žƒ‹ —–‹Ž ‘”‡ –Šƒ –Š”‡‡ †‡ ƒ†‡•Šƒ†’ƒ••‡†ǡƒ–ƒ–‹‡™Š‡”ƒ ‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•‹‘•–‘ƒ†‘ –Š‡‡†‘š‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”™‡”‡ƒŠ‘––‘’‹ ‹–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ•’‘”–•’ƒ‰‡•Ǥ ‡ƒ‡ǯ•ͳͻ͹ͻƒ”–‹ Ž‡™ƒ•‘––Š‡ˆ‹”•––‹‡Š‡™”‘–‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡ ‘„‹•‘ –”›‘—–Ǥ ™‡–› ›‡ƒ”• ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ ‘ –Š‡ ‡˜‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ͳͻͷͻ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ǡ‡ƒ‡Šƒ†‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡†‹–›‘— ‹Ž‘”— Š‹ ƒ„‘—––Š‡ ‘„‹•‘–”›‘—–Ǥ‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘‹‰‘—–‘ˆ’”‹‰”ƒ‹‹‰–Šƒ–›‡ƒ”ǡ–Š‡ ‡† ‘š Šƒ† •‡– „Žƒ  •‡ ‘† „ƒ•‡ƒ Ž‹ŒƒŠ ”‡‡ –‘ ‹–•  ‹‡ƒ’‘Ž‹•ˆƒ”–‡ƒ†‡•’‹–‡–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ– ”‡‡Š‹–‘˜‡”ǤͶͲͲ™‹–Š •‘‡ ’‘™‡”‹ ƒ –—• ‡ƒ‰—‡ ’Žƒ›Ǥ › –Šƒ– –‹‡ǡ –Š‡ ‘š ™‡”‡ –Š‡ ‘Ž› –‡ƒ ‡˜‡” Šƒ˜‹‰ ˆ‹‡Ž†‡† ƒ „Žƒ  ’Žƒ›‡”ǡ ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ‹‰‡”• ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† –Š‡‹” ”‘•–‡” ‹ ͳͻͷͺ „› ƒ††‹‰ œœ‹‡ ‹”‰‹Ž –‘ –Š‡ –‡ƒǤ Š‡ †‡ ‹•‹‘ –‘ •‡† ”‡‡ †‘™ –‘ ”‹’Ž‡  ƒ—•‡† ƒ •–‹” ƒ† ’”‘’–‡†‡ƒ‡ǯ•‹–‡”˜‹‡™™‹–Š— Š‹ Ǥ Š‡ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ǡ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹–Š‡ Globe‘’”‹Žʹͻǡͳͻͷͻǡˆ‘ —•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ͳͻͶͷ –”›‘—–ǡ ƒ† ‘ –Š‡ ‡† ‘šǯ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ –‘ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ —’ ™‹–Š ‘„‹•‘ǡ ‡–Š”‘‡ǡ ƒ† ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•Ǥ ˜‡ •‘ǡ ‡‹–Š‡” ‡ƒ‡ ‘” — Š‹  Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’Žƒ›‡”• Šƒ† „‡‡ –Š‡ ˜‹ –‹• ‘ˆ ”ƒ ‹ƒŽ –ƒ—–•–Šƒ–†ƒ›ǤŠ—•ǡ‡ƒ‡ǯ•ͳͻ͹ͻƒ••‡”–‹‘–Šƒ–Š‡Š‡ƒ”†ƒ”ƒ ‹ƒŽ

͸Ǥ See Ž‡–‘—–ǡTryout and Fallout: Race, Jackie Robinson, and the Red Soxǡ͸Ǥ ǤǤͳͳǡƒ–ʹͻȋʹͲͲͻȌȋ“—‘–‹‰ˆ”‹ ƒǦ‡”‹ ƒ •’‘”–•™”‹–‡”ƒ””›Š‹–‡•‹†‡ǯ•‡š Šƒ‰‡™‹–ŠŽ‹ˆ‡ƒ‡ǡ”‡’‘”–‡†‹–Š‡ Boston Globeǡ —Ž›ʹʹǡͳͻ͹ͻȌǤ ͺ͸     

•Ž—” ƒ• –Š‡ ’Žƒ›‡”• ™‡”‡Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž†‹ ’”‹Ž‘ˆ ͳͻͶͷ‹•ǡ–‘„‡ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡ǡ“—‡•–‹‘ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ‡ƒ‡ǯ•‘™ Š‹•–‘”› ƒ‡• Š‹• „‡Žƒ–‡† ƒŽŽ‡‰ƒ–‹‘ ‡˜‡ ‘”‡ •—•’‡ –Ǥ ‡ǡŠ‹•‡Žˆǡ™ƒ•™‡ŽŽ‘™–‘—•‡”ƒ ‹ƒŽ•Ž—”•‹–Š‡’”‡•• „‘šǤ —•– ƒ ˆ‡™ ™‡‡• „‡ˆ‘”‡ Š‹• ƒ —•ƒ–‹‘ ”‡Žƒ–‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ͳͻͶͷ –”›‘—–ǡƒ”‡’‘”–‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡ Boston Herald-AmericanŠ‡ƒ”†‡ƒ‡ ƒŽŽ ‡† ‘š •–ƒ” ˆ‹”•– „ƒ•‡ƒ ‡‘”‰‡  ‘–– Dzƒ „—•Š ‹‰‰‡”ǡdz ™Š‹ Š ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Ž› Žƒ†‡† ‡ƒ‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‹††Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ˆ‹”‡•–‘”Ǥ͹ ˆ‡ƒ‡ Šƒ†„‡‡Ž‘‘‹‰–‘†‹˜‡”–ƒ––‡–‹‘ˆ”‘Š‹•‡Žˆǡˆ‹”‹‰ƒŽŽ‡‰ƒ–‹‘• ƒ––Š‡‡†‘šƒ†–Š‡Žƒ–‡‘ƒ™‡›‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ‰‘‘†™ƒ› –‘†‘‹–Ǥ  „‘‘ ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† „› ƒ ‘–‡† ˆ”‹ ƒǦ‡”‹ ƒ •’‘”–•™”‹–‡” •Š‘”–Ž›„‡ˆ‘”‡‡ƒ‡ǯ•‹•—Ž–‹‰”‡ƒ”’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ‡š ‡ŽŽ‡––Š‡‡Ǥ ͳͻ͹͸ǡ–Š‡’‹‘‡‡”‹‰„Žƒ •’‘”–•”ƒ†‹‘ ‘‡–ƒ–‘””–—•– ”Ǥ Šƒ†’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ•–‘”‹‡•ƒ„‘—–ˆ”‹ ƒ‡”‹ ƒ•‹–Š‡ ‡‰”‘‡ƒ‰—‡•ǤŠ‡–‹–Ž‡‘ˆ—•–ǯ•„‘‘ǡGet That Nigger Off The Fieldǡͺ ƒ‡ ˆ”‘ ƒ •Ž—” ƒ––”‹„—–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‘–‘”‹‘—• ƒ’ •‘ ‹ ͳͺͺͺǤŠ‡–‹‹‰„‡–™‡‡–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—•–ǯ•„‘‘ƒ†‡ƒ‡ǯ• ˆŽƒ•Š„ƒ •‡‡•‘”‡–Šƒƒ‡”‡ ‘‹ ‹†‡ ‡Ǥ ‡•’‹–‡–Š‡†—„‹‘—•‡˜‹†‡ ‡•—’’‘”–‹‰‡ƒ‡ǯ• Žƒ‹ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ͳͻͶͷ –”›‘—–ǡ –Š‡ •–‘”› Šƒ• „‡‡ ”‡’‡ƒ–‡† •‘ ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› •‹ ‡ ͳͻ͹ͻ–Šƒ–‹–Šƒ•ƒŽ‘•–„‡ ‘‡ƒ ‡’–‡†ƒ•ˆƒ –™‹–Š‘—–“—‡•–‹‘Ǥ  ƒ •—„Œ‡ – •‘ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ƒ† •‡•‹–‹˜‡ǡ –Šƒ– ‹• —ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡ǡ ƒ† ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›˜‡”›†ƒƒ‰‹‰–‘–Š‡”‡’—–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡Ž‘‰†‡ƒ†™Š‘ ƒ‘Ž‘‰‡”†‡ˆ‡†–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ ƒ””‹‰‘ƒ™‡›™‹–Š–Š‹•„”—•Š•‡‡•‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›—ˆƒ‹”Ǥ ˜‡‡ƒ‡Š‹•‡Žˆ†‹†‘–ƒ––”‹„—–‡–Š‡•Ž—”–Šƒ–Š‡ƒŽ‘‡ Žƒ‹‡† –‘Š‡ƒ”–‘ƒ™‡›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡŠ‹•‘ˆ–Ǧ”‡’‡ƒ–‡†•–‘”›Šƒ••‹ ‡•’—””‡† •’‡ —Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ •’‡ƒ‡”ǡ ‡˜‡ ƒ‘‰ ƒ› ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‡† ™”‹–‡”• ƒ† •’‘”–• ”‡’‘”–‡”•ǡ ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ‡’–‡† –Š‡ •–‘”›

