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Download The HSE Health & Safety Executive Joint Industry Programme on carbon monoxide issues Experiments to study the effect of ventilator size and location on the operation of open-flued gas boilers when operated within a compartment Prepared by Advantica Technologies Limited (formerly BG Technology) for the Health and Safety Executive CONTRACT RESEARCH REPORT 379/2001 HSE Health & Safety Executive Joint Industry Programme on carbon monoxide issues Experiments to study the effect of ventilator size and location on the operation of open-flued gas boilers when operated within a compartment J R Lowrie, R W Hill and G Pool Advantica Technologies Limited (formerly BG Technology) Ashby Road Loughborough Leicestershire LE11 3GR United Kingdom The results are reported of full-scale experiments, carried out at Advantica Technologies Ltd in Loughborough under controlled conditions, aimed at determining the optimum ventilator configuration for a natural draught open-flued gas boiler operating within a compartment. Testing was conducted using different sizes of compartment and three different open-flued boilers to assess the effect of varying the ventilator arrangement on the process of vitiating the compartment volume following spillage of combustion products due to insufficient flue pull. The time taken for a boiler spilling combustion products at a consistent rate to cause a build-up of combustion products, and consequent reduction in oxygen, in the compartment was measured and taken to be an indication of how much the ventilation configuration delayed vitiation. Other parameters monitored included the CO/CO2 ratio and the temperature of the appliance casing. The specification recommended in BS 5440: part 2: 1989 (Specification for the installation of ventilation for gas appliances) for ventilating compartments naturally is compared with various ventilation regimes assessed during the programme. A major conclusion of the work has been that the ventilation specified in the British Standard probably represents the most effective means of delaying vitiation caused by a spilling installation. Greater ventilator areas did not significantly increase the time taken to vitiate and there was evidence to suggest that to deviate from the recommended split in area between low level and high level (2:1) can accelerate the vitiation process. This report and the work it describes were funded by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). Its contents, including any opinions and/or conclusions expressed, are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect HSE policy. HSE BOOKS © Crown copyright 2001 Applications for reproduction should be made in writing to: Copyright Unit, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, St Clements House, 2-16 Colegate, Norwich NR3 1BQ First published 2001 ISBN 0 7176 2120 0 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. ii CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Current Study 2 2 EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES 3 2.1 The Test Chamber 3 2.2 Gas Appliances 4 2.3 Experimental Measurements 5 3 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME 8 4 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 9 4.1 Outline Procedure 9 4.2 Detailed Procedure 9 5 RESULTS 11 5.1 Potterton Osprey CF150 11 5.2 Worcester 24Cdi Combi-Boiler 13 5.3 Myson Apollo 40c Boiler 15 6 DISCUSSION 17 6.1 Combustion Performance Ratio CO/CO2 17 6.2 Boiler Casing Temperature 17 6.3 Ventilation 17 7 CONCLUSIONS 19 8 RECOMMENDATIONS 20 9 REFERENCES 21 iii iv SUMMARY The results are reported of full-scale experiments, carried out at Advantica Technologies Ltd in Loughborough under controlled conditions, aimed at determining the optimum ventilator configuration for a natural draught open-flued gas boiler operating within a compartment. Testing was conducted using different sizes of compartment and three different open-flued boilers to assess the effect of varying the ventilator arrangement on the process of vitiating the compartment volume following spillage of combustion products due to insufficient flue pull. The time taken for a boiler spilling combustion products at a consistent rate to cause a build-up of combustion products, and consequent reduction in oxygen, in the compartment was measured and taken to be an indication of how much the ventilation configuration delayed vitiation. Other parameters monitored included the CO/CO2 ratio and the temperature of the appliance casing. The specification recommended in BS 5440: part 2: 1989 (Specification for the installation of ventilation for gas appliances) for ventilating compartments naturally is compared with various ventilation regimes assessed during the programme. A major conclusion of the work has been that the ventilation specified in the British Standard probably represents the most effective means of delaying vitiation caused by a spilling installation. Greater ventilator areas did not significantly increase the time taken to vitiate and there was evidence to suggest that, to deviate from the recommended split in area between low level and high level (2:1) can accelerate the vitiation process. v vi 1 INTRODUCTION The installation guidelines for open-flued gas appliances operating within a compartment as opposed to a room are particularly important to ensure that operation is both safe and efficient. In the rare event of combustion products flowing down the flue and starting to accumulate in a compartment, the situation can become unsafe more rapidly than if the appliance was room mounted. It has been with the intention of specifying the best natural ventilation configuration within a compartment to prevent combustion products from building up that the current study has been carried out. 1.1 BACKGROUND Natural draught open-flued domestic gas appliances are designed with a flue break, known as a draught diverter, local to the appliance which is intended to prevent intermittent downdraught in the flue (caused perhaps by wind effects around the flue terminal) from directly affecting the appliance burners. This diverts combustion products away from the combustion chamber and into the room or compartment where the appliance is located. Very often, this process lasts for a matter of seconds and does not result in a significant accumulation of combustion products. However, when, for example, adverse wind conditions persist, build-up can take place to a significant level particularly when the volume into which spillage occurs is small, as in the case of a compartment. This has the effect of contaminating or vitiating the combustion air stream to the appliance and can result in a significant rise in carbon monoxide produced. Flue gas comprises predominantly carbon dioxide and water vapour with comparatively small concentrations of carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide (plus unconsumed oxygen, and nitrogen). The initial build-up of any spilled combustion products (flue gases) into a room or confined space such as a compartment therefore causes a rise in carbon dioxide concentration with the water vapour tending to condense out on cooler surfaces. During this initial phase, the increase in carbon monoxide concentration is relatively slight. However, once the combustion air supply to the appliance starts to become affected by carbon dioxide, a process known as vitiation, the combustion process changes and the rate at which carbon monoxide is produced increases significantly. It is therefore desirable to ensure that ventilation within the compartment is good enough to delay for as long as possible any build-up of spilled combustion products and as a result improve the safety of the installation. 1 1.2 CURRENT STUDY Whilst current legislation (European Gas Appliance Directive1) requires anti-vitiation devices to be fitted to new appliances, a substantial population of older appliances currently installed in the UK (estimated at 40 million in total) are operating without such safety features. A programme of work has therefore been carried out aimed at identifying whether a preferred configuration exists for ventilators in a compartment within which an open-flued boiler operates. Compartment ventilators are intended primarily to ensure an adequate supply of fresh air is available to maintain efficient flue and appliance performance and also to cool the appliance. However, their size and location may well be important when combustion products accumulate within the compartment. In such a situation, the combustion air supply must remain unvitiated for as long as possible in order to reduce the likelihood of excessive carbon monoxide levels being generated which may not only build up within but also flow from the compartment (perhaps via the ventilation openings) and out into the rest of the property. 2 2 EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES The test programme employed specially adapted facilities at Advantica in Loughborough using instrumentation to measure and record various physical parameters. These facilities and the supplementary instrumentation employed are described below. 2.1 THE TEST CHAMBER The programme of experiments was carried out using a test chamber adapted to enable appliances to be installed to standard and flued and for the various comparisons of physical measurements described in this report to be made. The chamber represented a room within which a compartment housing a natural draught open-flued boiler was located. Figure 1 shows a plan drawing of the
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