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Influence of Welding Speeds on the Morphology, Mechanical Properties materials Article Influence of Welding Speeds on the Morphology, Mechanical Properties, and Microstructure of 2205 DSS Welded Joint by K-TIG Welding Shuwan Cui 1,*, Shuwen Pang 1, Dangqing Pang 2 and Zhiqing Zhang 1 1 School of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China; [email protected] (S.P.); [email protected] (Z.Z.) 2 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Tobacco Company Liuzhou Tobacco Company, Liuzhou 545006, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-13597-0666-15 Abstract: In this paper, 8.0 mm thickness 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) workpieces were welded with a keyhole tungsten inert gas (K-TIG) welding system under different welding speeds. After welding, the morphologies of the welds under different welding speed conditions were compared and analyzed. The microstructure, two-phase ratio of austenite/ferrite, and grain boundary characteristics of the welded joints were studied, and the microhardness and tensile properties of the welded joints were tested. The results show that the welding speed has a significant effect on the weld morphology, the two-phase ratio, grain boundary misorientation angle (GBMA), and mechanical properties of the welded joint. When the welding speed increased from 280 mm/min to 340 mm/min, the austenite content and the two-phase ratio in the weld metal zone (WMZ) decreased. However, the ferrite Citation: Cui, S.; Pang, S.; Pang, D.; content in the WMZ increased. The proportion of the S3 coincident site lattice grain boundary Zhang, Z. Influence of Welding (CSLGB) decreased as the welding speed increased, which has no significant effect on the tensile Speeds on the Morphology, strength of welded joints. The microhardness of the WMZ and the tensile strength of the welded joint Mechanical Properties, and gradually increased when the welding speed was 280–340 mm/min. The 2205 DSS K-TIG welded Microstructure of 2205 DSS Welded joints have good plasticity. Joint by K-TIG Welding. Materials 2021, 14, 3426. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ma14123426 Keywords: K-TIG welding; weld morphology; grain boundary characteristics; microhardness; ten- sile strength Academic Editors: Frank Czerwinski and Massimiliano Avalle Received: 10 May 2021 1. Introduction Accepted: 14 June 2021 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel (DSS) is a functional integrated material with high strength Published: 21 June 2021 and excellent corrosion resistance. It is composed of two phases of ferrite and austenite, and the content of both is close to 1:1 [1,2]. 2205 DSS takes into account the advantages Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral of both ferrite and austenite. In recent years, it has been widely used in papermaking, with regard to jurisdictional claims in construction, structural materials, nuclear reactors, the petrochemical industry, and un- published maps and institutional affil- derwater engineering. As an important thermal processing technology in manufacturing, iations. welding can change the two-phase structure balance in the 2205 DSS welded joint, which affects the performance of the welded joint [3–6]. Therefore, the organization and control of the welding process of 2205 DSS has received extensive attention from many disciplines. At present, in the medium-thick 2205 DSS plate welding process, the multi-layer and Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. multi-pass welding process is often used. It is a traditional welding method, which has Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. low work efficiency and easily destroys the two-phase balance of the heat-affected zone This article is an open access article (HAZ). High-energy beam welding is an ideal method for welding medium-thick metal distributed under the terms and plates. It has high welding efficiency and excellent welding seam shape. The welding conditions of the Creative Commons heat input required for high-energy beam welding is relatively low, so the cooling rate is Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// faster. The austenite content in the weld metal zone (WMZ) was too low, and coarse ferrite creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ grains were formed, and the grain boundaries are easily corroded. Under low temperature 4.0/). Materials 2021, 14, 3426. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14123426 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/materials Materials 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 10 The austenite content in the weld metal zone (WMZ) was too low, and coarse ferrite grains were formed, and the grain boundaries are easily corroded. Under low temperature con- Materials 2021, 14, 3426 ditions, the WMZ is prone to embrittlement, and the toughness and corrosion resistance2 of 10 of the WMZ decrease. Westin [7] et al. applied CO2 laser welding to weld 2205 duplex stainless steel. Coarse ferrite grains formed in the 2205 duplex stainless steel welded joint. Excessiveconditions, ferrite the content WMZ is and prone coarse to embrittlement, grain structure and seriously the toughness affect the and toughness corrosion and resistance