͹. IdǤ ͺǤ ǤǡDz      ǨdzȄ  ǡ      ȋͳͻ͹ͶȌǤ  ͺ͹

— ”‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ †‡•’‹–‡ –Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ– ‹– ‹‰Š– ‡˜‡” Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ’’‡‡†Ǥ †”‹ƒƒŽ‡”ǯ•Globe ‘Ž—‹•ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –‡šƒ’Ž‡Ǥ ƒŽ‡”•–ƒ–‡†ƒ•ˆƒ ––Šƒ–•‘‡‘‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‡†‘š •Š‘—–‡† ‘—– –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‡•‹˜‡ ”‡ƒ”ǡ ‡˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š ‘ ‘‡ –Š‡”‡ ‡˜‡” ”‡’‘”–‡†‹–ǤŠ‡ƒŽ‡”‰”—†‰‹‰Ž›ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†–Šƒ–‘‘‡‡˜‡” ˆ‹‰‡”‡†ƒ™‡›ƒ•–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”Ǥ‡–Š‡•–‹ŽŽ‹’Ž‹‡†–Šƒ––Š‹•”‡ƒ” —•– Šƒ˜‡ ‘‡ ˆ”‘ Š‹ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‡˜‡”›‘‡ ‡™ ƒ™‡› ™ƒ• ƒ ”ƒ ‹•–Ǥ –•‡‡•Šƒ”†–‘„‡Ž‹‡˜‡ǡ–Š‘—‰Šǡ–Šƒ–ƒ™‡›ǡƒƒŽ‡‹˜‡”•‹–› ‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ǡ ™Š‘ ‘™‡† –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž† ƒ† ƒŽŽ‘™‡† –Š‡ –”›‘—– ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ’Žƒ ‡ǡ™‘—Ž†•Š‘—–‘—–•‘‡–Š‹‰Ž‹‡–Šƒ–ƒ––Š‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ™‘”‘—–ǡ ‹ ’—„Ž‹ Ǥ —”–Š‡”ǡ ƒ™‡› ™ƒ• –Š‡ –‡ƒ ‘™‡” ƒ† ‡˜‡”›‘‡’”‡•‡–™ƒ•ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”™‹–ŠŠ‹•˜‘‹ ‡Ǥ ˆƒ•Ž—”Ž‹‡–Šƒ–Šƒ† ‘‡ˆ”‘ƒ™‡›ǡ•‘‡‘‡–Š‡”‡ ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡† ƒ™‡›ǯ•˜‘‹ ‡ƒ†‡†‡ŽŽ‹–Š•—”‡Ž›™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡™”‹––‡ƒ„‘—– ‹–ǡ‹ˆ‘–‹ͳͻͶͷǡ–Š‡ ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›Žƒ–‡”Ǥ‘•—•–ƒ‹•— Šƒ–‘š‹  Šƒ”‰‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ •–”‘‰‡” ’”‘‘ˆ –Šƒ ™Šƒ– ™ƒ• ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† ‹ †”‹ƒ ƒŽ‡”ǯ• ‘Ž—Ǥ  V MISSED OPPORTUNITIES  Š‡ –‹‡ ‹– –‘‘ –Š‡ ‡† ‘š ˆ‹ƒŽŽ› –‘ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡ ‹–• ƒŒ‘” Ž‡ƒ‰—‡”‘•–‡”‹• ƒ‘”‡•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ Šƒ”‰‡ǤƒŽ‡”ƒ†‘–Š‡”•™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ƒ––ƒ ‡†ƒ™‡›Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‡— Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‡‡†‘š ™‡”‡–Š‡Žƒ•–ƒŒ‘”Ž‡ƒ‰—‡–‡ƒ–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡ǤŠ‹•‹•‘ˆ ‘—”•‡–”—‡ǡ ƒ†—ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‡†‘šƒ†–Š‡‹”ˆƒ•Ǥ —–‹ˆ™‡ƒŽŽ”‹‰Š–Ž› ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡–Š‡‡†‘šˆ‘”„‡‹‰–Š‡Žƒ•––‡ƒ –‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡ǡ‹ͳͻͷͻǡ‹–‹•ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ˆƒ‹”–‘ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡–Šƒ––Š‡›™‡”‡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ˆ”ƒ Š‹•‡• –‘ ‘ˆˆ‡” ‘„‹•‘ ƒ –”›‘—–ǡ ‘”‡ –Šƒ ƒ ›‡ƒ” „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ‘†‰‡”•†‹†Ǥ Š‡ ‘š ™‡”‡ ‹ ˆƒ – ‘Ž› –Š‡ •‡ ‘† –‡ƒ–‘‘ˆˆ‡”‡‰”‘‡ƒ‰—‡’Žƒ›‡”•ƒˆ—ŽŽ–”›‘—–ƒ–ƒŽŽ„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‡† ‘ˆ–Š‡‡ ‘†‘”Ž†ƒ”ǤŠ‡‘„‹•‘–”›‘—– ƒ‡‘‡™‡‡ƒˆ–‡” ͺͺ     

–Š‡‘†‰‡”•‰ƒ˜‡ƒ–”›‘—––‘ƒ˜‡Š‘ƒ•ƒ†‡””‹• —ˆˆ‹‡ǡ™Š‘ ™‡”‡‘–‘ˆˆ‡”‡† ‘–”ƒ –•„›”‘‘Ž›Ǥ Š‹• ™ƒ• ‘ •ƒŽŽ ƒ––‡”ǡ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ‹ –Š‡ ‡›‡• ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡ ™Š‘ ™‡”‡ ’—•Š‹‰ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒŒ‘” Ž‡ƒ‰—‡• –‘ ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡ –Š‡ ‹†‡ˆ‡•‹„Ž‡ ‹Œ—•–‹ ‡ ‘ˆ •’‘”–• ƒ’ƒ”–Š‡‹†Ǥ ‡†‡ŽŽ ‹–Š ‘’‡‡† Š‹• Courier ‘Ž—‘‘„‹•‘ǯ•–”›‘—–™‹–Š–Š‹•ˆŽ‘—”‹•Šǣ  ‡”‡ ‘†ƒ› ‘ –Š‡ •‹Ž‡ –—”ˆ ‘ˆ Š‹•–‘”‹  ‡™ƒ›ƒ”ǤǤǤ†‡‡’‹–Š‡Š‡ƒ”–‘ˆ•–ƒ‹†‘Ž†‘•–‘Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ƒ‘–Š‡” ‡’‘ ŠƒŽ Šƒ’–‡” ‹ –Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ –‘ ‡† ”ƒ ‹ƒŽ †‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ƒŒ‘” Ž‡ƒ‰—‡• ™ƒ• ™”‹––‡ ™Š‡ –Š‡ ‘•–‘ ‡† ‘š ‰ƒ˜‡ –Š”‡‡ ‘—–•–ƒ†‹‰‡‰”‘„ƒŽŽ’Žƒ›‡”•ƒ–”›Ǧ‘—–ǤȏŽŽ‹’•‡•‹ –Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽǤȐͻ

‹–Š Šƒ† „‡‡ ’—•Š‹‰ ˆ‘” ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ’”‘–‡•–‹‰ •‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘‹„ƒ•‡„ƒŽŽƒŽ‘•–•‹ ‡Š‡Œ‘‹‡†–Š‡Pittsburgh CourierǤ ͳͻͶͺǡŠ‡„‡ ƒ‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ˆ”‹ ƒǦ‡”‹ ƒ–‘„‡‡Ž‡ –‡†‹–‘–Š‡ ƒ•‡„ƒŽŽ ”‹–‡”• ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡”‹ ƒ ƒ† ™ƒ• ‡Ž‡ –‡† –‘ –Š‡ ƒ•‡„ƒŽŽ ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ ƒ‡ ’‘•–Š—‘—•Ž› ‹ ͳͻͻͶǤ ‹–Š ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡† ‹ ͳͻͶͷ ™Šƒ– ƒŽ‘•– ‡˜‡”›‘‡ Šƒ• •‹ ‡ ˆ‘”‰‘––‡ǣ Œ—•– „› ‰‡––‹‰ ƒ –”›‘—–ǡ‘„‹•‘ǡ ‡–Š”‘‡ǡƒ†‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•Šƒ†–ƒ‡ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–•–‡’ –‘™ƒ”†•‡†‹‰–Š‡‘†‹‘—•’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ ‘”–Š‡‡†‘šƒ†–Š‡‹”ˆƒ•ǡ‹– ‹• —ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡› †‹† ‘– ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹œ‡ ‘ –Š‹• ƒ‰‹ˆ‹ ‡– ‘’’‘”–—‹–›Ǥ  –‹•™‡ŽŽ‘™–Šƒ––Š‡‡†‘š†‹†‘–Šƒ˜‡ƒ„Žƒ ’Žƒ›‡”‘ –Š‡ƒŒ‘”Ž‡ƒ‰—‡”‘•–‡”—–‹ŽŽ‹ŒƒŠDz—’•‹‡dz ”‡‡™ƒ• ƒŽŽ‡†—’ ˆ”‘  ‹ —Ž› ‘ˆ ͳͻͷͻǡ –™‡Ž˜‡ ›‡ƒ”• ƒˆ–‡” ‘„‹•‘ǡ ™‹–Š ”‘‘Ž›ǡƒ†ƒ””›‘„›™‹–ŠŽ‡˜‡Žƒ†ǡ„”‘‡–Š‡ ‘Ž‘”„ƒ””‹‡”‹ ͳͻͶ͹Ǥ ”‡‡ ™ƒ• ‘– –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– „Žƒ  ’Žƒ›‡” –Š‡ ˆ”ƒ Š‹•‡ •‹‰‡†ǡ ƒ• •‘‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡Ǥ Š‡ ‘š Šƒ† •‹‰‡† ‡‰”‘ ‡ƒ‰—‡ ‹ˆ‹‡Ž†‡” ‘”‡œ‘

