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Hydrilla Bulletin E352

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Hydrilla Bulletin E352 Pond and Lake Management Part VII: Aquatic Invasive Species: Hydrilla Bulletin E352 Cooperative Extension Patricia Rector Environmental and Resource Agent, Morris and Somerset Counties Peter Nitzsche Agricultural Agent, Morris County Hydrilla [Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle)], is an invasive green, pointed and saw-toothed and are attached direct- aquatic plant species that is native to Asia. The U.S. ly to the stem in whorls of four to eight. Leaf whorls of Department of Agriculture has designated hydrilla as five are most common in the Northeast (Fig. 1). Hydrilla a noxious weed, and prohibits the importing, export- can reproduce by seeds or vegetatively by tubers (Fig. ing or interstate commerce of this aquatic plant. In the 2), turions (Fig. 3) and fragments, although seeds are southeastern U.S., hydrilla has had several negative the least common method. Hydrilla is unusual in that it impacts to water bodies and their use. Impacts include occurs in two sexual reproductive forms. One form (also water quality changes, fish community alterations, canal called a biotype) of hydrilla is a self-fertilizing (mon- flow reductions, clogging of water pumps, impediments oecious) type with both male and female flowers on to recreational uses and boat navigation, displacement the same plant. The second form has male and female of native aquatic plants, and reduced aesthetics and the flowers on separate plants (dioecious), requiring both associated economic impacts. Hydrilla has recently been plant types for seed fertilization (Table 1). In the U.S., identified in several Mid-Atlantic States, including New only the female dioecious hydrilla has been observed. Jersey, however fortunately to date it has not yet had Hydrilla typically overwinters as tubers and turions in widespread and large-scale impacts in the state. In order the northeast. to provide effective management of an aquatic nuisance Tubers form on rhizomes (thin white stems similar to plant an understanding of the biology, life cycle and runners on strawberry plants) at the end of an under- ecology of the plant is necessary. If you are uncertain if ground stem. Tubers are white to yellowish in color (Fig. the plant in your lake or stream is hydrilla you can bring 2) unless the sediment is highly organic, in which case a damp stem with leaves to your local county Rutgers they will be brownish-black to black. Approximately Cooperative Extension office for identificationhttp:// 2/3 of the tuber is starch. The tuber detaches from the njaes.rutgers.edu/county. parent plant as the rhizome decays and new plants will sprout from the tubers in the sediment. Optimum Biology sprouting temperatures for tubers are between 15o and Hydrilla is a perennial submerged plant in the same 35oC (39o and 95oF). A variety of factors influence tuber taxonomic family (Hydrocharitaceae) as water celery sprouting, and not every tuber sprouts each year, thus (Vallisneria americana) (also called tape grass). Hydrilla providing a reproductive tuber bank capable of per- can grow up to 25-feet long on slender stems with petuating the population through unfavorable years. multiple branches. The leaves of hydrilla are translucent Hydrilla tubers may last four to five years in the sedi- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 88 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8525 Phone: 732.932.5000 Table 1. Comparison of Monoecious and Dioecious Types of Hydrilla. Monoecious Dioecious Reproduction Self-fertilizing; both male and Cross-fertilization; requires both a strategy female flower on the same male and female plant for fertilization. plant. Can produce seeds but In the U.S. only the female form has this is the least effective form of been identified; therefore, propagation reproduction. occurs asexually through rhizomes, tubers and turions in the U.S. Flowers Male and female flower parts Male and female flower parts appear appear on the same plant. Flow- on separate plants. Monoecious and ers have three white petals and dioecious flowers are identical in ap- three translucent petals. pearance. Branching Begin to branch at sediment Branch profusely at surface level and grow rapidly to surface Distribution Typically north of North Caro- Southeastern states, west to Alabama, Figure 1 lina, infestations in California, Texas and infestations in California. Washington State Leaves Delicate, 4-10 mm length, trans- Leaves, delicate, translucent 6-20mm lucent. length. Midrib spine No pronounced midrib, usually Single distinct pronounced midrib do not have midrib spine on the that is sometimes reddish, sharp spine underside along midrib on the underside of leaf. Appearance Overall appearance of the mon- Dioecious hydrilla appears as a more oecious form is more delicate robust form. Tubers Production is greater than dioe- Production is less than monoecious; cious; average of tuber weight is average weight is greater (160-376 less (179-202 mg). mg). Turions Weigh less