cor- rosionof the resistance WMZ decrease. of the welded Westin joint. [7] etZhang al. applied [8] et al. CO pointed2 laser out welding that the to two-phase weld 2205 struc- duplex turestainless was unbalanced steel. Coarse in the ferrite WMZ grains of the formed S31803 in DSS the electron 2205 duplex beam-welded stainless steeljoint, welded and there joint. is aExcessive Cr2N precipitated ferrite content phase. and Singh coarse [9] et grain al. used structure electron seriously beam welding affect the to toughnessweld 18 mm and andcorrosion 12 mm thick resistance 2205 ofDSS the steel welded plates. joint. They Zhang reported [8] et that al. pointedthe fine-grained out that thefusion two-phase zone withstructure a higher was γ/α unbalanced ratio showed in thebetter WMZ impact of the toughness, S31803 DSS while electron the coarser-grained beam-welded joint, fusion and zonethere with is a Crhigher2N precipitated α/γ ratio showed phase. better Singh fatigue [9] et al.properties. used electron The above beam research welding shows to weld that18 the mm microstructure and 12 mm thick and 2205 mechanical DSS steel proper plates.ties They of the reported welded that joints the are fine-grained different fusiondue to zonethe difference with a higher in theγ cooling/α ratio rate showed corresponding better impact to different toughness, high-energy while the beam coarser-grained welding methods.fusion zoneThe current with a higher researchα/ γmainlyratio showedfocuses betteron the fatigue effect of properties. cooling rate The on above the micro- research structureshows thatof the the 2205 microstructure DSS welded and joint mechanical and lacks properties the mechanism of the welded analysis joints of the are micro- different structuredue to evolution the difference during in the the welding cooling process. rate corresponding to different high-energy beam weldingKeyhole methods. tungsten The inert current gas (K-TIG) research welding mainly is focusesa kind of on high-energy the effect of beam cooling welding rate on method.the microstructure It can be welded of the in 2205a single-pass DSS welded welding joint and formed lacks the on mechanism both sides analysiswithout offill- the ingmicrostructure the welding material evolution [10–14]. during In the this welding paper, different process. welding speeds were applied to analyzeKeyhole the influence tungsten of cooling inert gas rate (K-TIG) on morphology, welding is mechanical a kind of high-energy properties, beam and micro- welding structuremethod. of the It can 2205 be DSS welded welds. in The a single-pass evolution law welding of the and two-phase formed ratio, on both grain sides boundary without misorientationfilling the welding angle (GBMA), material and [10– mechanical14]. In this properties paper, different of the welded welding joints speeds under were dif- ap- ferentplied welding to analyze speeds the influencewere studied. of cooling rate on morphology, mechanical properties, and microstructure of the 2205 DSS welds. The evolution law of the two-phase ratio, grain 2. Materialsboundary and misorientation Methods angle (GBMA), and mechanical properties of the welded joints under different welding speeds were studied. 2.1. Material and Welding Procedure 2.Figure Materials 1 shows and Methods the schematic diagram of K-TIG welding. The butt-joint welding method2.1. Material was adopted, and Welding the workpieces Procedure to be welded were fixed before welding, and there was no Figureobvious1 showswrong theedge schematic and gap between diagram the of workpieces. K-TIG welding. The high-purity The butt-joint argon welding was appliedmethod as wasthe protective adopted, the gas workpieces on the front to an bed welded back of were the workpieces, fixed before and welding, the gas and flow there ratewas was no 25 obvious L/min. wrong The specific edge and welding gap between parameters theworkpieces. are shown in The Table high-purity 1. The 2205 argon DSS was platesapplied with as a thickness the protective of 8 mm gas were on the selected front and as the back base of thematerial workpieces, (BM), and and its the chemical gas flow compositionrate was 25 was L/min. shown The in specificTable 2. welding The dime parametersnsions of the are BM shown were in 300 Table mm1. × The 100 2205 mm. DSS plates with a thickness of 8 mm were selected as the base material (BM), and its chemical composition was shown in Table2. The dimensions of the BM were 300 mm × 100 mm. Cooling water tank Torch KUKA K-TIG Welding power and controller robot Industrial computer Argon Figure 1. Schematic diagram of keyhole tungsten inert gas (K-TIG) welding. Figure 1. Schematic diagram of keyhole tungsten inert gas (K-TIG) welding. Materials 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 10 Materials 2021, 14, 3426 3 of 10 Table 1. Test parameters. Table 1. Test parameters. WeldingWelding Parameters Parameters ValueValue WeldWeld current current 480480 (A) (A) ArcArc voltage voltage 16.716.7 (V) (V) WeldWeld speed speed 280, 300,300, 320, 320, 340, 340, 360 360 (mm/min) (mm/min) Diameter of of tungsten tungsten electrode electrode 6.46.4 (mm) (mm) Electrode gap 2.5 (mm) Electrode gap 2.5 (mm) Shielding gas Pure argon (99.9%) Shielding gas Pure argon (99.9%) Table 2.
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