ͻǤ‹–Šǡsupra ‘–‡ͶǤ  ͺͻ

Dz‹’‡”dzƒ˜‹•ǡ–Š‡–Š‹”–›Ǧ–Š”‡‡ǡ–‘ƒ‹‘”Ž‡ƒ‰—‡ ‘–”ƒ –‹ͳͻͷͲǤ —– ƒˆ–‡” ˆ‹ˆ–‡‡ ‰ƒ‡• ’Žƒ›‹‰ ˆ‹”•– „ƒ•‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ –‡ƒǯ•  ”ƒ–‘ ‹‘”Ž‡ƒ‰—‡ƒˆˆ‹Ž‹ƒ–‡ǡƒ˜‹•™ƒ•†”‘’’‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•“—ƒ†Ǥ‹–Š‡”Š‡ ™ƒ• —– –‘ •ƒ˜‡ –Š‡ –‡ƒ ˆ”‘ Šƒ˜‹‰ –‘ ’ƒ› ƒ „‘—• –‘ Š‹• ’”‹‘” –‡ƒǡ –Š‡ ‹”‹‰Šƒ Žƒ  ƒ”‘•ǡ ‘” Š‡ ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”‹Ž› Ž‡ˆ– ˆ‘” ’‡”•‘ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘•ǤŠƒ–›‡ƒ”ǡ–Š‡‡†‘šŠƒ†ƒ”‘‘‹‡ˆ‹”•–„ƒ•‡ƒǡ ƒŽ–”‘’‘ǡ™Š‘Š‹–Ǥ͵ʹʹ™‹–Š͵ͶŠ‘‡”—•ƒ†ƒŽ‡ƒ‰—‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ ͳͶͶ  ǡ ƒ† ‡ƒ”‡† ‘‘‹‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ” Š‘‘”•ǡ ƒ† ˆ—–—”‡ ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ ƒ‡” ‘„„› ‘‡”” ™ƒ• ˆ‹”Ž› ‡–”‡ Š‡† ƒ– ‡ ‘† ƒ•‡ǡ •‘ –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ’”‘‘–‹‘ ˆ‘” ƒ˜‹• •‡‡‡† •Ž‹Ǥ ƒ˜‹• ƒ†‡ ‘”‡ ‘‡›™Š‡Š‡”‡–—”‡†–‘–Š‡‡‰”‘‡ƒ‰—‡–ŠƒŠ‡™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ ƒ†‡Šƒ†Š‡•–ƒ›‡†ƒ– ”ƒ–‘Ǥ Šƒ–‡˜‡” –Š‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ˜‹•ǯ• †‡’ƒ”–—”‡ǡ Š‹• •‹‰‹‰ ™ƒ• ‘– — Š‘ˆƒ‡ˆˆ‘”–ƒ–‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†–Š‡†‡Žƒ› ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›Œ—•–‹ˆ‹‡•–Š‡ ƒ••‡”–‹‘ –Šƒ– ƒ™‡› –‘‘ ‹‹ƒŽ ƒˆˆ‹”ƒ–‹˜‡ •–‡’• –‘ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ –‡ƒ ‹ –Š‡ ͳͻͷͲ•Ǥ † –Š‡”‡ ‹• Ž‹––Ž‡ †‘—„– –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™‘”‹‰ ˆ‘” –Š‡ –‡ƒ ™Š‘ ™‡”‡ ”ƒ ‹•–•ǡ ƒ• ™‹–Š ƒŽ‘•– ƒŽŽ ƒŒ‘”ǦŽ‡ƒ‰—‡ „ƒ•‡„ƒŽŽ ˆ”ƒ Š‹•‡• ƒ– –Š‡ –‹‡Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ‘‡”‡’‘”–ǡ‹‡Dz‹›dz ‹‰‰‹•ǡ‡†‘šˆ‹‡Ž†ƒƒ‰‡”ˆ”‘ͳͻͷͷ –‘ͳͻͷͻƒ†ƒ‰ƒ‹ˆ”‘ͳͻ͸Ͳ–‘ͳͻ͸ʹǡ˜‘™‡†–Šƒ–Š‡™‘—Ž†‡˜‡”Ž‡– ƒ„Žƒ ’Žƒ›‡”‘Š‹•–‡ƒǤ —‘”Šƒ†‹––Šƒ–‡†‘š• ‘—–•™‡”‡Ž‡••–Šƒ‡–Š—•‹ƒ•–‹  ƒ„‘—–• ‘—–‹‰„Žƒ ’Žƒ›‡”•‹–Š‡ͳͻͶͲ•ƒ†ͳͻͷͲ•Ǥ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‘‡•–‘”›ǡ‡†‘š• ‘—–ƒ””›‘‘†ƒŽŽǡƒ‡šƒǡ™ƒ•†‹•’ƒ– Š‡†–‘ ‹”‹‰Šƒ–‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡‹ŽŽ‹‡ƒ›•ǡ™Š‘™ƒ•–Š‡’Žƒ›‹‰ˆ‘”‹’‡” ƒ˜‹•ǯ• –‡ƒǡ –Š‡ Žƒ  ƒ”‘•ǡ ‹ ͳͻͶͻǤ Š‡ ‘‘†ƒŽŽ ƒ””‹˜‡†ǡ ‹– ”ƒ‹‡†ˆ‘”–Š”‡‡†ƒ›•ƒ†Š‡Ž‡ˆ–™‹–Š‘—–‡˜‡”•‡‡‹‰ƒ›•’Žƒ›Ǥ ‘‘†ƒŽŽ™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘’”‡•‡–ˆ‘”–Š‡‘„‹•‘–”›‘—–ƒ– ‡™ƒ›ǡ •‘ Š‡ Šƒ† –Š‡ †‹•–‹ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ’ƒ••‹‰ ‘ „‘–Š ƒ ‹‡ ‘„‹•‘ ƒ† ‹ŽŽ‹‡ ƒ›•Ǥ ‡† ‘š ˆƒ• ‘™ ƒ ‘Ž› ™‘†‡” Š‘™ ƒ› Šƒ’‹‘•Š‹’•–Š‡‘š‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡™‘™‹–ŠƒŽ‹‡—’–Šƒ–ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡† ‹ŽŽ‹‡ ƒ›•ǡ ‡† ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ǡ ƒ ‹‡ ‘„‹•‘ǡ ”ƒ ƒŽœ‘‡ǡ ƒ† ‘„„›‘‡””Ǥ ͻͲ     

 VI PRESCIENCE AND BIGOTRY:BRANCH RICKEY AND PINKY HIGGINS   –Š‡ ͳͻͷͲ•ǡ ƒ™‡› Žƒ ‡† ™Šƒ– ‘†‰‡”• ’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ ‘™‡” ƒŽ–‡” ǯƒŽŽ‡› Šƒ†ǣ ƒ ˆ‘”™ƒ”† –Š‹‹‰ ƒ Ž‹‡ ”ƒ Š ‹ ‡› ƒ‹‰ ’‡”•‘‡Ž †‡ ‹•‹‘•Ǥ ‹ ‡› Šƒ† ƒ Žƒ™ †‡‰”‡‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‹ Š‹‰ƒǡ–Š‡alma mater‘ˆ‘•‡• Ž‡‡–™‘‘†ƒŽ‡”ǡ ™Š‘ ƒ—‰Š– ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘Ž˜‡”‹‡• ‹ ͳͺͺʹ ƒ† ͳͺͺ͵Ǥ ƒŽ‡” ™ƒ• –Š‡ ˆ‹”•–‘™„Žƒ ’Žƒ›‡”‹’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ„ƒ•‡„ƒŽŽǡ™Š‘ ƒ—‰Š–ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘Ž‡†‘Ž—‡–‘ ‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡‡”‹ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ͳͺͺͲ•Ǥ ‘‡ „ƒ•‡„ƒŽŽ Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ• ‘–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ Dz ‡–Ž‡ƒǯ• ‰”‡‡‡–dzƒ‘‰„ƒ•‡„ƒŽŽ–‡ƒ‘™‡”•–‘‡š Ž—†‡„Žƒ •ˆ”‘–Š‡ ƒŒ‘” Ž‡ƒ‰—‡• ™ƒ• •’—””‡† „› ƒ’ •‘ǯ• ˜‹• ‡”ƒŽ ”‡ƒ –‹‘ –‘ ƒŽ‡”Ǥ‘–Š‡”‡™ƒ••‘‡Š‹•–‘”‹ •›‡–”›™Š‡‹ ‡›ǡƒ‘–Š‡” ‹ Š‹‰ƒ ‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ǡ •‹‰‡† ƒ ‹‡ ‘„‹•‘ –‘ ƒ ‹‘” Ž‡ƒ‰—‡ ‘–”ƒ –‹—‰—•–‘ˆͳͻͶͷǡƒ„‘—–•‹š–››‡ƒ”•ƒˆ–‡”„ƒ•‡„ƒŽŽ‘™‡”• ˆ‹”•–‡”‡ –‡†–Š‡ ‘Ž‘”„ƒ””‹‡”Ǥ ‹ ‡›ǯ• ‘–‹˜‡• ™‡”‡ ‘– ’—”‡Ž› ƒŽ–”—‹•–‹ Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ Š‡ ™ƒ• ƒ ˆ‹”„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ‹ ‡›™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒŠƒ”†Š‡ƒ†‡† „—•‹‡••ƒǤ‹ ‡›•ƒ™–Š‡‡‰”‘‡ƒ‰—‡ƒ•–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–”‡•‡”˜‘‹” ‘ˆ —–ƒ’’‡† –ƒŽ‡– ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǡ ƒ† ‡™ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘†‰‡”• ˆ”ƒ Š‹•‡ ‘—Ž† ƒ “—‹”‡ –ƒŽ‡– ‘ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ’ „› ”‡ ”—‹–‹‰ ’Žƒ›‡”• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡‰”‘‡ƒ‰—‡–‡ƒ•Ǥ –™ƒ•ƒ Žƒ••‹ ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ†‘‹‰™‡ŽŽ„›†‘‹‰ ‰‘‘†Ǥ‹ ‡›†‹†‘–‡˜‡’ƒ›‘„‹•‘ǯ•ˆ‘”‡”–‡ƒǡ–Š‡ƒ•ƒ• ‹–› ‘ƒ” Š•ǡ ˆ‘” ‘„‹•‘ǯ• ‘–”ƒ –Ǥ Š‘•‡ ƒ‹‰ ’‡”•‘‡Ž †‡ ‹•‹‘• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡† ‘šǡ ƒ† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆ‹ˆ–‡‡ ‘–Š‡” ƒŒ‘” Ž‡ƒ‰—‡ –‡ƒ•ǡ Žƒ ‡† –Š‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ •‡‡ ™Šƒ– ‹ ‡› •ƒ™ǡ ƒ† ƒ• ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‹••‡†ƒ‰‘Ž†‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘„‡––‡”–Š‡‹”–‡ƒ•Ǥ Š‡ ‡† ‘š ƒŽ•‘ Žƒ ‡†‘‡ ‘–Š‡” ƒ••‡– –Š‡ ‘†‰‡”• Šƒ†ǣ  ƒ ‹‘” Ž‡ƒ‰—‡ ˆ”ƒ Š‹•‡ ‘”–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ•‘Ǧ‹š‘ Ž‹‡Ǥ – ‹• ‘ ƒ ‹†‡––Šƒ–‹ ‡›ƒ••‹‰‡†‘„‹•‘–‘’Žƒ›Š‹•ˆ‹”•–ƒ†‘Ž› ‹‘”Ž‡ƒ‰—‡•‡ƒ•‘‹‘–”‡ƒŽǤ ͳͻͶͷǡ–Š‡‡†‘šˆƒ”–‡ƒ• ™‡”‡ Ž‘ ƒ–‡† ‹ ‘—‹•˜‹ŽŽ‡ ƒ† ‘ƒ‘‡Ǥ Š‡ –‡ƒ †‹† Šƒ˜‡ ƒ  ͻͳ