than dioecious (up Greater weight (up to 380 mg) but to 77 mg) and can be found at density in sediment is less (600/m2). Figure 2 densities of up to 1,700/ m2. Produced October through April. Produced June through Novem- ber. ment and over time can accumulate into high densities. Non-sprouting tubers that lay dormant in the sediment Identification are not typically affected by conventional herbicides. Hydrilla may be easily Tubers may also be digested by waterfowl, pass through confused with three and remain viable. Unless tubers lose more than 50% of other species in the their moisture, they may remain viable. Monoecious hy- same family; a native drilla behaves as an annual plant, the foliage of monoe- aquatic plant, com- cious hydrilla does not overwinter, and the tubers from mon waterweed (Elodea Figure 3 monoecious hydrilla plants require a period of cold for canadensis Michx), Nut- germination. tall’s waterweed (E. nuttallii), and an invasive species Brazilian waterweed (Egeria densa Planchon). Hydrilla turions are formed in the angle between the leaf and the stem (leaf axil) appearing as scaly, green compressed shoots. As an abscission zone forms, the tu- Ecology rion will fall to the water (similar to the process of a leaf Hydrilla can grow in a variety of habitats, including falling in autumn), float and eventually sink to the sub- low nutrient (oligotrophic) and high nutrient (eu- strate, overwinter and sprout the following spring. Free- trophic) basins, a wide variety of bottom substrates floating plants will produce more turions than rooted from fine muck to sand to larger cobble, and in still hydrilla plants. Floating turions may assist colonization or flowing water. The ability of hydrilla to inhabit of new areas of a water body. Turions in the sediment flowing water systems puts the streams and rivers either germinate or die after one year. along with the lakes and ponds of New Jersey at risk of infestation. Hydrilla can proliferate rapidly. Research has shown growth rates for hydrilla under Table 2. Comparison of characteristics of hydrilla and look alike aquatic plants. Characteristic Hydrilla Common wa- Nutall’s water- Brazilian water- Hydrilla verticillata terweed Elodea weed weed canadensis Elodea nutallii Egeria densa Number of leaves 4-8, typically 5 in the 3 (occasionally 3 4-6 in the whorl northeast 4) Leaf edge Serrated edge visible with Finely serrated, Finely serrated, may naked eye may be visible be visible under under micro- microscope scope Leaf geometry Linear-lanceolate Length usually Length usually Length 10-40 mm; 8.1 mm; (range no longer than 10 width 1.5-4.5 mm 5-13 mm); mm; (range 4-15.5 Up to 20 mm long and 2 mm); mm wide width usually > 1.75 mm (range width usually < 1.1 -5 mm) 1.75 mm (range 0.4 -2.4 mm) Picture* Brazilian water weed stem. Note: Note: Leaf three The short inter- whorls. Note: The curly Note: Leaf with five leaves. nodal space (space whorls. between whorls). *Photograph credit: Hydrilla verticillata, Mike Haberland, Rutgers Cooperative Extension; Elodea canadensis, Peter Nitzsche, Rutgers Cooperative Extension; Elodea nutallii, Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elodea_nuttallii ; Elodea densa, Wikipedia http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egeria_densa optimal conditions far exceeds the growth rate for Eur- weed species (Elodea canadensis), and native naiads. In asian watermilfoil, an invasive species that has been a lower nutrient systems; however, these native species problem in New Jersey for decades. Growth rate, includ- may be able to compete, maintain a presence or even ing lateral branching exceeds 1-4 inches per day. Effi- dominate the aquatic plant community. Some aquatic cient CO2 absorption from the water column, necessary plants such as species of spikerush plants (Eleocharis for photosynthesis, and the ability to grow under low cellulosa Torr. and Eleocharis interstincta (Vahl) R. & S.) light or even turbid conditions creates a greater range and arrowhead (Saggittaria subulata) utilize allelopathy of photosynthetic opportunities for hydrilla. Often the (a process when one plant releases a chemical or toxin ability of hydrilla to grow under low light conditions that inhibits the growth of others) to reduce hydrilla allows it to create a dense canopy able to block light shoot weight and tuber production and weight. from other plants before they have reached the surface. Growth under low light conditions also allows hydrilla Distribution to colonize deep water. Hydrilla has been found in water Hydrilla was first noted in Florida in the 1950’s, possibly depths as deep as 20 to 25 feet. The clarity of the water, through introduction as an aquarium plant, and became the available nutrient concentrations, and the depth a problem in waterways by the 1970’s. In the 1980’s and the persistence of the other vegetation factors into hydrilla was found in the Potomac River Basin. Hydrilla the ability of hydrilla to form dense canopies in large is currently found as far west as California, as far north portions of a waterbody.
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