‘–”ƒ – ™‹–Š –Š‡  ”ƒ–‘ ‹‡”•ǡ „—– –Šƒ– ™ƒ• ‘Ž› ƒ Ž‘‘•‡ ƒˆˆ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡‘š†‹†‘– ‘–”‘Ž ”ƒ–‘ǯ•”‘•–‡”ƒ•‡†‡ŽŽ ‹–Š”‡’‘”–‡†‹Š‹•Pittsburgh Courierƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ǥ”‘‹ǡ‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ǡ ‡š’”‡••‡† ‘ ‡” ƒ„‘—– ’Žƒ ‹‰ „Žƒ  ’Žƒ›‡”• ‹ ƒ ‹–› ™‹–Š ‡ˆ‘” ‡†•‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• ™ƒ• ƒ ”‡ƒŽǡ ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ‹••—‡ǡ ƒ• ‡˜‡–• ™‘—Ž† Žƒ–‡” †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡Ǥ  ͳͻͶ͸ǡ –Š‡ ‘–”‡ƒŽ ‘›ƒŽ•ǡ ™‹–Š ‘„‹•‘ ‘ –Š‡ ”‘•–‡”ǡ–”ƒ˜‡Ž‡†–‘‘—‹•˜‹ŽŽ‡ˆ‘”ƒ–Š”‡‡Ǧ‰ƒ‡•‡–™‹–Š–Š‡‘Ž‘‡Ž• ˆ‘”–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ƒ‰—‡ Šƒ’‹‘•Š‹’Ǥ‘„‹•‘Žƒ–‡”†‡ Žƒ”‡† –Šƒ–Š‹•–‹‡‹‘—‹•˜‹ŽŽ‡†—”‹‰–Š‹•–”‹’™ƒ•ƒ‘‰Š‹•™‘”•– ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•™‹–ŠŠ‘•–‹Ž‡ ”‘™†•‹Š‹•‡–‹”‡ ƒ”‡‡”Ǥ Š‡ Š‘””‹„Ž‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ”ƒ ‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• –Šƒ– ‹ˆ‡ –‡† –Š‡ ‘•–‘ ƒ”‡ƒ ‹ –Š‡ ͳͻͷͲ• ƒ† ͳͻ͸Ͳ• ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› ƒŽ•‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡•–Š‡‡†‘šŠƒ†ƒ––”ƒ –‹‰„Žƒ ’Žƒ›‡”•–‘–Š‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǤŠ›™‘—Ž†ƒ„Žƒ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽƒ–ŠŽ‡–‡™‹–Šƒ›‘—‰ ˆƒ‹Ž› ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”‹Ž› •‹‰ ™‹–Š ƒ –‡ƒ –Šƒ– ’Žƒ›‡† ‹ ƒ ‹–› ”‹ˆ‡ ™‹–Š ”ƒ ‹ƒŽ ˜‹–”‹‘Ž ™Š‡ Š‡ ‘—Ž† ”ƒ‹•‡ Š‹• ˆƒ‹Ž› ‹ ƒ ˆƒ” ˆ”‹‡†Ž‹‡” ƒ† ƒ›„‡ •ƒˆ‡” ’Žƒ ‡ǫ Š‡ ”‡’—–ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡ ‘š Šƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† „› –Šƒ– –‹‡†‹†‘–Š‡Ž’–Š‡ ƒ—•‡Ǥ ƒ™‡› –”‹‡†ǡ ‹ƒ”–ˆ—ŽŽ›ǡ –‘ ‡š’Žƒ‹ –Š‹• ‹ ƒ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ –Šƒ– ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†‹–Š‡ —‡ʹͺǡͳͻ͸ͷǡ‡†‹–‹‘‘ˆSports Illustratedǡˆ‘”™Š‹ Š Š‡™ƒ•Žƒ–‡”†‡”‹†‡†Ǥ—–‹ŽŽ—••‡ŽŽǡƒ”‰—ƒ„Ž›–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–’Žƒ›‡”‹ –Š‡ Š‹•–‘”› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ•‡–„ƒŽŽ ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™ƒ• ˜‘ ƒŽ ƒ„‘—– Š‘™ — ‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡ Š‡ ˆ‘—† Ž‹˜‹‰ ‹ ƒ••ƒ Š—•‡––•ƒ––Šƒ––‹‡ǡ‡˜‡ƒ•Š‡™ƒ• Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–Š‡‡Ž–‹ •–‘‹‡™‘”Ž†–‹–Ž‡•Ǥ  – •‡‡• ’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡ –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ˆƒ –‘”• ‘„‹‡†–‘ƒ‡–Š‡‡†‘š–Š‡ Žƒ•––‡ƒ–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡Ǥ—––Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ‹› ‹‰‰‹• ™ƒ• ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› –”‘—„Ž‡•‘‡ǤͳͲ

ͳͲǤ‘—” ‡‘ˆ‹‡› ‹‰‰‹•’Š‘–‘ǣ‡Ǥ™‹‹’‡†‹ƒǤ‘”‰Ǥ ͻʹ     

‹‰‰‹•ƒƒ‰‡†–Š‡‘šˆ”‘ͳͻͷͷ—–‹Ž„‡‹‰ˆ‹”‡†‹–Š‡•—‡” ‘ˆ ͳͻͷͻǡ ƒ† ƒ‰ƒ‹ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •—‡” ‘ˆ ͳͻ͸Ͳ —–‹Ž ͳͻ͸ʹǤ ‡ ƒŽ•‘ •‡”˜‡†ƒ•‰‡‡”ƒŽƒƒ‰‡”ˆ”‘ͳͻ͸ͳ–‘ͳͻ͸ͷǤ  ˆ ”‡’‘”–• ˆ”‘ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ •‘—” ‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ —”ƒ–‡ǡ ‹‰‰‹• ™ƒ• ƒ ’Žƒ‹ „‹‰‘–Ǥ ”‡‡ ƒ† ˆ”‹ ƒ ‡”‹ ƒ ’‹– Š‡” ƒ”Ž ‹Ž•‘ ™‡”‡ ƒ††‡† –‘ –Š‡ ƒŒ‘” Ž‡ƒ‰—‡ ”‘•–‡” †—”‹‰ ‹‰‰‹•ǯ „”‹‡ˆ Š‹ƒ–—• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒƒ‰‡”‹ƒŽ ’‘•– ‹ ͳͻͷͻǡ ƒˆ–‡” ‡‡”ƒŽ ƒƒ‰‡” — › ƒ””‹• ”‡’Žƒ ‡† ‹‰‰‹• ƒ• ˆ‹‡Ž† ƒƒ‰‡” ™‹–Š ‹ŽŽ› —”‰‡•Ǥ ƒ› ˆ‡Ž– –Šƒ– ‹‰‰‹•™ƒ•ˆ‹”‡†‹ͳͻͷͻ„‡ ƒ—•‡Š‡”‡ˆ—•‡†–‘ƒ ‡’– ”‡‡‘”ƒ› ‘–Š‡”„Žƒ ’Žƒ›‡”‘Š‹•–‡ƒǤ  —”‰‡•Š‡Ž†–Š‡ƒƒ‰‡”‹ƒŽ•‡ƒ–ˆ‘”ƒˆ‡™‘–Š•ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ ͳͻͷͻǡ„—–™Š‡–Š‡–‡ƒ‰‘–‘ˆˆ–‘ƒ‹•‡”ƒ„Ž‡•–ƒ”–‹ͳͻ͸ͲǡˆƒŽŽ‹‰ –‘ ‡‹‰Š–Š ’Žƒ ‡ ‹ ƒ ‹‡Ǧ–‡ƒ Ž‡ƒ‰—‡ǡ Š‡ ™ƒ• ˆ‹”‡† ƒ† ‹‰‰‹• ”‡‹•–ƒ–‡†Ǥ ‹‰‰‹• ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†–Š‡ ’‘•– ˆ‘” –™‘‘”‡ ›‡ƒ”•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡‡† ‘š™‡–‘™Š‡”‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡŠ‡ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–•‡‡‡†–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹ ‘”†‹ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ˆ‡™ „Žƒ  ’Žƒ›‡”• ‘ –Š‡ –‡ƒǤ ‹ŽŽ‹‡ ƒ•„›ǡƒ „Žƒ  ‡–‡”ˆ‹‡Ž†‡”™Š‘’Žƒ›‡†ˆ‘” ‹‰‰‹•‹ͳͻ͸Ͳǡ’—„Ž‹ Ž›’”ƒ‹•‡† ‹‰‰‹• ƒ• ƒ ƒƒ‰‡”ǡ ƒ† ‡‹–Š‡” ”‡‡ ‘” ‹Ž•‘ ‘’Žƒ‹‡† ƒ„‘—–’Žƒ›‹‰ˆ‘” ‹‰‰‹•ƒˆ–‡”Š‡”‡–—”‡†–‘–Š‡Œ‘„Ǥ‡”Šƒ’•–Šƒ–‹• ‘”‡‘ˆƒ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‘ ”‡‡ǡ‹Ž•‘ǡƒ†ƒ•„›–Šƒ‘ ‹‰‰‹•Ǥ

VII THE ADVENT OF ELIJAH GREEN  •–‘ƒ™‡›Š‹•‡Žˆǡ–Š‡‡˜‹†‡ ‡‹•ˆƒ”‘”‡‘’ƒ“—‡ǡ–Š‘—‰Š Š‹• ˆ‹”•– ‡‡–‹‰ ™‹–Š —’•‹‡ ”‡‡ ‹ —‰—•– ‘ˆ ͳͻͷͻ ‹‰Š– „‡ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‹‰Ǥ ”‡‡ǯ•‹‹–‹ƒŽƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡™‹–Š–Š‡‡†‘š ƒ‡‘ —Ž› ʹͳǡͳͻͷͻǡ™Š‡Š‡’‹ Š”ƒˆ‘”‹ ‡”–œ‹ƒ‰ƒ‡‹Š‹ ƒ‰‘Ǥ —‰—•–Ͷǡ ”‡‡ƒ†‡Š‹• ‡™ƒ›†‡„—–ƒ†–”‹’Ž‡†‘ˆˆ–Š‡Ž‡ˆ–ˆ‹‡Ž† ™ƒŽŽ‹Š‹•ˆ‹”•–ƒ–„ƒ–ǤŠ‡‡š–†ƒ›ǡƒ™‡› ƒŽŽ‡†Š‹‹–‘Š‹•‘ˆˆ‹ ‡Ǥ ”‡‡ ”‡ ‘—–‡† –Šƒ– ‡‡–‹‰ ‹ ƒ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ ™‹–Š  ”‡’‘”–‡”ƒ—”‡†™ƒ”†•‹—‰—•–‘ˆʹͲͲͻǡ‘–Š‡ͷͲ–Šƒ‹˜‡”•ƒ”› ‘ˆ ”‡‡ǯ• ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡– ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ –‡ƒǤ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ”‡‡ǡ ƒ™‡›‹˜‹–‡†Š‹–‘•‹–†‘™ƒ†ǡƒˆ–‡”‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰Š‹ƒ†”‹ǡ•ƒ‹†ǡ  ͻ͵

Dz ǯ†Ž‹‡–‘™‡Ž ‘‡›‘—–‘–Š‡‘•–‘‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ ǯ’Ž‡ƒ•‡†–Šƒ– ›‘—ǯ”‡Š‡”‡ǤǤǤǤ ˆ›‘—Šƒ˜‡ƒ›’”‘„Ž‡•ǡ›‘—†‘ǯ–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›Šƒ˜‡ –‘‰‘–‘–Š‡ ‘ƒ Š‘”•‘‡„‘†›‡Ž•‡Ǥ ˆ›‘—Šƒ˜‡ƒ›’”‘„Ž‡•ǡ‰‹˜‡ ‡ƒ’Š‘‡ ƒŽŽǤdzͳͳ ••—‹‰ ”‡‡ǯ•‡‘”›™ƒ•ƒ —”ƒ–‡ǡŠ‹•”‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆŠ‹• ˆ‹”•– ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ™‹–Š ƒ™‡› •‡‡• –‘ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– ƒ™‡› ™ƒ• ”‡•‘Ž˜‡†–‘ƒ‡–Š‹‰•™‘”ˆ‘” ”‡‡Ǥƒ›„‡ƒ™‡›Šƒ†‰”‘™ •‹ ‡ ͳͻͶͷǤ ƒ›„‡ Š‡ Šƒ† ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡† –Šƒ– –‘ ™‹ –Š‡ ‡† ‘š ™‘—Ž† ‡‡†–‘ƒ––”ƒ –’Žƒ›‡”•ˆ”‘ƒŽŽ„ƒ ‰”‘—†•Ǥ ˆ•‘ǡ–Šƒ–™ƒ•–Š‡•ƒ‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‹‘”ƒ Š‹ ‡›Šƒ†ƒ†‡‹ͳͻͶͷǤ  ™‡‡ ƒˆ–‡” ”‡‡ǯ• ˆ‹”•– ‡† ‘š ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ǡ –Š‡ –‡ƒ ’”‘‘–‡† ƒ”Ž ‹Ž•‘ –‘ –Š‡ ƒŒ‘” Ž‡ƒ‰—‡ ”‘•–‡”Ǥ ‹Ž•‘ ™ƒ• ƒ ’‹– Š‡” ˆ”‘ ‘—‹•‹ƒƒǡ ™Š‘ –Š‡ ‡† ‘š Šƒ† •‹‰‡† ‹ ͳͻͷ͵Ǥ ‹Ž•‘„‡ ƒ‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ˆ”‹ ƒ‡”‹ ƒ–‘–Š”‘™ƒ‘ǦŠ‹––‡”‹–Š‡ ‡”‹ ƒ ‡ƒ‰—‡ǡ „Žƒ‹‰ –Š‡ ‰‡Ž• ʹȂͲ ‹ ͳͻ͸ʹǤ ‡ ™‡– ‘ –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ •‘Ž‹† ƒ”‡‡” ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡† ‘š ƒ† Žƒ–‡” –Š‡ ‹‰‡”•Ǥ Š‡ ‹Ž•‘ Œ‘‹‡† –Š‡ –‡ƒ ‹ —‰—•– ‘ˆ ͳͻͷͻǡ –Š‡ ‡† ‘š Šƒ† ‘”‡ „Žƒ ’Žƒ›‡”•‘–Š‡‹””‘•–‡”–Šƒ–Š‡ƒ‡‡•Šƒ†‘–Š‡‹”•Ǥ  VIII DICK O’CONNELL AND A CHANGING ORDER  ƒ™‡› ‘˜‡–‡† ƒ ‘”Ž† ‡”‹‡• Šƒ’‹‘•Š‹’ˆ‘”Š‹•‡Žˆƒ†ˆ‘”‘•–‘Ǥ ‡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡”• ‹ –Š‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‘‡ ”‘‹ǡͳʹ ™Š‘ ™ƒ• –Š‡ ƒƒ‰‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ͳͻͶͷ –‡ƒǡ —Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž› ”‡‰”‡––‡† ‘– •‹‰‹‰ ‘„‹•‘ ƒ† ‡–Š”‘‡ ‹ ͳͻͶͷǡ ‘– „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡›™‡”‡„Žƒ ǡ„—–„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡› Joe Cronin

ͳͳǤƒ—”‡†™ƒ”†•ǡPumpsie Green Changed the Face of the Red Sox for the Betterǡǡavailable atŠ––’ǣȀȀ‡•Ǥ ‘ȀʹͲͲͻȀͲͺȀ’—’•‹‡Ǧ‰”‡‡•Ǧ Ž‡‰‡†ǦŽ‹˜‡Ǧ‘ǦͷͲǦ›‡ƒ”•ǦŽƒ–‡”ȀǤ ͳʹǤ‘—” ‡‘ˆ ‘‡”‘‹’Š‘–‘ǣ‡Ǥ™‹‹’‡†‹ƒǤ‘”‰Ǥ ͻͶ     

™‡”‡ ‰”‡ƒ– ’Žƒ›‡”•Ǥ ”‘‹ǡ ™Š‘ „‡ ƒ‡ –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡”‹ ƒ ‡ƒ‰—‡ ‹ ͳͻͷͻǡ ƒ†‹––‡† ƒ•— Š –‘ Jet Magazine‹ƒ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ Žƒ–‡” –Šƒ– ›‡ƒ”Ǥ Š‡ ‘—– ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ͳͻͶ͸ ‘”† ‡”‹‡• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ƒ ƒŽŽǦ™Š‹–‡ –Ǥ ‘—‹•ƒ”†‹ƒŽ• –‡ƒ‹‰Š– ™‡ŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Šƒ†‘„‹•‘’Žƒ›‡†–Š‡‹ˆ‹‡Ž†ƒ† ‡–Š”‘‡ǡ‹–Š‡’”‹‡‘ˆ Š‹• ƒ”‡‡”ǡŒ‘‹‡†‘‹ƒ‰‰‹‘ƒ†‡†‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•‹–Š‡‘—–ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ ‡”Šƒ’•‹–‹•ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡–‘ ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡ƒ™‡›ˆ‘”ˆƒ‹Ž‹‰–‘•‡‡ –Š‡•Š‘”– ‘‹‰•‘ˆƒ””›‘‘†ƒŽŽƒ†‹› ‹‰‰‹•ƒ†ˆ‘” ‡‡’‹‰ ‹‰‰‹•–‘‘Ž‘‰‹ Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆ’Žƒ›‡”Ǧ’‡”•‘‡Ž†‡ ‹•‹‘•Ǥ—– ‹ˆƒ™‡›‹•–‘„‡ˆƒ—Ž–‡†ˆ‘”Ž‘›ƒŽ–›–‘ ‹‰‰‹•ǡƒ ƒŽŽ‘ˆ ƒ‡’Žƒ›‡” ƒ†’‡”•‘ƒŽˆ”‹‡†ǡ–Š‡‹–‹•ƒŽ•‘ˆƒ‹”–‘‰‹˜‡Š‹ ”‡†‹–ˆ‘”Š‹”‹‰ ‹ ǯ‘‡ŽŽǡ’”‘‘–‹‰Š‹–‘š‡ —–‹˜‡‹ ‡”‡•‹†‡–‹ͳͻ͸ͳǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡’Žƒ ‹‰ ‹‰‰‹• ™‹–Š ǯ‘‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ƒƒ‰‡” ‹ ͳͻ͸ͷǤǯ‘‡ŽŽ—•Š‡”‡†‹ƒ•‡ƒ Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›‹’Žƒ›‡”ƒ “—‹•‹–‹‘Ǥ‘ǯ‘‡ŽŽǡ”ƒ ‡ ™ƒ• ‹””‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ‹ Š‘‘•‹‰ ’Žƒ›‡”•Ǥ „‹Ž‹–› ™ƒ• ǯ‘‡ŽŽǯ• •‘Ž‡ ”‹–‡”‹ƒǤ ‹–Š‹ –™‘ ›‡ƒ”• ‘ˆ ǯ‘‡ŽŽǯ• ƒ• ‡•‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ ƒƒ‰‡”ǯ•’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‡†‘š™‡”‡‹–Š‡‘”Ž†‡”‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•– –‹‡‹–™‡–›Ǧ‘‡›‡ƒ”•ǡ™‹–Šƒ–‡ƒ–Šƒ–Šƒ†‘”‡„Žƒ ’Žƒ›‡”• –Šƒ†‹†‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡‘–Š‡”ƒŒ‘”ǦŽ‡ƒ‰—‡–‡ƒ•Ǥ ‘ƒ™‡›™ƒ•ˆ—ŽŽ›„‡Š‹†ǯ‘‡ŽŽƒ†Š‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š—–‹Ž ƒ™‡›ǯ•†‡ƒ–Šˆ”‘Ž‡—‡‹ƒ‘ —Ž›ͻǡͳͻ͹͸Ǥ›–Šƒ––‹‡ǡ–Š‡‡† ‘š ™‡”‡ • ‘—–‹‰ ƒ† •‹‰‹‰ ’Žƒ›‡”• ˆ”‘ ƒŽŽ ™ƒŽ• ‘ˆ Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ ‹–Š ƒ™‡›ǯ• ‘’Ž‡–‡•—’’‘”–ǡǯ‘‡ŽŽŠƒ†”‡•—””‡ –‡†–Š‡ˆ”ƒ Š‹•‡ ƒ†Šƒ†„‡‰—–‘‹•–‹ŽŽƒ —Ž–—”‡–Šƒ–ˆ‘ —•‡†‘–ƒŽ‡–ƒ†‡”‹–ƒ• –Š‡›ƒ”†•–‹ •ˆ‘”’‡”•‘‡Ž†‡ ‹•‹‘•Ǥ  ͻͷ

IX GROWTH AND REDEMPTION             The Impossible Dream Team, 1967  Šƒ– ‹• †‹•–—”„‹‰ ƒ„‘—– †”‹ƒ ƒŽ‡”ǯ• ƒ––ƒ  ‘ ‘ ƒ™‡›‹•–Šƒ–‹–†‡‹‡•Š—ƒ„‡‹‰•–Š‡ Šƒ ‡–‘‰”‘™ǡ–‘ Šƒ‰‡ǡ –‘ƒ†‹–‡””‘”•ƒ†–‘ ‘””‡ –‹•–ƒ‡•Ǥƒ™‡›ǯ•Š‹•–‘”›‹•ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ – ‡šƒ’Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡•– –‡ƒ ‹ ‡† ‘š Š‹•–‘”›ǡ –Š‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ”‡ƒ‡ƒ‘ˆͳͻ͸͹ǡˆ‡ƒ–—”‡† ‡‘”‰‡ ‘––ǡ ‘‡ ‘›ǡ‡‰‰‹‡‹–Šǡ ‘Š›ƒ––ƒ† ‘•‡ƒ”–ƒ„—ŽŽǤ Ž•–‘ ‘™ƒ”†ǡ™Š‘Šƒ†‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† –Š‡ƒ‡‡•‹ͳͻͷͷǡ™ƒ•ƒ††‡†ƒ•ƒ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ˜‡–‡”ƒ’”‡•‡ ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ ƒ‰‹ ƒŽ •–”‡– Š †”‹˜‡Ǥ ‹–Š ǯ‘‡ŽŽǯ• ‰—‹†ƒ ‡ǡ ‘ ƒ™‡› ƒ “—‹”‡†ƒ†•‹‰‡†‡˜‡”›‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‡›’Žƒ›‡”•ǤŠ‘—‰ŠŠ‡ƒ†‡ ƒ„‹‰‹•–ƒ‡‘–•‹‰‹‰‘„‹•‘ƒ† ‡–Š”‘‡‹ͳͻͶͷǡŠ‹•–Š‹‹‰ Šƒ† ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž› ‡˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –‹‡ –‘ ‰‹˜‡ —• ƒŽŽ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•– ‡‘”ƒ„Ž‡‡’‹•‘†‡•‹‡”‹ ƒ•’‘”–•Š‹•–‘”›Ǥ    Š ‹ •  Globe ‘Ž—ǡ †”‹ƒ ƒŽ‡” •‡‡‡† –‘ ‡“—ƒ–‡ ‘ ƒ™‡›™‹–Š ‘ŠǤƒŽŠ‘—ǡ–Š‡‡ƒ–‘”ˆ”‘‘—–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒƒ† ‹ ‡ ”‡•‹†‡– —†‡” †”‡™ ƒ •‘ ™Š‘ǡ ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š Š‘ƒ• ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘ ȋ–Š‡ •‹Ž‡– ƒ—–Š‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡ Virginia and Kentucky ResolvesȌǡ ”‡ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ „ƒ•‹• ˆ‘” •‡ ‡••‹‘ –Šƒ– —Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž› ’Ž—‰‡† ͻ͸     

–Š‡ƒ–‹‘‹–‘ ‹˜‹Ž™ƒ”Ǥͳ͵Š‡ƒƒŽ‘‰›‹•‹ƒ’–ǤƒŽŠ‘—™ƒ•™‹ŽŽ‹‰ –‘ •‡‡ –Š‡ ‘—–› •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡† ƒ† „Ž‘‘† •’‹ŽŽ‡† –‘ ’”‘–‡ – ƒ ‡˜‹Ž ‹•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ ‡ ’”‘‘–‡† •Žƒ˜‡”› ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ‹‘ —–‹Ž Š‹• †‡ƒ–Š‹ ͳͺͷͲƒ†•‡––Š‡•–ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”–Š‡„Ž‘‘†‹‡•–™ƒ”‹‘—”ƒ–‹‘ǯ•Š‹•–‘”›Ǥ  ‘–”ƒ•–ǡ™Šƒ–‡˜‡”ƒ™‡›ǯ•‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ˜‹‡™•‘”ƒ ‡ǡŠ‡•—”‡Ž›™ƒ• ‘’‡–‘ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ –™ƒ•ƒ™‡›ǡƒˆ–‡”ƒŽŽǡ™Š‘–”ƒ†‡†ˆ‘”—‹•‹ƒ– ƒ† •‹‰‡† ‹ ‹ ‡ǡ ‡ ‹Ž ‘‘’‡”ǡ ‡ ‰Ž‹˜‹‡ǡ ƒ† ƒ Š‘•– ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡” ’Žƒ›‡”•‘ˆ ‘Ž‘”Ǥ

X HISTORY AND MORAL JUDGMENTS  †”‹ƒƒŽ‡”ƒŽ•‘ƒƒŽ‘‰‹œ‡†ƒ™‡› –‘ •ƒƒ ‘›ƒŽŽǡƒͳ͹–Š ‡–—”›•Žƒ˜‡Š‘Ž†‡”ˆ”‘‡†ˆ‘”†ǡƒ••ƒ Š—•‡––•Ǥ ‡ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ–ǡ‹ˆ ƒ”˜ƒ”†ƒ™ Š‘‘Ž‹•™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘ ‘•‹†‡” Šƒ‰‹‰‹–•‹•‹‰‹ƒ–Šƒ– ‹•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡‘›ƒŽŽˆƒ‹Ž› ”‡•–ǡ‘•–‘•Š‘—Ž†•‹‹Žƒ”Ž›”‡‘˜‡ ƒ™‡›ǯ• ƒ‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  ™ƒ› ‹ ˆ”‘– ‘ˆ ‡™ƒ› ƒ”Ǥ Š‹• ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ „‡––‡” •—‹–• ƒ ƒ”‰—‡– –‘ Šƒ‰‡ –Š‡ ƒ‡• ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡” •–”‡‡–•‹‘•–‘ǣƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡ ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘ǡƒ†‹ ‘ŽǤ ƒ•Š‹‰–‘–”‡‡–‹•–Š‡Ž‘‰‡•–•–”‡‡–‹–Š‡‘‘™‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ –‹•ƒ‡†ˆ‘” ‡‘”‰‡ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡ–Š‡ ƒ–Š‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘—–”›Ǥ –”—• ”‹‰Š– –Š”‘—‰Š —†Ž‡› “—ƒ”‡ ‹ ‘š„—”› ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ™ƒ› –‘ –Š‡ ‘”–Š †Ǥ ƒ•Š‹‰–‘™ƒ•ƒ‰”‡ƒ–Ž‡ƒ†‡”™Š‘‰”‡™ƒ•ƒˆ‹‡Ž†‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ• –Š‡ƒ”’”‘‰”‡••‡†Ǥ ‡Š‡Ž†–Š‡‘–‹‡–ƒŽ”›–‘‰‡–Š‡”ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‹’‘••‹„Ž‡ ‘††•Ǥ › ‘•‡•—• ‘ˆ ‘•– Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ•ǡ –Š‡ ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ˆƒ‹Ž‡† ™‹–Š‘—– ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǯ• Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǥ  ͳ͹ͺ͸ǡ ƒˆ–‡” ™‹–‡••‹‰–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•‘ˆ–Š‡”–‹ Ž‡•‘ˆ‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡ ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š ƒ‡• ƒ†‹•‘ǡ ’”‘’‘•‡† ƒ ‡‡–‹‰ ‘ˆ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡• ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ–ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–„‡ ƒ‡–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‘˜‡–‹‘‘ˆ ͳ͹ͺ͹Ǥ ‡ Šƒ‹”‡† –Šƒ– ‘˜‡–‹‘ ƒ† ™ƒ• ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ ‘—” ˆ‹”•– ”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ  ͳ͹ͻ͸ǡ ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”‹Ž› Ž‡ˆ– ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡ ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–

ͳ͵ǤƒŽ‡”ǡsupra‘–‡͵Ǥ  ͻ͹

ƒ –ˆ‘”ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽŠ‡ƒ†‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡‹–Š‡ͳͺ–Š ‡–—”›ǡ•‡––‹‰–Š‡•–ƒ‰‡ ˆ‘” ’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž –”ƒ•ˆ‡” ‘ˆ ’‘™‡” –‘ †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› ‡Ž‡ –‡† Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ȅ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ’”‘˜‹‰ –Šƒ– ƒ ˆ”‡‡ ƒ† †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ ‰‘˜‡” –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ —–ƒ•Š‹‰–‘™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒ•Žƒ˜‡‘™‡”Ǥ‘”•‡ǡŠ‡‡™ˆ—ŽŽ ™‡ŽŽ –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ ‡˜‹Ž ‘ˆ •Žƒ˜‡”› ƒ† ”‡•‘Ž˜‡† –‘ ˆ”‡‡ Š‹• •Žƒ˜‡•Ȅ„—– ‘Ž›ƒˆ–‡”Š‹•™‹ˆ‡ƒ”–Šƒ†‹‡†ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡Š‡ƒŽ•‘—†‡”•–‘‘†–Šƒ––Šƒ– Š‹• ™‡ƒŽ–Š ™ƒ• „ƒ•‡† Žƒ”‰‡Ž› —’‘ –Š‡ •Žƒ˜‡• Š‡ Š‡Ž†Ǥ  •Š‘”–ǡ ƒ•Š‹‰–‘‡’–‡ƒ†™‘‡‹„‘†ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”Š‹•‘™ƒ†Š‹• ™‹ˆ‡ǯ• ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ‘”–Ǥ ‘™ ƒ ™‡ ƒ‡ ƒ •–”‡‡– ƒˆ–‡” Š‹ǡ ‘” ™‘”•‡ǡ–Š‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›ǫ  ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘™ƒ•ǡ‹ˆƒ›–Š‹‰ǡ‡˜‡‰—‹Ž–‹‡”Ǥ ‡™”‘–‡–Š‡‹‘”–ƒŽ ™‘”†•ǡ DzƒŽŽ ‡ ƒ”‡ ”‡ƒ–‡† ‡“—ƒŽ ȏƒ† ƒŽŽȐ ƒ”‡ ‡†‘™‡† „› –Š‡‹” ”‡ƒ–‘” ™‹–Š ‡”–ƒ‹ —ƒŽ‹‡ƒ„Ž‡ ‹‰Š–• Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ƒ‘‰ –Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ ‹ˆ‡ǡ ‹„‡”–› ƒ† –Š‡ ’—”•—‹– ‘ˆ ƒ’’‹‡••ǤdzͳͶ ‡– ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘ †‡‹‡† –Š‡•‡ Dz—ƒŽ‹‡ƒ„Ž‡”‹‰Š–•dz–‘Š—†”‡†•‘ˆŠ—ƒ„‡‹‰•ƒ–‘–‹ ‡ŽŽ‘ƒ† †‹† ‘–Š‹‰ –‘ ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ ‡˜‹Ž ‘ˆ •Žƒ˜‡”› ™Š‹Ž‡ Š‡ ™ƒ• ”‡•‹†‡–ǡ ‡˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† –Š‡ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ„‘Ž‹•Š‡†Ǥ ‡ ‘—Ž†‘–‡˜‡ˆ”‡‡Š‹•‘™•Žƒ˜‡•„‡ ƒ—•‡†‘‹‰ •‘ ™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡†”‹˜‡Š‹‹–‘ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ”—‹Ǥ ‡••‡ ‡ǡ ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘ Š‘•‡ ƒ ’ƒ–Š ‘ˆ ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ •–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† ‘”ƒŽ „ƒ”—’– › ‘˜‡” –”—–Š ƒ† ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ ‹ ‘Žǡ–‘‘ǡ‹••—•’‡ –Ǥ—”‹‰–Š‡ˆ‘—”–Š‘ˆŠ‹•ˆƒ‘—•†‡„ƒ–‡• ™‹–Š —†‰‡ –‡’Š‡ ‘—‰Žƒ• ‹ ‡’–‡„‡” ‘ˆ ͳͺͷͺǡ ‹ ‘Ž –”—’‡–‡†Š‹•˜‹‡™–Šƒ–„Žƒ ‡™‡”‡‘–ƒ†‡˜‡” ‘—Ž†„‡–Š‡ ‡“—ƒŽ‘ˆ™Š‹–‡•Ǥ ‡ˆ‹”Ž›†‡ Žƒ”‡†–Šƒ–Š‡™ƒ•‘’’‘•‡†–‘ƒ‹‰ –Š‡˜‘–‡”•‘”Œ—”‘”•ǡƒ† ‘†‡‡†”ƒ ‹ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡Ǥ •”‡•‹†‡–ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡‹˜‹Žƒ””ƒ‰‹‰‹—‰—•–ͳͺ͸ʹǡ‹ ‘Ž ™”‘–‡ƒŽ‡––‡”–‘ ‘”ƒ ‡ ”‡‡Ž‡›‹–Š‡™ƒ‡‘ˆƒ•‡ ‘††‹•ƒ•–‡”ƒ– —ŽŽ—Ǥš’Žƒ‹‹‰Š‹•‰‘ƒŽ‹’”‘•‡ —–‹‰–Š‡ƒ”ǡ‹ ‘Ž™ƒ•ǡƒ• —•—ƒŽǡ †‹”‡ – ƒ† Ž‡ƒ”ǣ Dz› ’ƒ”ƒ‘—– ‘„Œ‡ – ‹ –Š‹• •–”—‰‰Ž‡ǡdz Š‡

ͳͶǤ    ǡ’ƒ”ƒǤʹȋǤǤͳ͹͹͸ȌǤ ͻͺ     

‡š’Žƒ‹‡†ǡDzis–‘•ƒ˜‡–Š‡‹‘ǡƒ†‹•not‡‹–Š‡”–‘•ƒ˜‡‘”†‡•–”‘› •Žƒ˜‡”›Ǥ ˆ  ‘—Ž†•ƒ˜‡–Š‡‹‘™‹–Š‘—–ˆ”‡‡‹‰ƒ›•Žƒ˜‡ǡ ™‘—Ž† †‘‹–ǤǤǤǤdzͳͷ–ƒ„‘—––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ‹ ‘Ž’”‘’‘•‡†ƒ• Š‡‡‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡‹‰ –Š‡ •Žƒ˜‡•ǡ Š—ƒ „‡‹‰• „‘” ‹ ‡”‹ ƒǡ ƒ† ‘Ž‘‹œ‹‰ –Š‡‹ˆ”‹ ƒǡƒ†Š‡–‘‘•–‡’•–‘–”›–‘‡ˆˆ‡ –—ƒ–‡–Š‡’ŽƒǤ  •‹–”‹‰Š––Šƒ–‹ ‘Žǯ•ˆƒ ‡‹•‘–Š‡ˆ‹˜‡Ǧ†‘ŽŽƒ”„‹ŽŽǡ–Š‡’‡› ƒ†‘—–—•Š‘”‡ǫŠ‘—Ž†™‡Šƒ˜‡‘—‡–•–‘ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡ ‹ ‘Žǡ ƒ† ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘ ‹ ‘—” ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ‹–› ƒ† ‹ ‘—–Ž‡•• ’Žƒ ‡• ƒ ”‘••‡”‹ ƒ™Š‡–Š‡›™‡”‡ƒ˜‘™‡†”ƒ ‹•–•ǡƒ†–™‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ™‡”‡ •Žƒ˜‡ ‘™‡”•ǡ ™Š‘ ‡™ –Š‡ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ ™ƒ• ‡˜‹Ž „—– †‹† ‘–Š‹‰–‘‡”ƒ†‹ ƒ–‡‹–ǫ ‹ ‘Ž—†‘—„–‡†Ž›‰”‡™™Š‹Ž‡Š‡™ƒ•‹‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ƒ†Š‹•˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ ”ƒ ‡ ƒ† ”ƒ ‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• Šƒ‰‡†Ǥ ‹–Š‹ ƒ‘–Š ‘ˆ Š‹• Ž‡––‡” –‘ ”‡‡Ž‡›ǡ‹ ‘Ž”‡•‘Ž˜‡†–‘‡ƒ ‹’ƒ–‡•Žƒ˜‡•‹–Š‘•‡–ƒ–‡••–‹ŽŽ‹ ”‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘ǡ „—– Š‡ ˆ‡Ž– Š‡ ‡‡†‡† ƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ˜‹ –‘”› „‡ˆ‘”‡ Š‡ ‘—Ž† ƒ‘— ‡Š‹•†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǥ–Š‡”™‹•‡ǡŠ‡ˆ‡ƒ”‡†ǡ‡ƒ ‹’ƒ–‹‘™‘—Ž†„‡ •‡‡ƒ•ƒŽƒ•–Ǧ†‹– Š‡ˆˆ‘”–‘ˆƒŽ‘•‹‰•‹†‡Ǥ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›Dz˜‹ –‘”›dz ƒ‡ǡ ‘”‡ ‘” Ž‡••ǡ ƒ– –‹‡–ƒǡ ‘‡’–‡„‡” ͳ͹ǡ ͳͺ͸ʹǤ ™‘ †ƒ›• Žƒ–‡”ǡ ‹ ‘Ž ƒ‘— ‡† –Š‡ ƒ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ”‘ Žƒƒ–‹‘ ƒ• ƒ ™ƒ” ‡ƒ•—”‡ǤŠƒ–ˆ”‡‡†•Žƒ˜‡•‹‘Ž›–Š‘•‡–ƒ–‡••–‹ŽŽ‹”‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘ƒ•‘ˆ ƒ—ƒ”›ͳǡͳͺ͸͵Ȅ‹‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ‘Ž›‹–Š‡–‡””‹–‘”‹‡•‘˜‡”™Š‹ Š ‹ ‘ŽŠƒ†‘ ‘–”‘Žǡƒ†‹–™ƒ•ƒ†‘’–‡†ƒ•ƒ–‘‘Ž–‘™‹–Š‡ƒ”ǡ ‘–ƒ•ƒ‘”ƒŽ Š‘‹ ‡Ǥ‡–‹–™ƒ•ƒ•–ƒ”–ǡƒ†ˆ‘”‡˜‡”‡ƒ”‡†‹ ‘Ž –Š‡–‹–Ž‡DzŠ‡ ”‡ƒ–ƒ ‹’ƒ–‘”Ǥdz ’”‹Žͳͳǡͳͺ͸ͷǡŒ—•–ƒ‘–Šƒˆ–‡”‹ ‘Ž—”‰‡†–Š‡ ‘—–”› –‘ ƒ – Dz™‹–Š ƒŽ‹ ‡ –‘™ƒ”†• ‘‡ǡ ™‹–Š Šƒ”‹–› ˆ‘” ƒŽŽdz ‹ Š‹• ƒ‰‹ˆ‹ ‡–‡ ‘† ƒ—‰—”ƒŽǡŠ‡‰ƒ˜‡ƒ‘–Š‡”•’‡‡ Š‹™Š‹ ŠŠ‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–Š‡™ƒ•™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘ ‘•‹†‡”‰‹˜‹‰–Š‡˜‘–‡–‘Dz•‘‡dz ‡†— ƒ–‡†„Žƒ ‡ƒ†–‘–Š‘•‡™Š‘Šƒ†ˆ‘—‰Š–‹–Š‡ƒ”ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‹‘ǤŠƒ–•‘—†•„Žƒ–ƒ–Ž›”ƒ ‹•––‘ʹͳ•– ‡–—”›‡ƒ”•ǡ„—–‹ͳͺ͸ͷ

ͳͷǤ‡––‡”ˆ”‘„”ƒŠƒ‹ ‘Ž–‘ ‘”ƒ ‡ ”‡‡Ž‡›ȋ—‰—•–ʹʹǡͳͺ͸ʹȌǡ available atŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥƒ„”ƒŠƒŽ‹ ‘Ž‘Ž‹‡Ǥ‘”‰ȀŽ‹ ‘ŽȀ •’‡‡ Š‡•Ȁ‰”‡‡Ž‡›ǤŠ–  ͻͻ

‹– ™ƒ• ƒ ”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ •–‡’ –‘™ƒ”†• ˆ”‡‡†‘Ȅƒ† ‹– ‹‰Š– Šƒ˜‡ ‘•– ‹ ‘Ž Š‹• Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ ‘Š ‹Ž‡• ‘‘–Šǡ ™Š‘ ™ƒ• ’”‡•‡– ˆ‘” ‹ ‘Žǯ• ’”‹Ž ͳͳ •’‡‡ Šǡ ˜‘™‡† Dz–Šƒ– ™‹ŽŽ „‡ –Š‡ Žƒ•– •’‡‡ Š Š‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‡˜‡” ‰‹˜‡ǤdzŠ”‡‡†ƒ›•Žƒ–‡”ǡ‘ ‘‘† ”‹†ƒ›ǡ‘‘–Š•Š‘–‹ ‘Žƒ– ‘”†ǯ• Š‡ƒ–‡”ǤŠ‡’‘‹–‹•–Šƒ–‹ ‘Žǯ•˜‹‡™•‘”ƒ ‡‡˜‘Ž˜‡†–‘–Š‡ ’‘‹– ™Š‡”‡ ”‡†‡”‹  ‘—‰Žƒ••ǡ ‹ ƒ •’‡‡ Š ‹ ͳͺ͹͸ǡ Žƒ—†‡† –Š‡ Dz’”‡‡‹‡–•‡”˜‹ ‡•ǤǤǤ”‡†‡”‡†–‘‘—””ƒ ‡„›‹ ‘ŽǤdz › ˆƒ‹” ”‡˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ Š‹•–‘”› Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ ‘‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘ǣ ‘•–‘ •Š‘—Ž† ‘– ”‡‘˜‡ ƒ™‡›ǯ• ƒ‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •–”‡‡– ‹ ˆ”‘– ‘ˆ Š‹• „ƒŽŽ’ƒ”ƒ›‘”‡–Šƒ‡”‹ ƒ•Š‘—Ž†”‡‘˜‡ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǯ•ƒ‡ ˆ”‘–Š‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ‹–›‘”†‡•–”‘›‘—–—•Š‘”‡ǤŠ‡•‡ˆŽƒ™‡†‡ǡ ‹–Š‡‹”—‹“—‡™ƒ›•ǡƒŽŽƒ†‡‹’‘”–ƒ– ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•–‘‘—”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†–‘–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆƒ‹†Ǥ”ƒ•‹‰–Š‡‹”‡‘”‹‡•†‘‡•‘–Š‹‰ –‘’”‘‘–‡–Š‡‰‘‘†‘ˆ‘—”•‘ ‹‡–›ǡ‘”’”‡•‡”˜‡–Š‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆ‘—” •Šƒ”‡†Š‹•–‘”›Ǥ‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ‡ˆ‘” ‡†Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽƒ‡•‹ƒƒ‡• ‹–ƒŽŽ–‘‘‡ƒ•›ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ‘ˆ—•–‘ƒ˜‘‹†ˆƒ ‹‰–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹–›–Šƒ–™‡ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ ˆƒŽŽ‹„Ž‡Ǥ

XI WILLIAMS,GARRISON,MORRIS, OR YAWKEY WAY?  †”‹ƒ ƒŽ‡” —”‰‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹–› Šƒ‰‡ Dzƒ™‡› ƒ›dz –‘ Dz‹ŽŽ‹ƒ• ƒ›dz „ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒ ˆ‡™ •‡–‡ ‡• ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ› Š‘•‡ ˆ”‘ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ǯ ƒŽŽ‘ˆ ƒ‡ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡•’‡‡ Š‹ͳͻ͸͸Ǥ –Šƒ–ƒ††”‡••ǡ ‡† ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ• †‡ ”‹‡† –Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ– ƒ– Š‡Ž ƒ‹‰‡ǡ ‘•Š ‹„•‘ǡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡”‡‰”‘‡ƒ‰—‡‰”‡ƒ–•Šƒ†„‡‡‡š Ž—†‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ ƒŽŽ‘ˆ ƒ‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›Šƒ†‘–’Žƒ›‡†‹–Š‡ƒŒ‘”Ž‡ƒ‰—‡•Ǥ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ• ‘””‡ –Ž› ’‘‹–‡†‘—––Šƒ––Š‡›Šƒ†„‡‡—ˆƒ‹”Ž›†‡‹‡†–Š‡ Šƒ ‡–‘’Žƒ›‹ –Š‡ƒŒ‘”•„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹””ƒ ‡ƒ†•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‹•‹Œ—•–‹ ‡•Š‘—Ž† ‘–„‡’‡”’‡–—ƒ–‡†„›‡š Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ˆ”‘Š‡ ƒŽŽǤ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ• ™ƒ• ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ ”‹‰Š– ƒ„‘—– –Šƒ–ǡ ƒ† ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž› ˆ‘” „ƒ•‡„ƒŽŽˆƒ•ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ ‹–‹œ‡•ǡ–Šƒ–Šƒ• ‘‡–‘’ƒ••Ǥ—––Š‡”‡‹• ‘”‡ ‘”†–Šƒ–Š‡—”‰‡†Š‹•ƒƒ‰‡”•ǡ ‘‡”‘‹ƒ† ‘‡ ƒ”–Š›ǡ ‘”–‡ƒ‘™‡”ǡ‘ƒ™‡›ǡ–‘•‹‰–Š‡•‡’Žƒ›‡”•‹ͳͻͶ͸‘”ͳͻͶ͹ǡ ͳͲͲ     

™Š‡‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•™ƒ•ƒ–Š‹•ƒ–ŠŽ‡–‹ ’‡ƒƒ†Š‹•‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ†™‡‹‰Š–Ǥ ˆŠ‡†‹†ǡ‘ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ‡‘—•”‡ ‘”†‘ˆ‹–‡š‹•–•Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ‘– –‘ ƒ––ƒ  ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ• „—– –‘ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ —ˆƒ‹”‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ••ƒ—Ž– ‘ ƒ™‡›ǣ Š‘Ž†‹‰ ƒ™‡› –‘ ‘‡ •–ƒ†ƒ”† ƒ† ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ• –‘ ƒ‘–Š‡”Ǥ ‘–Š ‰”‡™ ƒ† „‘–Š Šƒ‰‡†Ǥ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•˜‘‹ ‡†‘’‹‹‘•‹ͳͻ͸͸Š‡†‹†‘–—”‰‡ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–’—„Ž‹ Ž›ǡ‹ ͳͻͶ͸Ǥƒ™‡›ƒ –‡†‘™Šƒ–Š‡•ƒ™ƒ•ƒ Šƒ‰‹‰”‡ƒŽ‹–›–‘ˆ‘”‰‡ƒ ‰”‡ƒ––‡ƒ–Šƒ–ˆ‘”‡˜‡” Šƒ‰‡†–Š‡ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‘šƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡ ‹–›‘ˆ‘•–‘Ǥ  ˆ –Š‡ ‹–› †‘‡• ‘•‹†‡” ”‡‘˜‹‰ ƒ™‡›ǯ• ƒ‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹ ™ƒ›‹ˆ”‘–‘ˆ ‡™ƒ›ƒ”ǡDz‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ƒ›dz†‘‡•‘–•‡‡–‘ „‡ ƒ ’”‘’‡” •—„•–‹–—–‡Ǥ ƒ••ƒ Š—•‡––• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› Šƒ• ƒ –—‡Ž ƒ‡† ƒˆ–‡”‡†‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ƒ›™ƒ›Ǥ‡”Šƒ’•ƒ™‡›ƒ› ‘—Ž†„‡”‡ƒ‡† Dz‹ŽŽ‹ƒ Ž‘›† ƒ””‹•‘ –”‡‡–ǡdz ‘” „‡––‡” ›‡–ǡ Dz‘„‡”– ‘””‹• ”Ǥ –”‡‡–Ǥdz—–™Š‹Ž‡„‘–Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‰”‡ƒ–ƒ† ‘—”ƒ‰‡‘—•‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡ Š‘‘”‡† ƒ† ”‡‡„‡”‡† ȋ‘””‹• ‹ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” †‡•‡”˜‡• ˆƒ” ‘”‡ •–—†› –Šƒ Š‡ Šƒ• ”‡ ‡‹˜‡†Ȍǡ ‡‹–Š‡” Šƒ† ƒ›–Š‹‰ –‘ †‘ ™‹–Š „ƒ•‡„ƒŽŽǤ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ Dzƒ™‡› ƒ›dz ‹• ƒ — Š ‘”‡ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ‘‹‡” ˆ‘” –Š‡ •–”‡‡– ‹ ˆ”‘– ‘ˆ ‡™ƒ› ƒ”ǡ ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ –‘™‡”‹‰‹’ƒ –ǡˆ‘”‰‘‘†ǡƒ™‡›Šƒ†‘„ƒ•‡„ƒŽŽǡ‘•–‘ǡƒ† ‹–› Ž‹ˆ‡ ˆ‘” –‡• ‘ˆ –Š‘—•ƒ†• ‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ •’ƒ ‘ˆ ƒŽ‘•– ŠƒŽˆ ƒ ‡–—”›Ǥ  XIII WILLIAMS ON YAWKEY   ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ †”‹ƒ ƒŽ‡”ǯ• ”‡Ž‹ƒ ‡ ‘ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ǯ• ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ ƒ‡ •’‡‡ Š™ƒ•ƒ„‹–•‡Ž‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ ‡‡‰Ž‡ –‡†–‘‡–‹‘–Šƒ–ǡ‹–Š‡˜‡”› •ƒ‡•’‡‡ Šǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ƒŽ•‘•ƒ‹†–Š‹•ǣ  Dz‘†ƒ›ǡ ƒ–Š‹‹‰ƒ„‘—–ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ–Š‹‰•Ǥǥ  ƒ–Š‹‹‰–‘‘ǡ‘ˆ‘ƒ™‡›Ǥ Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ™ƒ›••ƒ‹† ‹–ǣ ‘ ƒ™‡› ‹• –Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡•– ‘™‡” ‹ „ƒ•‡„ƒŽŽǤ   ͳͲͳ

™ƒ•Ž— ›–‘Šƒ˜‡’Žƒ›‡†‘–Š‡ Ž—„Š‡‘™‡†ƒ† ǯ‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—Ž–‘Š‹ˆ‘”„‡‹‰Š‡”‡–‘†ƒ›Ǥdz  Š‹••‡–‡ ‡ ƒ‡Œ—•–„‡ˆ‘”‡‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•—”‰‡†–Š‡‹ Ž—•‹‘‘ˆ ‡‰”‘‡ƒ‰—‡‰”‡ƒ–•‹Š‡ ƒŽŽǤ –‹••—”’”‹•‹‰‹–™ƒ•‘˜‡”Ž‘‘‡†‹ ƒŽ‡”ǯ• ‘Ž—Ǥ ‹˜‡ –Š‡ ‘„˜‹‘—• ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‘ ƒ† ”‡•’‡ – ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ• Šƒ†ˆ‘”ƒ™‡›ǡ‹–•‡‡•‡˜‹†‡–Š‘™‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•™‘—Ž†”‡ƒ ––‘–Š‡ •—‰‰‡•–‹‘–Šƒ–ƒ™‡›ƒ›„‡”‡ƒ‡†Ǥͳ͸ 

       

Ted Williams and Tom Yawkey

ͳ͸Ǥ‘—” ‡‘ˆ’Š‘–‘ǣ ‘‘•Ǥ™‹‹‡†‹ƒǤ‘”‰ ͳͲʹ     

          ȗȗȗ